The Experts below are selected from a list of 30342 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
Sinisa Urban - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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two plasmodium rhomboid proteases preferentially cleave different Adhesins implicated in all invasive stages of malaria
PLOS Pathogens, 2006Co-Authors: Rosanna P. Baker, Sinisa Urban, Ruvini WijetilakaAbstract:Invasion of host cells by the malaria pathogen Plasmodium relies on parasite transmembrane Adhesins that engage host-cell receptors. Adhesins must be released by cleavage before the parasite can enter the cell, but the processing enzymes have remained elusive. Recent work indicates that the Toxoplasma rhomboid intramembrane protease TgROM5 catalyzes this essential cleavage. However, Plasmodium does not encode a direct TgROM5 homolog. We examined processing of the 14 Plasmodium falciparum Adhesins currently thought to be involved in invasion by both model and Plasmodium rhomboid proteases in a heterologous assay. While most Adhesins contain aromatic transmembrane residues and could not be cleaved by nonparasite rhomboid proteins, including Drosophila Rhomboid-1, Plasmodium falciparum rhomboid protein (PfROM)4 (PFE0340c) was able to process these Adhesins efficiently and displayed novel substrate specificity. Conversely, PfROM1 (PF11_0150) shared specificity with rhomboid proteases from other organisms and was the only PfROM able to cleave apical membrane antigen 1 (AMA1). PfROM 1 and/or 4 was thus able to cleave diverse Adhesins including TRAP, CTRP, MTRAP, PFF0800c, EBA-175, BAEBL, JESEBL, MAEBL, AMA1, Rh1, Rh2a, Rh2b, and Rh4, but not PTRAMP, and cleavage relied on the adhesin transmembrane domains. Swapping transmembrane regions between BAEBL and AMA1 switched the relative preferences of PfROMs 1 and 4 for these two substrates. Our analysis indicates that PfROMs 1 and 4 function with different substrate specificities that together constitute the specificity of TgROM5 to cleave diverse Adhesins. This is the first enzymatic analysis of Plasmodium rhomboid proteases and suggests an involvement of PfROMs in all invasive stages of the malaria lifecycle, in both the vertebrate host and the mosquito vector.
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Two Plasmodium rhomboid proteases preferentially cleave different Adhesins implicated in all invasive stages of malaria.
PLOS Pathogens, 2006Co-Authors: Rosanna P. Baker, Ruvini Wijetilaka, Sinisa UrbanAbstract:Invasion of host cells by the malaria pathogen Plasmodium relies on parasite transmembrane Adhesins that engage host-cell receptors. Adhesins must be released by cleavage before the parasite can enter the cell, but the processing enzymes have remained elusive. Recent work indicates that the Toxoplasma rhomboid intramembrane protease TgROM5 catalyzes this essential cleavage. However, Plasmodium does not encode a direct TgROM5 homolog. We examined processing of the 14 Plasmodium falciparum Adhesins currently thought to be involved in invasion by both model and Plasmodium rhomboid proteases in a heterologous assay. While most Adhesins contain aromatic transmembrane residues and could not be cleaved by nonparasite rhomboid proteins, including Drosophila Rhomboid-1, Plasmodium falciparum rhomboid protein (PfROM)4 (PFE0340c) was able to process these Adhesins efficiently and displayed novel substrate specificity. Conversely, PfROM1 (PF11_0150) shared specificity with rhomboid proteases from other organisms and was the only PfROM able to cleave apical membrane antigen 1 (AMA1). PfROM 1 and/or 4 was thus able to cleave diverse Adhesins including TRAP, CTRP, MTRAP, PFF0800c, EBA-175, BAEBL, JESEBL, MAEBL, AMA1, Rh1, Rh2a, Rh2b, and Rh4, but not PTRAMP, and cleavage relied on the adhesin transmembrane domains. Swapping transmembrane regions between BAEBL and AMA1 switched the relative preferences of PfROMs 1 and 4 for these two substrates. Our analysis indicates that PfROMs 1 and 4 function with different substrate specificities that together constitute the specificity of TgROM5 to cleave diverse Adhesins. This is the first enzymatic analysis of Plasmodium rhomboid proteases and suggests an involvement of PfROMs in all invasive stages of the malaria lifecycle, in both the vertebrate host and the mosquito vector.
