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Jorge Luis Mangolini Neves - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Avaliação de perdas invisiveis em colhedoras de cana-de-açucar picada e alternativas para sua redução
2014Co-Authors: Jorge Luis Mangolini NevesAbstract:Resumo: No Brasil, a agroindústria canavieira processa 318 milhões de toneladas de cana-de-açúcar por ano (UNICA, 2003). Atualmente, de 5 a 15% desta matéria-prima é perdida no campo, quando o corte é feito manual ou mecanizado respectivamente, representando um prejuízo da ordem de US$ 450 milhões por ano. Devido a lei governamental n° 11.241 de 19/09/2002, o corte tende a tornar-se apenas de cana crua, sem queimar, inviabilizando o corte manual. Desta forma, as perdas devem permanecer próximas do último valor. Este trabalho parte da hipótese de que é possível desenvolver alternativas tecnológicas, como o aprimoramento dos componentes e sistemas das colhedoras de cana-de-açúcar picada, para minimizar este desperdício. Pretendeu-se, inicialmente, quantificar as perdas impossíveis de serem levantadas diretamente no campo (perdas invisíveis), já que as perdas visíveis são conhecidas, e a incidência de matéria estranha na cana processada pelas colhedoras de cana picada. Mantendo-se as colhedoras sob condições controladas, os ensaios foram realizados em um galpão de manutenção de máquinas da Usina São João/Araras-SP e na oficina de protótipos agrícolas do Centro de Tecnologia da Copersucar-CTC, de janeiro/1997 a março/2000. As colhedoras, que permaneceram estacionárias, foram alimentadas por uma esteira rolante acionada pelo motor hidráulico. Nos ensaios de perdas invisíveis foram utilizadas, inicialmente, canas limpas, desfolhadas e despontadas e depois canas com folhas e pontas. Para a determinação das impurezas vegetais na carga, foram processados colmos integrais, com folhas e ponteiros, simulando a condição adversa de canavial tombado. Por meio da análise dos dados quantificados nos ensaios de cana com palha, concluiu-se que as perdas invisíveis nos sistemas das colhedoras variaram de 2 a 11%, e são maiores na cana com maior teor de fibra e mais torta e na cana com palha em relação à cana sem palha. A eficiência de limpeza da matéria-prima ficou entre 74% na base matéria seca, para a velocidade angular de rotação das pás do extrator primário de 1000 rpm e 89% para a velocidade de 1200 rpm. Os resultados apontaram que o fluxo de massa de cana que alimenta a colhedora não tem influência nas magnitudes das perdas invisíveis totais de cana e na eficiência de limpeza na matéria-prima. Baseado nos resultados obtidos na primeira fase, na segunda etapa apresentou-se 4 propostas para a regulagem, ajustes e o aperfeiçoamento dos componentes das colhedoras. A primeira proposta foi verificar a possibilidade de utilização de uma mini-câmera para ser instalada junto ao disco de corte de base para auxiliar o operador da colhedora no controle da altura de corte. A segunda proposta avaliada foi a eficiência de um novo mecanismo de controle de altura do corte de base flutuante, capaz de acompanhar as ondulações do terreno. Observou-se, durante as safras 1999/2000, 2000/2001 e 2001/2002, que o mecanismo avaliado é eficiente, robusto e que oferece uma rápida resposta na altura requerida. Os resultados obtidos nos testes de campo, indicam que o corte de base flutuante tem um desempenho melhor que o convencional. Demonstram que o índice de impureza mineral na carga, a quantidade de soqueiras arrancadas e de perdas visíveis no campo são menores quando a colhedora trabalha em cana comercial equipada com o conjunto corte basal flutuante. O trabalho, também, avaliou a possibilidade de se utilizar um material alternativo (ferro fundido branco) para as facas dos rolos picadores em substituição ao padrão aço mola, visando, sem sucesso, aumentar a resistência ao desgaste e ao impacto destas peças. A quarta proposta foi o uso de um monitor de perdas instalado no extrator primário da colhedora. Avaliou-se o desempenho deste monitor trabalhando no campo e quantificando as perdas visíveis de cana e a eficiência de limpeza do extrator primário em relação a variação da rotação do ventilador. Utilizou-se para monitorar as perdas um sensor piezoelétrico que apresentou boa sensibilidade aos impactos contra o capuz do extrator primário. Observou-se também uma boa correlação entre os dados de eficiência de limpeza e perdas com os valores registrados pelo monitor. Assim, o presente trabalho visa reduzir os custos do processamento de cana minimizando as perdas e melhorando o desempenho das colhedoras de cana picada, aumentando a competitividade do setor.Abstract: The Brazilian sugar cane industry crashes 318 millions tones of sugarcane a year. Nowadays, from 5 to 15% this raw material is lost in the field, when the harvesting is done by hand or mecanized respectively, given a damage about US$ 450 millions a year, since only 15% is mechanical