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David C. Shallcross - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Psychrometric charts for water vapour in natural gas
    Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering, 2008
    Co-Authors: David C. Shallcross
    Abstract:

    Psychrometric charts present in a graphical form physical property data for gas systems involving one or more non-condensing gas components and a single condensing vapour component. Originally limited to studying the humid air system of water vapour in dry air, the theory behind preparing psychrometric charts for water vapour in natural gas is presented. To illustrate the technique two charts are prepared for a system in which the natural gas is 80.0 mol% methane, 15.0 mol% ethane and 5.0 mol% propane. One chart is prepared for the Temperature range of 0 to 60 °C at a system pressure of 101.3 kPa and the other chart for the range of 40 to 110 °C at a system pressure of 400.0 kPa. The charts are based upon semi-theoretical equations and make use of published physical property data and correlations. The behaviour of the gas mixture is characterized by the virial equation of state truncated at the third term. The charts are constructed with the dry bulb Temperature and absolute humidity scales as the orthogonal axes. Curves of constant Adiabatic Saturation Temperature, constant relative humidity, constant gas specific volume and constant enthalpy deviation are plotted on the charts. Using the theory presented psychrometric charts for any Temperature range, system pressure and natural gas composition may be prepared.

  • Preparation of psychrometric charts for water vapour in Martian atmosphere
    International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 2005
    Co-Authors: David C. Shallcross
    Abstract:

    Psychrometric charts for condensing water vapour in Martian atmosphere at four different pressures are presented. The charts are based upon semi-theoretical equations and make use of published physical property data and correlations. The behaviour of the vapour phase is characterised by the Virial Equation of State truncated at the third term. The solubility of gas in water is also considered. The charts are constructed with the dry bulb Temperature and absolute humidity scales as the orthogonal axes. Curves of constant Adiabatic Saturation Temperature, constant relative humidity, constant gas specific volume and constant enthalpy deviation are plotted on the charts.

  • Psychrometric charts for organic vapours 1. Ketones in air
    International Journal of Thermal Sciences, 2005
    Co-Authors: David C. Shallcross
    Abstract:

    Abstract Psychrometric charts for five different condensing ketone vapours in air at 100 kPa are pressures are presented. The charts are based upon semi-theoretical equations and make use of published physical property data and correlations. The behaviour of the vapour phase is characterised by the virial equation of state truncated at the third term. The solubility of gas in the liquid ketones is also considered. The charts are constructed with the dry bulb Temperature and absolute humidity scales as the orthogonal axes. Curves of constant Adiabatic Saturation Temperature, constant relative humidity, constant gas specific volume and constant enthalpy deviation are plotted on the charts.

  • Preparation of psychrometric charts for alcohol vapours in nitrogen
    Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering, 2000
    Co-Authors: David C. Shallcross
    Abstract:

    Psychrometric charts for three different systems involving condensing alcohol vapour in nitrogen are presented. The alcohols considered are methanol, ethanol and n-propanol. The charts are based upon semi-theoretical equations and make use of published physical property data and correlations. The behaviour of the vapour phase is characterised by the Virial Equation of State truncated at the third term. The solubility of nitrogen in the liquid alcohols is also considered. The charts are constructed with the dry bulb Temperature and absolute humidity scales as the orthogonal axes. Curves of constant Adiabatic Saturation Temperature, constant relative humidity, constant gas specific volume and constant enthalpy deviation are plotted on the charts.

  • Construction of the Charts
    Handbook of Psychrometric Charts, 1997
    Co-Authors: David C. Shallcross
    Abstract:

    The curves that compose the psychrometric charts are constructed from a knowledge of the thermodynamic behaviour of the non-condensing gas and condensing vapour systems. Once the gases have been adequately characterised then the dew point, specific enthalpy, specific volume, relative humidity and Adiabatic Saturation Temperature of any gas mixture at a given Temperature, pressure and absolute humidity may be determined. In this Chapter the methods used to calculate and then plot these quantities are described.