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a spatially localized rhomboid protease cleaves cell surface Adhesins essential for invasion by toxoplasma
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2005Co-Authors: Fabien Brossier, Travis J Jewett, David L Sibley, Sinisa UrbanAbstract:Apicomplexan parasites cause serious human and animal diseases, the treatment of which requires identification of new therapeutic targets. Host-cell invasion culminates in the essential cleavage of parasite Adhesins, and although the cleavage site for several Adhesins maps within their transmembrane domains, the protease responsible for this processing has not been discovered. We have identified, cloned, and characterized the five nonmitochondrial rhomboid intramembrane proteases encoded in the recently completed genome of Toxoplasma gondii. Four T. gondii rhomboids (TgROMs) were active proteases with similar substrate specificity. TgROM1, TgROM4, and TgROM5 were expressed in the tachyzoite stage responsible for the disease, whereas TgROM2 and TgROM3 were expressed in the oocyst stage involved in transmission. Although both TgROM5 and TgROM4 localized to the cell surface in tachyzoites, TgROM5 was primarily at the posterior of the parasite, whereas Adhesins were sequestered in internal micronemes. Upon microneme secretion, as occurs during invasion, the MIC2 adhesin was secreted to the apical end and translocated to the posterior, the site of cleavage, where it colocalized only with TgROM5. Moreover, only TgROM5 was able to cleave MIC Adhesins in a cell-based assay, indicating that it likely provides the key protease activity necessary for invasion. T. gondii rhomboids have clear homologues in other apicomplexans including malaria; thus, our findings provide a model for studying invasion by this deadly pathogen and offer a target for therapeutic intervention.
Rosanna P. Baker - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Two Plasmodium rhomboid proteases preferentially cleave different Adhesins implicated in all invasive stages of malaria.
PLOS Pathogens, 2006Co-Authors: Rosanna P. Baker, Ruvini Wijetilaka, Sinisa UrbanAbstract:Invasion of host cells by the malaria pathogen Plasmodium relies on parasite transmembrane Adhesins that engage host-cell receptors. Adhesins must be released by cleavage before the parasite can enter the cell, but the processing enzymes have remained elusive. Recent work indicates that the Toxoplasma rhomboid intramembrane protease TgROM5 catalyzes this essential cleavage. However, Plasmodium does not encode a direct TgROM5 homolog. We examined processing of the 14 Plasmodium falciparum Adhesins currently thought to be involved in invasion by both model and Plasmodium rhomboid proteases in a heterologous assay. While most Adhesins contain aromatic transmembrane residues and could not be cleaved by nonparasite rhomboid proteins, including Drosophila Rhomboid-1, Plasmodium falciparum rhomboid protein (PfROM)4 (PFE0340c) was able to process these Adhesins efficiently and displayed novel substrate specificity. Conversely, PfROM1 (PF11_0150) shared specificity with rhomboid proteases from other organisms and was the only PfROM able to cleave apical membrane antigen 1 (AMA1). PfROM 1 and/or 4 was thus able to cleave diverse Adhesins including TRAP, CTRP, MTRAP, PFF0800c, EBA-175, BAEBL, JESEBL, MAEBL, AMA1, Rh1, Rh2a, Rh2b, and Rh4, but not PTRAMP, and cleavage relied on the adhesin transmembrane domains. Swapping transmembrane regions between BAEBL and AMA1 switched the relative preferences of PfROMs 1 and 4 for these two substrates. Our analysis indicates that PfROMs 1 and 4 function with different substrate specificities that together constitute the specificity of TgROM5 to cleave diverse Adhesins. This is the first enzymatic analysis of Plasmodium rhomboid proteases and suggests an involvement of PfROMs in all invasive stages of the malaria lifecycle, in both the vertebrate host and the mosquito vector.
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two plasmodium rhomboid proteases preferentially cleave different Adhesins implicated in all invasive stages of malaria
PLOS Pathogens, 2006Co-Authors: Rosanna P. Baker, Sinisa Urban, Ruvini WijetilakaAbstract:Invasion of host cells by the malaria pathogen Plasmodium relies on parasite transmembrane Adhesins that engage host-cell receptors. Adhesins must be released by cleavage before the parasite can enter the cell, but the processing enzymes have remained elusive. Recent work indicates that the Toxoplasma rhomboid intramembrane protease TgROM5 catalyzes this essential cleavage. However, Plasmodium does not encode a direct TgROM5 homolog. We examined processing of the 14 Plasmodium falciparum Adhesins currently thought to be involved in invasion by both model and Plasmodium rhomboid proteases in a heterologous assay. While most Adhesins contain aromatic transmembrane residues and could not be cleaved by nonparasite rhomboid proteins, including Drosophila Rhomboid-1, Plasmodium falciparum rhomboid protein (PfROM)4 (PFE0340c) was able to process these Adhesins efficiently and displayed novel substrate specificity. Conversely, PfROM1 (PF11_0150) shared specificity with rhomboid proteases from other organisms and was the only PfROM able to cleave apical membrane antigen 1 (AMA1). PfROM 1 and/or 4 was thus able to cleave diverse Adhesins including TRAP, CTRP, MTRAP, PFF0800c, EBA-175, BAEBL, JESEBL, MAEBL, AMA1, Rh1, Rh2a, Rh2b, and Rh4, but not PTRAMP, and cleavage relied on the adhesin transmembrane domains. Swapping transmembrane regions between BAEBL and AMA1 switched the relative preferences of PfROMs 1 and 4 for these two substrates. Our analysis indicates that PfROMs 1 and 4 function with different substrate specificities that together constitute the specificity of TgROM5 to cleave diverse Adhesins. This is the first enzymatic analysis of Plasmodium rhomboid proteases and suggests an involvement of PfROMs in all invasive stages of the malaria lifecycle, in both the vertebrate host and the mosquito vector.