harvested. Due to a environmental government law green cane harvesting will be compulsory, in few years, so the losses must be keeping nearly the last number. The hipotesis for this work is that it is possible to make use of technologicals alternatives, to improve the components and internals systems to process raw material inside the sugar cane chopped harvesters, to minimize this waste. The purpose of this research was to determine the invisible losses (which are impossible to be located in the field) because the visible losses are already known, and the incidence of vegetable impurities (harvester primary extractor’s cleanliness efficiency) in the sugarcane processed by chopper harvesters. Trials carried out under controlled Conditions at the maintenance workshop of São João Sugar mill (Araras-SP) and at the agricultural prototypes workshop of Centro de Tecnologia Copersucar (Piracicaba-SP), from January /1997 till march/2000. The harvesters, which stayed stationary, were fed by a conveyor driven by a hydraulic motor. For the tests of invisible losses clean cane whithout leaves, straw and tops was used first, afther that, the wholestalks were processed with leaves and tops, also to determine vegetable impurities in the load, simulating Adverse Condition of lodged cane crop. The pneumatic cleaning systems velocity, extractors in the harvesters, affected the magnitude of invisible losses and the amount of vegetable impurities in the load. The largest invisible losses in the cane processed by the harvesters occured due to choppers and base cutter waste knives and they were higher at the primary extrator followed by the base cutter in all over the components and internals systems of the harvesters. The harvester had higher invisible losses in cane with leaves than in cane whithout leaves, and they were highest in the hard cane (higher fibre) and lodged and tangled cane. The values of invisible losses and incidence of amount of vegetable impurities (harvester primary extractor’s cleanliness efficiency) in the load, due to the different adjustments of pneumatic cleaning systems of the harvesters, are analysed and discussed in this work. Based on the first step data, it intends on the second step to show four proposals to set up, to adjust and to improve the harvester’s components. First of all, this work want to verify to use of a mini camera helping the harvesters’ operators control the base cutter’s height. At the beginning of this research a novel system for controlling base cutter cutting height was designed and manufactured in an attempt to improve the performance of commercial sugarcane chopper harvesters. The system differed from previous attempts to control base cutter height by suspending the base cutter gearbox and associated components as a discrete module incorporating a passive height control system. The advantages offered by this system include the potential for rapid response to cutting height requirements, the elimination of the secondary effects of base cutter height adjustments on topper height setting and, being fully mechanical, the system does not require additional hydraulic or mechanical control. This paper reviews the results of a testing programme undertaken on the floating base cutter system during the 1999/2000, 2000/2001 and 2001/2002 harvesting seasons with machines working in commercial cane fields. The results of the trial programme indicated that the mineral trash levels in loads transported from field to mill were consistently lower from machines fitted with the floating base cutter system relative to standard machines. The amounts of butts left in the field, of roots and stools removed from the field were also lower with the floating base cutter, however, under the Conditions of the tests, statistical significance was not achieved. At the end, this research want to assess the chopper knives made of alternative material (white cast iron) to minimize the wearing and breaking by impacts, and it checks the Cane Loss Monitor working on primary extractor aimed to reduce raw material losses and improve the cleanliness of the cane load to the mill The proposed work aims to reduce the sugar cane processed costs minimizing the losses and improves to the chopped harvesters performance
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Avaliação de perdas invisiveis em colhedoras de cana-de-açucar picada e alternativas para sua redução
