# Absolute Temperature Scale

The Experts below are selected from a list of 138 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform

### Masao Saito – 1st expert on this subject based on the ideXlab platform

• ##### The Brightness Temperature of the Quiet Solar Chromosphere at 2.6 mm
Solar Physics, 2017
Co-Authors: Kazumasa Iwai, Masumi Shimojo, Shinichiro Asayama, Tetsuhiro Minamidani, Stephen White, Timothy Bastian, Masao Saito

Abstract:

The Absolute brightness Temperature of the Sun at millimeter wavelengths is an important diagnostic of the solar chromosphere. Because the Sun is so bright, measurement of this property usually involves the operation of telescopes under extreme conditions and requires a rigorous performance assessment of the telescope. In this study, we establish solar observation and calibration techniques at 2.6 mm wavelength for the Nobeyama 45 m telescope and accurately derive the Absolute solar brightness Temperature. We tune the superconductor–insulator–superconductor (SIS) receiver by inducing different bias voltages onto the SIS mixer to prevent saturation. Then, we examine the linearity of the receiver system by comparing outputs derived from different tuning conditions. Furthermore, we measure the lunar filled beam efficiency of the telescope using the New Moon, and then derive the Absolute brightness Temperature of the Sun. The derived solar brightness Temperature is 7700 ± 310 K $7700 \pm 310~\mbox{K}$ at 115 GHz. The telescope beam pattern is modeled as a summation of three Gaussian functions and derived using the solar limb. The real shape of the Sun is determined via deconvolution of the beam pattern from the observed map. Such well-calibrated single-dish observations are important for high-resolution chromospheric studies because they provide the Absolute Temperature Scale that is lacking from interferometer observations.

### Kazumasa Iwai – 2nd expert on this subject based on the ideXlab platform

• ##### The Brightness Temperature of the Quiet Solar Chromosphere at 2.6 mm
Solar Physics, 2017
Co-Authors: Kazumasa Iwai, Masumi Shimojo, Shinichiro Asayama, Tetsuhiro Minamidani, Stephen White, Timothy Bastian, Masao Saito

Abstract:

The Absolute brightness Temperature of the Sun at millimeter wavelengths is an important diagnostic of the solar chromosphere. Because the Sun is so bright, measurement of this property usually involves the operation of telescopes under extreme conditions and requires a rigorous performance assessment of the telescope. In this study, we establish solar observation and calibration techniques at 2.6 mm wavelength for the Nobeyama 45 m telescope and accurately derive the Absolute solar brightness Temperature. We tune the superconductor–insulator–superconductor (SIS) receiver by inducing different bias voltages onto the SIS mixer to prevent saturation. Then, we examine the linearity of the receiver system by comparing outputs derived from different tuning conditions. Furthermore, we measure the lunar filled beam efficiency of the telescope using the New Moon, and then derive the Absolute brightness Temperature of the Sun. The derived solar brightness Temperature is 7700 ± 310 K $7700 \pm 310~\mbox{K}$ at 115 GHz. The telescope beam pattern is modeled as a summation of three Gaussian functions and derived using the solar limb. The real shape of the Sun is determined via deconvolution of the beam pattern from the observed map. Such well-calibrated single-dish observations are important for high-resolution chromospheric studies because they provide the Absolute Temperature Scale that is lacking from interferometer observations.

### G.r. Odette – 3rd expert on this subject based on the ideXlab platform

• ##### Assessment of irradiation embrittlement of the Eurofer97 steel after 590 MeV proton irradiation
Journal of Nuclear Materials, 2009
Co-Authors: Philippe Spätig, G.r. Odette, R. Stoenescu, P. Mueller, D. Gragg

Abstract:

• ##### Cleavage fracture and irradiation embrittlement of fusion reactor alloys: mechanisms, multiScale models, toughness measurements and implications to structural integrity assessment
Journal of Nuclear Materials, 2003
Co-Authors: G.r. Odette, Takuya Yamamoto, H. J. Rathbun, M.y. He, M. Hribernik, J.w. Rensman

Abstract:

We describe the highly efficient master curves–shifts (MC–ΔT) method to measure and apply cleavage fracture toughness, KJc(T), data and show that it is applicable to 9Cr martensitic steels. A reference Temperature, T0, indexes the invariant MC shape on an Absolute Temperature Scale. Then, T0 shifts (ΔT) are used to account for various effects of size and geometry, loading rate and irradiation embrittlement (ΔTi). The paper outlines a multiScale model, relating atomic to structural Scale fracture processes, that underpins the MC–ΔT method. At the atomic Scale, we propose that the intrinsic microarrest toughness, Kμ(T), of the body-centered cubic ferrite lattice dictates an invariant shape of the macroscopic KJc(T) curve. KJc(T) can be modeled in terms of the true stress–strain (σ–e) constitutive law, σ (T,ϵ), combined with a Temperature-dependent critical local stress, σ*(T) and stressed volume, V*. The local fracture properties, σ*(T)–V*, are governed by coarse-Scale brittle trigger particles and Kμ(T). Irradiation (and high strain rate) induced increases in the yield stress, Δσy, lead to ΔTi, with typical ΔTi/Δσy≈0.6±0.15 °C/MPa. However, ΔTi associated with decreases in σ* and V* can result from a number of potential non-hardening embrittlement (NHE) mechanisms, including a large amount of He on grain boundaries. Estimates based on available data suggest that this occurs at >500–700 appm bulk He. Hardening and NHE are synergistic, and can lead to very large ΔTi. NHE is signaled by large (>1 °C/MPa), or even negative, values of ΔTi/Δσy (for Δσy 1 and Δc/Δy≫1. Indeed, in some circumstances, the benefits of irradiation due to increases in Pc may more than offset the liabilities of the decreases in Δc.

• ##### An integrated approach to assessing the fracture safe margins of fusion reactor structures
, 1996
Co-Authors: G.r. Odette

Abstract:

Design and operation of fusion reactor structures will require an appropriate data base closely coupled to a reliable failure analysis method to safely manage irradiation embrittlement. However, ongoing irradiation programs will not provide the information on embrittlement necessary to accomplish these objectives. A new engineering approach is proposed based on the concept of a master toughness-Temperature curve indexed on an Absolute Temperature Scale using shifts to account for variables such as size Scales, crack geometry and loading rates as well as embrittlement. While providing a simple practical engineering expedient, the proposed method can also be greatly enhanced by fundamental mechanism based models of fracture and embrittlement. Indeed, such understanding is required for the effective use of small specimen test methods, which is a integral element in developing the necessary data base.