L. David Sibley - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Functional Analysis of Rhomboid Proteases during Toxoplasma Invasion
Mbio, 2014Co-Authors: Bang Shen, Jeffrey S. Buguliskis, L. David SibleyAbstract:Host cell invasion by Toxoplasma gondii and other apicomplexan parasites requires transmembrane Adhesins that mediate binding to receptors on the substrate and host cell to facilitate motility and invasion. Rhomboid proteases (ROMs) are thought to cleave Adhesins within their transmembrane segments, thus allowing the parasite to disengage from receptors and completely enter the host cell. To examine the specific roles of individual ROMs during invasion, we generated single, double, and triple knockouts for the three ROMs expressed in T. gondii tachyzoites. Analysis of these mutants demonstrated that ROM4 is the primary protease involved in adhesin processing and host cell invasion, whereas ROM1 or ROM5 plays negligible roles in these processes. Deletion of ROM4 blocked the shedding of Adhesins such as MIC2 (microneme protein 2), causing them to accu- mulate on the surface of extracellular parasites. Increased surface Adhesins led to nonproductive attachment, altered gliding mo- tility, impaired moving junction formation, and reduced invasion efficiency. Despite the importance of ROM4 for efficient inva- sion, mutants lacking all three ROMs were viable and MIC2 was still efficiently removed from the surface of invaded mutant parasites, implying the existence of ROM-independent mechanisms for adhesin removal during invasion. Collectively, these re- sults suggest that although ROM processing of Adhesins is not absolutely essential, it is important for efficient host cell invasion by T. gondii. IMPORTANCE Apicomplexan parasites such as Toxoplasma gondii express surface proteins that bind host cell receptors to aid invasion. Many of these Adhesins are subject to cleavage by rhomboid proteases (ROMs) within their transmembrane segments during invasion. Previous studies have demonstrated the importance of adhesin cleavage for parasite invasion and proposed that the ROMs responsible for processing would be essential for parasite survival. In T. gondii, ROM5 was thought to be the critical ROM for adhesin shedding due to its robust protease activity in vitro and posterior localization on the parasite surface. Here, we knocked out all three ROMs in T. gondii tachyzoites and found that ROM4, but not ROM5, was key for adhesin cleavage. How- ever, none of the ROMs individually or in combination was essential for cell entry, further emphasizing that essential pathways such as invasion typically rely on redundant pathways to ensure survival.
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Functional Analysis of Rhomboid Proteases during Toxoplasma Invasion
mBio, 2014Co-Authors: Bang Shen, Jeffrey S. Buguliskis, Tobie D. Lee, L. David SibleyAbstract:Host cell invasion by Toxoplasma gondii and other apicomplexan parasites requires transmembrane Adhesins that mediate binding to receptors on the substrate and host cell to facilitate motility and invasion. Rhomboid proteases (ROMs) are thought to cleave Adhesins within their transmembrane segments, thus allowing the parasite to disengage from receptors and completely enter the host cell. To examine the specific roles of individual ROMs during invasion, we generated single, double, and triple knockouts for the three ROMs expressed in T. gondii tachyzoites. Analysis of these mutants demonstrated that ROM4 is the primary protease involved in adhesin processing and host cell invasion, whereas ROM1 or ROM5 plays negligible roles in these processes. Deletion of ROM4 blocked the shedding of Adhesins such as MIC2 (microneme protein 2), causing them to accu- mulate on the surface of extracellular parasites. Increased surface Adhesins led to nonproductive attachment, altered gliding mo- tility, impaired moving junction formation, and reduced invasion efficiency. Despite the importance of ROM4 for efficient inva- sion, mutants lacking all three ROMs were viable and MIC2 was still efficiently removed from the surface of invaded mutant parasites, implying the existence of ROM-independent mechanisms for adhesin removal during invasion. Collectively, these re- sults suggest that although ROM processing of Adhesins is not absolutely essential, it is important for efficient host cell invasion by T. gondii. IMPORTANCE Apicomplexan parasites such as Toxoplasma gondii express surface proteins that bind host cell receptors to aid invasion. Many of these Adhesins are subject to cleavage by rhomboid proteases (ROMs) within their transmembrane segments during invasion. Previous studies have demonstrated the importance of adhesin cleavage for parasite invasion and proposed that the ROMs responsible for processing would be essential for parasite survival. In T. gondii, ROM5 was thought to be the critical ROM for adhesin shedding due to its robust protease activity in vitro and posterior localization on the parasite surface. Here, we knocked out all three ROMs in T. gondii tachyzoites and found that ROM4, but not ROM5, was key for adhesin cleavage. How- ever, none of the ROMs individually or in combination was essential for cell entry, further emphasizing that essential pathways such as invasion typically rely on redundant pathways to ensure survival.