Universidade Estadual de Campinas. Faculdade de Engenharia Agricola, 2003Co-Authors: Jorge Luis Mangolini NevesAbstract:No Brasil, a agroindústria canavieira processa 318 milhões de toneladas de cana-de-açúcar por ano (UNICA, 2003). Atualmente, de 5 a 15% desta matéria-prima é perdida no campo, quando o corte é feito manual ou mecanizado respectivamente, representando um prejuízo da ordem de US$ 450 milhões por ano. Devido a lei governamental n° 11.241 de 19/09/2002, o corte tende a tornar-se apenas de cana crua, sem queimar, inviabilizando o corte manual. Desta forma, as perdas devem permanecer próximas do último valor. Este trabalho parte da hipótese de que é possível desenvolver alternativas tecnológicas, como o aprimoramento dos componentes e sistemas das colhedoras de cana-de-açúcar picada, para minimizar este desperdício. Pretendeu-se, inicialmente, quantificar as perdas impossíveis de serem levantadas diretamente no campo (perdas invisíveis), já que as perdas visíveis são conhecidas, e a incidência de matéria estranha na cana processada pelas colhedoras de cana picada. Mantendo-se as colhedoras sob condições controladas, os ensaios foram realizados em um galpão de manutenção de máquinas da Usina São João/Araras-SP e na oficina de protótipos agrícolas do Centro de Tecnologia da Copersucar-CTC, de janeiro/1997 a março/2000. As colhedoras, que permaneceram estacionárias, foram alimentadas por uma esteira rolante acionada pelo motor hidráulico. Nos ensaios de perdas invisíveis foram utilizadas, inicialmente, canas limpas, desfolhadas e despontadas e depois canas com folhas e pontas. Para a determinação das impurezas vegetais na carga, foram processados colmos integrais, com folhas e ponteiros, simulando a condição adversa de canavial tombado. Por meio da análise dos dados quantificados nos ensaios de cana com palha, concluiu-se que as perdas invisíveis nos sistemas das colhedoras variaram de 2 a 11%, e são maiores na cana com maior teor de fibra e mais torta e na cana com palha em relação à cana sem palha. A eficiência de limpeza da matéria-prima ficou entre 74% na base matéria seca, para a velocidade angular de rotação das pás do extrator primário de 1000 rpm e 89% para a velocidade de 1200 rpm. Os resultados apontaram que o fluxo de massa de cana que alimenta a colhedora não tem influência nas magnitudes das perdas invisíveis totais de cana e na eficiência de limpeza na matéria-prima. Baseado nos resultados obtidos na primeira fase, na segunda etapa apresentou-se 4 propostas para a regulagem, ajustes e o aperfeiçoamento dos componentes das colhedoras. A primeira proposta foi verificar a possibilidade de utilização de uma mini-câmera para ser instalada junto ao disco de corte de base para auxiliar o operador da colhedora no controle da altura de corte. A segunda proposta avaliada foi a eficiência de um novo mecanismo de controle de altura do corte de base flutuante, capaz de acompanhar as ondulações do terreno. Observou-se, durante as safras 1999/2000, 2000/2001 e 2001/2002, que o mecanismo avaliado é eficiente, robusto e que oferece uma rápida resposta na altura requerida. Os resultados obtidos nos testes de campo, indicam que o corte de base flutuante tem um desempenho melhor que o convencional. Demonstram que o índice de impureza mineral na carga, a quantidade de soqueiras arrancadas e de perdas visíveis no campo são menores quando a colhedora trabalha em cana comercial equipada com o conjunto corte basal flutuante. O trabalho, também, avaliou a possibilidade de se utilizar um material alternativo (ferro fundido branco) para as facas dos rolos picadores em substituição ao padrão aço mola, visando, sem sucesso, aumentar a resistência ao desgaste e ao impacto destas peças. A quarta proposta foi o uso de um monitor de perdas instalado no extrator primário da colhedora. Avaliou-se o desempenho deste monitor trabalhando no campo e quantificando as perdas visíveis de cana e a eficiência de limpeza do extrator primário em relação a variação da rotação do ventilador. Utilizou-se para monitorar as perdas um sensor piezoelétrico que apresentou boa sensibilidade aos impactos contra o capuz do extrator primário. Observou-se também uma boa correlação entre os dados de eficiência de limpeza e perdas com os valores registrados pelo monitor. Assim, o presente trabalho visa reduzir os custos do processamento de cana minimizando as perdas e melhorando o desempenho das colhedoras de cana picada, aumentando a competitividade do setor.The Brazilian sugar cane industry crashes 318 millions tones of sugarcane a year. Nowadays, from 5 to 15% this raw material is lost in the field, when the harvesting is done by hand or mecanized respectively, given a damage about US$ 450 millions a year, since only 15% is mechanical harvested. Due to a environmental government law green cane harvesting will be compulsory, in few years, so the losses must be keeping nearly the last number. The hipotesis for this work is that it is possible to make use of technologicals alternatives, to improve the components and internals systems to process raw material inside the sugar cane chopped harvesters, to minimize this waste. The purpose of this research was to determine the invisible losses (which are impossible to be located in the field) because the visible losses are already known, and the incidence of vegetable impurities (harvester primary extractors cleanliness efficiency) in the sugarcane processed by chopper harvesters. Trials