Pedro Ollero - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Flue-gas desulfurization in an advanced in-duct desulfurization process: An empirical model from an experimental pilot-plant study
    Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, 2003
    Co-Authors: F.j. Gutiérrez Ortiz, Pedro Ollero
    Abstract:

    The in-duct sorbent injection desulfurization process is of great interest in regards to power plant retrofitting because of the small amount of capital required and the moderate operating costs involved. However, it is handicapped by its low sulfur removal capacity. Nevertheless, there are some technical options for improving the desulfurization efficiency without significantly increasing the process costs. An extensive experimental program has been performed in a 3-MWe equivalent pilot plant to assess the effects of the main operating variables (the Ca/S ratio, the approach to the Adiabatic Saturation Temperature, and the recirculation ratio) on the sulfur removal efficiency, as well as the efficiency improvements that can be achieved using activation of the recirculated sorbent and precollection of fly ash and seawater for flue gas humidification. The experimental results show that the inlet SO2 concentration and the gas residence time have a negligible effect on the desulfurization efficiency. On the ...

  • A pilot plant technical assessment of an advanced in-duct desulphurisation process.
    Journal of hazardous materials, 2001
    Co-Authors: F.j. Gutiérrez Ortiz, Pedro Ollero
    Abstract:

    Abstract In-duct sorbent injection (DSI) is a well-known, low-cost desulphurisation technology handicapped by its moderate SO2 removal capacity. Fortunately, there are some technical options for increasing the desulphurisation efficiency without eliminating its inherent advantages. In this experimental study, several improvement design options like the recirculation of reactivated sorbent, the pre-collection of the fly ash and the use of seawater for humidification have been analysed using an extensive parametric testing programme. The effect of the main operating variables directly related to the desulphurisation efficiency has been also tested following a fractional factorial design. These variables were the Ca/S ratio, the approach to the Adiabatic Saturation Temperature and the recirculation ratio of the partially converted sorbent. Other important questions like the use of a high-BET-area lime and the impact of the DSI process on an ESP have been also included in this experimental assessment. More than 50 experimental tests were carried out in a 3-MWe equivalent pilot plant to assess the different improvement options for in-duct sorbent injection. The results of this study allow us to extract practical conclusions about the devices, equipment and operating conditions as a function of the target SO2 efficiency, and even enable us to provide an economic assessment. Using the proposed improvement options to process a flue gas with 400–1000 ppm of SO2 concentration, a 90% sulphur removal with a lime utilisation of 45% was achieved.

F.j. Gutiérrez Ortiz - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Flue-gas desulfurization in an advanced in-duct desulfurization process: An empirical model from an experimental pilot-plant study
    Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, 2003
    Co-Authors: F.j. Gutiérrez Ortiz, Pedro Ollero
    Abstract:

    The in-duct sorbent injection desulfurization process is of great interest in regards to power plant retrofitting because of the small amount of capital required and the moderate operating costs involved. However, it is handicapped by its low sulfur removal capacity. Nevertheless, there are some technical options for improving the desulfurization efficiency without significantly increasing the process costs. An extensive experimental program has been performed in a 3-MWe equivalent pilot plant to assess the effects of the main operating variables (the Ca/S ratio, the approach to the Adiabatic Saturation Temperature, and the recirculation ratio) on the sulfur removal efficiency, as well as the efficiency improvements that can be achieved using activation of the recirculated sorbent and precollection of fly ash and seawater for flue gas humidification. The experimental results show that the inlet SO2 concentration and the gas residence time have a negligible effect on the desulfurization efficiency. On the ...

  • A pilot plant technical assessment of an advanced in-duct desulphurisation process.
    Journal of hazardous materials, 2001
    Co-Authors: F.j. Gutiérrez Ortiz, Pedro Ollero
    Abstract:

    Abstract In-duct sorbent injection (DSI) is a well-known, low-cost desulphurisation technology handicapped by its moderate SO2 removal capacity. Fortunately, there are some technical options for increasing the desulphurisation efficiency without eliminating its inherent advantages. In this experimental study, several improvement design options like the recirculation of reactivated sorbent, the pre-collection of the fly ash and the use of seawater for humidification have been analysed using an extensive parametric testing programme. The effect of the main operating variables directly related to the desulphurisation efficiency has been also tested following a fractional factorial design. These variables were the Ca/S ratio, the approach to the Adiabatic Saturation Temperature and the recirculation ratio of the partially converted sorbent. Other important questions like the use of a high-BET-area lime and the impact of the DSI process on an ESP have been also included in this experimental assessment. More than 50 experimental tests were carried out in a 3-MWe equivalent pilot plant to assess the different improvement options for in-duct sorbent injection. The results of this study allow us to extract practical conclusions about the devices, equipment and operating conditions as a function of the target SO2 efficiency, and even enable us to provide an economic assessment. Using the proposed improvement options to process a flue gas with 400–1000 ppm of SO2 concentration, a 90% sulphur removal with a lime utilisation of 45% was achieved.

Mingchuan Zhang - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • The effect of hydrogen peroxide solution on SO2 removal in the semidry flue gas desulfurization process.
    Journal of hazardous materials, 2009
    Co-Authors: Yuegui Zhou, Xian Zhu, Jun Peng, Yaobin Liu, Dingwang Zhang, Mingchuan Zhang
    Abstract:

    Abstract The present study attempts to use hydrogen peroxide solution to humidify Ca(OH) 2 particles to enhance the absorption of SO 2 to achieve higher removal efficiency and to solve the valuable reuse of the reaction product in the semidry flue gas desulfurization (FGD) process. Experiments were carried out to examine the effect of various operating parameters including hydrogen peroxide solution concentration, Ca/S molar ratio and approach to Adiabatic Saturation Temperature on SO 2 removal efficiency in a laboratory scale spray reactor. The product samples were analyzed to obtain semi-quantitative measures of mineralogical composition by X-ray diffraction (XRD) with reference intensity ratio ( RIR ) method and the morphology of the samples was examined by scanning electron microscope (SEM). Compared with spraying water to humidify Ca(OH) 2 , SO 2 removal efficiency was improved significantly by spraying hydrogen peroxide solution of 1–3 wt.% to humidify Ca(OH) 2 because hydrogen peroxide solution enhanced the dissolution and absorption rate of SO 2 . Moreover, XRD and SEM analyses show that the desulfurization products contain less amount of unreacted Ca(OH) 2 and more amount of stable calcium sulfate with increasing hydrogen peroxide solution concentration. Thus, the process mechanism of the enhanced absorption of SO 2 by spraying hydrogen peroxide solution to humidify Ca(OH) 2 was elucidated on the basis of the experimental results.

Kevin P. Resnik - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • CHARACTERIZATION OF NO2 AND SO2 REMOVALS IN A SPRAY DRYER/BAGHOUSE SYSTEM
    Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, 1994
    Co-Authors: William J. O'dowd, Henry W. Pennline, Joanna M. Markussen, Kevin P. Resnik
    Abstract:

    Oxidation of NO to NO[sub 2] has been proposed as a method for enhancing NO[sub x] removals in conventional flue gas desulfurization (FGD) processes. This experimental investigation characterizes the removals of NO[sub 2] and SO[sub 2] in a 1.1 m[sup 3](standard)/min spray dryer/baghouse system. Flue gas was generated by burning a No. 2 fuel oil, which was subsequently spiked upstream of the spray dryer with NO[sub 2] or SO[sub 2] or both. Lime slurry was injected via a rotary atomizer into the spray dryer. Variables studied include the approach to the Adiabatic Saturation Temperature, stoichiometric ratio, SO[sub 2] concentration, and NO[sub 2] concentration. Significant quantities of NO[sub 2] are scrubbed in this system, and over half of the total removal (at inlet NO[sub 2] > 400 ppm) occurs in the baghouse. Increasing NO[sub 2] concentrations enhance the amount of NO[sub x] removed in the system. Also, the presence of significant quantities of NO[sub 2] enhances the baghouse SO[sub 2] removal. Although up to 72% NO[sub 2] removals were obtained, concentrations of NO[sub 2] that exited the system were greater than 50 ppm for all conditions investigated.