Ruvini Wijetilaka - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Two Plasmodium rhomboid proteases preferentially cleave different Adhesins implicated in all invasive stages of malaria.
PLOS Pathogens, 2006Co-Authors: Rosanna P. Baker, Ruvini Wijetilaka, Sinisa UrbanAbstract:Invasion of host cells by the malaria pathogen Plasmodium relies on parasite transmembrane Adhesins that engage host-cell receptors. Adhesins must be released by cleavage before the parasite can enter the cell, but the processing enzymes have remained elusive. Recent work indicates that the Toxoplasma rhomboid intramembrane protease TgROM5 catalyzes this essential cleavage. However, Plasmodium does not encode a direct TgROM5 homolog. We examined processing of the 14 Plasmodium falciparum Adhesins currently thought to be involved in invasion by both model and Plasmodium rhomboid proteases in a heterologous assay. While most Adhesins contain aromatic transmembrane residues and could not be cleaved by nonparasite rhomboid proteins, including Drosophila Rhomboid-1, Plasmodium falciparum rhomboid protein (PfROM)4 (PFE0340c) was able to process these Adhesins efficiently and displayed novel substrate specificity. Conversely, PfROM1 (PF11_0150) shared specificity with rhomboid proteases from other organisms and was the only PfROM able to cleave apical membrane antigen 1 (AMA1). PfROM 1 and/or 4 was thus able to cleave diverse Adhesins including TRAP, CTRP, MTRAP, PFF0800c, EBA-175, BAEBL, JESEBL, MAEBL, AMA1, Rh1, Rh2a, Rh2b, and Rh4, but not PTRAMP, and cleavage relied on the adhesin transmembrane domains. Swapping transmembrane regions between BAEBL and AMA1 switched the relative preferences of PfROMs 1 and 4 for these two substrates. Our analysis indicates that PfROMs 1 and 4 function with different substrate specificities that together constitute the specificity of TgROM5 to cleave diverse Adhesins. This is the first enzymatic analysis of Plasmodium rhomboid proteases and suggests an involvement of PfROMs in all invasive stages of the malaria lifecycle, in both the vertebrate host and the mosquito vector.
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two plasmodium rhomboid proteases preferentially cleave different Adhesins implicated in all invasive stages of malaria
PLOS Pathogens, 2006Co-Authors: Rosanna P. Baker, Sinisa Urban, Ruvini WijetilakaAbstract:Invasion of host cells by the malaria pathogen Plasmodium relies on parasite transmembrane Adhesins that engage host-cell receptors. Adhesins must be released by cleavage before the parasite can enter the cell, but the processing enzymes have remained elusive. Recent work indicates that the Toxoplasma rhomboid intramembrane protease TgROM5 catalyzes this essential cleavage. However, Plasmodium does not encode a direct TgROM5 homolog. We examined processing of the 14 Plasmodium falciparum Adhesins currently thought to be involved in invasion by both model and Plasmodium rhomboid proteases in a heterologous assay. While most Adhesins contain aromatic transmembrane residues and could not be cleaved by nonparasite rhomboid proteins, including Drosophila Rhomboid-1, Plasmodium falciparum rhomboid protein (PfROM)4 (PFE0340c) was able to process these Adhesins efficiently and displayed novel substrate specificity. Conversely, PfROM1 (PF11_0150) shared specificity with rhomboid proteases from other organisms and was the only PfROM able to cleave apical membrane antigen 1 (AMA1). PfROM 1 and/or 4 was thus able to cleave diverse Adhesins including TRAP, CTRP, MTRAP, PFF0800c, EBA-175, BAEBL, JESEBL, MAEBL, AMA1, Rh1, Rh2a, Rh2b, and Rh4, but not PTRAMP, and cleavage relied on the adhesin transmembrane domains. Swapping transmembrane regions between BAEBL and AMA1 switched the relative preferences of PfROMs 1 and 4 for these two substrates. Our analysis indicates that PfROMs 1 and 4 function with different substrate specificities that together constitute the specificity of TgROM5 to cleave diverse Adhesins. This is the first enzymatic analysis of Plasmodium rhomboid proteases and suggests an involvement of PfROMs in all invasive stages of the malaria lifecycle, in both the vertebrate host and the mosquito vector.