carried out under controlled Conditions at the maintenance workshop of São João Sugar mill (Araras-SP) and at the agricultural prototypes workshop of Centro de Tecnologia Copersucar (Piracicaba-SP), from January /1997 till march/2000. The harvesters, which stayed stationary, were fed by a conveyor driven by a hydraulic motor. For the tests of invisible losses clean cane whithout leaves, straw and tops was used first, afther that, the wholestalks were processed with leaves and tops, also to determine vegetable impurities in the load, simulating Adverse Condition of lodged cane crop. The pneumatic cleaning systems velocity, extractors in the harvesters, affected the magnitude of invisible losses and the amount of vegetable impurities in the load. The largest invisible losses in the cane processed by the harvesters occured due to choppers and base cutter waste knives and they were higher at the primary extrator followed by the base cutter in all over the components and internals systems of the harvesters. The harvester had higher invisible losses in cane with leaves than in cane whithout leaves, and they were highest in the hard cane (higher fibre) and lodged and tangled cane. The values of invisible losses and incidence of amount of vegetable impurities (harvester primary extractors cleanliness efficiency) in the load, due to the different adjustments of pneumatic cleaning systems of the harvesters, are analysed and discussed in this work. Based on the first step data, it intends on the second step to show four proposals to set up, to adjust and to improve the harvesters components. First of all, this work want to verify to use of a mini camera helping the harvesters operators control the base cutters height. At the beginning of this research a novel system for controlling base cutter cutting height was designed and manufactured in an attempt to improve the performance of commercial sugarcane chopper harvesters. The system differed from previous attempts to control base cutter height by suspending the base cutter gearbox and associated components as a discrete module incorporating a passive height control system. The advantages offered by this system include the potential for rapid response to cutting height requirements, the elimination of the secondary effects of base cutter height adjustments on topper height setting and, being fully mechanical, the system does not require additional hydraulic or mechanical control. This paper reviews the results of a testing programme undertaken on the floating base cutter system during the 1999/2000, 2000/2001 and 2001/2002 harvesting seasons with machines working in commercial cane fields. The results of the trial programme indicated that the mineral trash levels in loads transported from field to mill were consistently lower from machines fitted with the floating base cutter system relative to standard machines. The amounts of butts left in the field, of roots and stools removed from the field were also lower with the floating base cutter, however, under the Conditions of the tests, statistical significance was not achieved. At the end, this research want to assess the chopper knives made of alternative material (white cast iron) to minimize the wearing and breaking by impacts, and it checks the Cane Loss Monitor working on primary extractor aimed to reduce raw material losses and improve the cleanliness of the cane load to the mill The proposed work aims to reduce the sugar cane processed costs minimizing the losses and improves to the chopped harvesters performance
Tarunraj Singh - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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the effects of Adverse Condition warning system characteristics on driver performance an investigation of alarm signal type and threshold level
Behaviour & Information Technology, 2002Co-Authors: Nitin Gupta, Ann M. Bisantz, Tarunraj SinghAbstract:This study addresses the issues concerning the design of Adverse Condition warning systems (ACWS). ACWS are designed to sense Adverse road and weather Conditions as well as system states that can negatively impact driving performance leading to skids or accidents, and alert drivers to these Conditions. In this case, an ACWS was designed to sense when a car was likely to skid. A virtual-driving environment was used to test two levels of alarm sensitivity (low and high) and two types of auditory alarm signal (Binary ON/OFF and Graded) along with a no-alarm control group. Dependent measures reflected driver performance, response to the alarm signal and trust in the alerting system. Results indicated that participants had fewer skids in the low sensitivity and graded alarm signal Condition compared to some other alerting system configurations. Participants in the graded alarm signal Condition also had a greater degree of lateral control over the vehicle. Additionally, trust was found to be lower for the high ...
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Investigation of Factors Affecting Driver Performance Using Adverse Condition Warning Systems
Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting, 2001Co-Authors: Nitin Gupta, Ann M. Bisantz, Tarunraj SinghAbstract:This study addresses issues concerning the design of Adverse Condition warning systems (ACWS). An ACWS was designed to sense when a car was likely to skid. Through the use of a virtual-driving environment, two important design considerations, alerting system sensitivity (low and high) and type of auditory alarm signal (Binary ON/OFF and Graded) were analyzed and compared with a no-alarm control group. Dependent measures reflecting driver performance and response to the alarm signal were analyzed to understand the effect of different system configurations. Additionally, participants' trust in the alerting system under different configurations was measured to reveal user acceptance in these systems.Participants had fewest skids in the low sensitivity and graded alarm signal Condition compared to other alerting system configurations and the no-alarm Condition. Participants in the graded signal Condition also had a greater degree of lateral control over the vehicle. Additionally, trust was found to be the low...
Nitin Gupta - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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the effects of Adverse Condition warning system characteristics on driver performance an investigation of alarm signal type and threshold level
Behaviour & Information Technology, 2002Co-Authors: Nitin Gupta, Ann M. Bisantz, Tarunraj SinghAbstract:This study addresses the issues concerning the design of Adverse Condition warning systems (ACWS). ACWS are designed to sense Adverse road and weather Conditions as well as system states that can negatively impact driving performance leading to skids or accidents, and alert drivers to these Conditions. In this case, an ACWS was designed to sense when a car was likely to skid. A virtual-driving environment was used to test two levels of alarm sensitivity (low and high) and two types of auditory alarm signal (Binary ON/OFF and Graded) along with a no-alarm control group. Dependent measures reflected driver performance, response to the alarm signal and trust in the alerting system. Results indicated that participants had fewer skids in the low sensitivity and graded alarm signal Condition compared to some other alerting system configurations. Participants in the graded alarm signal Condition also had a greater degree of lateral control over the vehicle. Additionally, trust was found to be lower for the high ...
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Investigation of Factors Affecting Driver Performance Using Adverse Condition Warning Systems
Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting, 2001Co-Authors: Nitin Gupta, Ann M. Bisantz, Tarunraj SinghAbstract:This study addresses issues concerning the design of Adverse Condition warning systems (ACWS). An ACWS was designed to sense when a car was likely to skid. Through the use of a virtual-driving environment, two important design considerations, alerting system sensitivity (low and high) and type of auditory alarm signal (Binary ON/OFF and Graded) were analyzed and compared with a no-alarm control group. Dependent measures reflecting driver performance and response to the alarm signal were analyzed to understand the effect of different system configurations. Additionally, participants' trust in the alerting system under different configurations was measured to reveal user acceptance in these systems.Participants had fewest skids in the low sensitivity and graded alarm signal Condition compared to other alerting system configurations and the no-alarm Condition. Participants in the graded signal Condition also had a greater degree of lateral control over the vehicle. Additionally, trust was found to be the low...