David L Sibley - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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rhomboid 4 rom4 affects the processing of surface Adhesins and facilitates host cell invasion by toxoplasma gondii
PLOS Pathogens, 2010Co-Authors: Jeffrey S. Buguliskis, Fabien Brossier, Joel L Shuman, David L SibleyAbstract:Host cell attachment by Toxoplasma gondii is dependent on polarized secretion of apical Adhesins released from the micronemes. Subsequent translocation of these adhesive complexes by an actin-myosin motor powers motility and host cell invasion. Invasion and motility are also accompanied by shedding of surface Adhesins by intramembrane proteolysis. Several previous studies have implicated rhomboid proteases in this step; however, their precise roles in vivo have not been elucidated. Using a conditional knockout strategy, we demonstrate that TgROM4 participates in processing of surface Adhesins including MIC2, AMA1, and MIC3. Suppression of TgROM4 led to decreased release of the adhesin MIC2 into the supernatant and concomitantly increased the surface expression of this and a subset of other Adhesins. Suppression of TgROM4 resulted in disruption of normal gliding, with the majority of parasites twirling on their posterior ends. Parasites lacking TgROM4 bound better to host cells, but lost the ability to apically orient and consequently most failed to generate a moving junction; hence, invasion was severely impaired. Our findings indicate that TgROM4 is involved in shedding of micronemal proteins from the cell surface. Down regulation of TgROM4 disrupts the normal apical-posterior gradient of Adhesins that is important for efficient cell motility and invasion of host cells by T. gondii.
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a spatially localized rhomboid protease cleaves cell surface Adhesins essential for invasion by toxoplasma
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2005Co-Authors: Fabien Brossier, Travis J Jewett, David L Sibley, Sinisa UrbanAbstract:Apicomplexan parasites cause serious human and animal diseases, the treatment of which requires identification of new therapeutic targets. Host-cell invasion culminates in the essential cleavage of parasite Adhesins, and although the cleavage site for several Adhesins maps within their transmembrane domains, the protease responsible for this processing has not been discovered. We have identified, cloned, and characterized the five nonmitochondrial rhomboid intramembrane proteases encoded in the recently completed genome of Toxoplasma gondii. Four T. gondii rhomboids (TgROMs) were active proteases with similar substrate specificity. TgROM1, TgROM4, and TgROM5 were expressed in the tachyzoite stage responsible for the disease, whereas TgROM2 and TgROM3 were expressed in the oocyst stage involved in transmission. Although both TgROM5 and TgROM4 localized to the cell surface in tachyzoites, TgROM5 was primarily at the posterior of the parasite, whereas Adhesins were sequestered in internal micronemes. Upon microneme secretion, as occurs during invasion, the MIC2 adhesin was secreted to the apical end and translocated to the posterior, the site of cleavage, where it colocalized only with TgROM5. Moreover, only TgROM5 was able to cleave MIC Adhesins in a cell-based assay, indicating that it likely provides the key protease activity necessary for invasion. T. gondii rhomboids have clear homologues in other apicomplexans including malaria; thus, our findings provide a model for studying invasion by this deadly pathogen and offer a target for therapeutic intervention.
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aldolase forms a bridge between cell surface Adhesins and the actin cytoskeleton in apicomplexan parasites
Molecular Cell, 2003Co-Authors: Travis J Jewett, David L SibleyAbstract:Host cell invasion by apicomplexan parasites requires coordinated interactions between cell surface Adhesins and the parasite cytoskeleton. We have identified a complex of parasite proteins, including the actin binding protein aldolase, which specifically interacts with the C-terminal domains of several parasite Adhesins belonging to the thrombospondin-related anonymous protein (TRAP) family. Binding of aldolase to the adhesin was disrupted by mutation of a critical tryptophan in the C domain, a residue that was previously shown to be essential for parasite motility. Our findings reveal a potential role for aldolase in connecting TRAP family Adhesins with the cytoskeleton, and provide a model linking adhesion with motility in apicomplexan parasites.