Shubo Wan - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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transcriptomic and physiological evidence for the relationship between unsaturated fatty acid and salt stress in peanut
Frontiers in Plant Science, 2018Co-Authors: Na Sui, Yu Wang, Shanshan Liu, Zhen Yang, Fang Wang, Shubo WanAbstract:Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) is one of the five major oilseed crops cultivated worldwide. Salt stress is a common Adverse Condition for the growth of this crop in many countries and regions. In this study, physiological parameters and transcriptome profiles of peanut seedlings exposed to salt stress (250 mM NaCl for four days, S4) and recovery for 3 days (when transferred to standard Conditions for 3 days, R3) were analyzed to detect genes associated with salt stress and recovery in peanut. We observed that the quantum yield of PSII electron transport (ΦPSII) and the maximal photochemical efficiency of PSII (Fv/Fm) decreased in S4 compared with the control, and increased in R3 compared with those in S4. Seedling fresh weight, dry weight and PSI oxidoreductive activity (∆I/Io) were inhibited in S4 and did not recover in R3. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) activities decreased in S4 and increased in R3, whereas superoxide anion (O2−•) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) contents increased in S4 and decreased in R3. Transcriptome analysis revealed 1742 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) under salt stress and 390 DEGs under recovery. Among these DEGs, two DEGs encoding ω-3 fatty acid desaturase that synthesized linolenic acid (18:3) from linoleic acid (18:2) were down-regulated in S4 and up-regulated in R3. Furthermore, ω-3 fatty acid desaturase activity decreased under salt stress and increased under recovery. Consistent with this result, 18:3 content decreased under salt stress and increased under recovery compared with that under salt treatment. In conclusion, salt stress markedly changed the activity of ω-3 fatty acid desaturase and fatty acid composition. The findings provide novel insights for the improvement of salt tolerance in peanut.
Ann M. Bisantz - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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the effects of Adverse Condition warning system characteristics on driver performance an investigation of alarm signal type and threshold level
Behaviour & Information Technology, 2002Co-Authors: Nitin Gupta, Ann M. Bisantz, Tarunraj SinghAbstract:This study addresses the issues concerning the design of Adverse Condition warning systems (ACWS). ACWS are designed to sense Adverse road and weather Conditions as well as system states that can negatively impact driving performance leading to skids or accidents, and alert drivers to these Conditions. In this case, an ACWS was designed to sense when a car was likely to skid. A virtual-driving environment was used to test two levels of alarm sensitivity (low and high) and two types of auditory alarm signal (Binary ON/OFF and Graded) along with a no-alarm control group. Dependent measures reflected driver performance, response to the alarm signal and trust in the alerting system. Results indicated that participants had fewer skids in the low sensitivity and graded alarm signal Condition compared to some other alerting system configurations. Participants in the graded alarm signal Condition also had a greater degree of lateral control over the vehicle. Additionally, trust was found to be lower for the high ...
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Investigation of Factors Affecting Driver Performance Using Adverse Condition Warning Systems
Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting, 2001Co-Authors: Nitin Gupta, Ann M. Bisantz, Tarunraj SinghAbstract:This study addresses issues concerning the design of Adverse Condition warning systems (ACWS). An ACWS was designed to sense when a car was likely to skid. Through the use of a virtual-driving environment, two important design considerations, alerting system sensitivity (low and high) and type of auditory alarm signal (Binary ON/OFF and Graded) were analyzed and compared with a no-alarm control group. Dependent measures reflecting driver performance and response to the alarm signal were analyzed to understand the effect of different system configurations. Additionally, participants' trust in the alerting system under different configurations was measured to reveal user acceptance in these systems.Participants had fewest skids in the low sensitivity and graded alarm signal Condition compared to other alerting system configurations and the no-alarm Condition. Participants in the graded signal Condition also had a greater degree of lateral control over the vehicle. Additionally, trust was found to be the low...