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Barrett E. Kirwan - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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u s farm dynamics and the distribution of u s Agricultural Subsidies
Applied Economics Letters, 2017Co-Authors: Barrett E. KirwanAbstract:ABSTRACTThe persistent instability of the Agricultural sector is the fundamental premise of most Agricultural policy. Yet no research has ever quantified the aggregate dynamics of individual farms in the US. This article is the first to combine the US Census of Agriculture with the Agricultural Resource Management Survey to observe the dynamics of nearly 1.5 million farms. The data reveal substantial variation in farm size expansion and contraction. Most of this variation is unobservable in the sector totals reported by the US Department of Agriculture each year. The distribution of Agricultural Subsidies suggests that Subsidies become more important as farms get smaller and may play a role in slowing farm size contraction.
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who really benefits from Agricultural Subsidies evidence from field level data
American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 2016Co-Authors: Barrett E. Kirwan, Michael J RobertsAbstract:If Agricultural Subsidies are largely capitalized into farmland values through their effect on rental rates, then expanding support for agriculture may not benefit farmers who rent the land they farm. Existing evidence on the incidence of Subsidies on cash rental rates is mixed. Identification is obscured by unobserved or imprecisely measured factors that tend to be correlated with Subsidies, especially land quality and time-varying factors like commodity prices and adverse weather events. A problem that has received less attention is the fact that Subsidies and land quality on rented land may differ from owned land. Since most farms possess both rented and owned acreage, farm-level measures of Subsidies, land values, and rental rates may bias estimated incidence. Using a new, field-level data set that, for the first time, precisely links Subsidies to land parcels, we show that this bias is considerable: where farm-level estimates suggest an incidence of 42–49 cents of the marginal subsidy dollar, field-level estimates from the same farms indicate that landlords capture just 20–28 cents. The size of the farm and the duration of the rental arrangement have substantial effects. Incidence falls by 5–15 cents when doubling total operated acres, and the incidence falls by 0.1–0.8 cents with each additional year of the rental arrangement. Low incidence of Subsidies on rents combined with the farm-size and duration effects suggest that farmers renting land have monopsony power.
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who really benefits from Agricultural Subsidies evidence from field level data
2010 Annual Meeting July 25-27 2010 Denver Colorado, 2010Co-Authors: Barrett E. Kirwan, Michael J RobertsAbstract:If Agricultural Subsidies are largely capitalized into farmland values then expanding support for agriculture may not benefit farmers who rent the land they farm. Suddenly reducing Subsidies may be problematic to the extent that land values already embody expectations about future Subsidies. Existing evidence on the incidence of Subsidies on land values is mixed. Identification is obscured by unobserved or imprecisely measured factors that tend to be correlated with Subsidies, especially land quality and time-varying factors like commodity prices and adverse weather events. A problem that has received less attention is the fact that subsides and land quality on rented land may differ from owned land. Since most farms possess both rented and owned acreage, farm-level measures of Subsidies, land values and rental rates may bias estimated incidence. Using a new, field-level data set that, for the first time, precisely links Subsidies to land parcels, we show that this bias is considerable: Where farm-level estimates suggest an incidence of 20 to 79 cents of the marginal subsidy dollar, field-level estimates from the same farms indicate that landlords capture just 10–25 cents. The size of the farm and the duration of the rental arrangement have substantial effects. Incidence falls by 5–15 cents per acre when doubling total operated acres, and the incidence falls by 0.1–1.2 cents with each additional year of the rental arrangement. Low incidence of subsides on rents combined with the farm-size and duration effects suggest that farmers renting land have monopsony power.
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The Incidence of U.S. Agricultural Subsidies on Farmland Rental Rates
Journal of Political Economy, 2009Co-Authors: Barrett E. KirwanAbstract:Who benefits from Agricultural Subsidies is an open question. Economic theory predicts that the entire subsidy incidence should be on the farmland owners. Using a complementary set of policy quasi experiments, I find that farmers who rent the land they cultivate capture 75 percent of the subsidy, leaving just 25 percent for landowners. This finding contradicts the prediction from neoclassical models. The standard prediction may not hold because of less than perfect competition in the farmland rental market; the share captured by landowners increases with local measures of competitiveness in the farmland rental market.
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The Distribution of U.S. Agricultural Subsidies
SSRN Electronic Journal, 2007Co-Authors: Barrett E. KirwanAbstract:This paper examines the equity effects of one of the largest per-recipient income transfer programs in the Unites States: the U.S. Agricultural subsidy program. The paper demonstrates the complexity of the program's effect on equity and the unintended rent-seeking behavior induced by policies aimed at increasing the program's equity. Although Agricultural Subsidies accrue disproportionately to large farms, when measured as a proportion of total assets, small farms receive relatively higher Subsidies. The paper demonstrates that the vast majority of Agricultural Subsidies stays with the recipient farmer and is not dissipated to input suppliers or landlords through higher input prices. Yet, the impact on farm household income is mixed; both the median income and the poverty rate are higher among subsidized farmers than the general population. The paper documents substantial rent seeking among farmers who might become constrained by legal limits on total subsidy receipts, indicating that efforts to increase program equity have been ineffective.
Eleonora De Falcis - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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What Drives China’s New Agricultural Subsidies?
World Development, 2017Co-Authors: Rigoberto A. Lopez, Xi He, Eleonora De FalcisAbstract:China’s Agricultural policy has undergone a fundamental transformation in the four decades since the introduction of market reforms in 1978 and now involves a wide array of policy instruments that range from output and input Subsidies to public infrastructure expenditures. This article analyzes the political-economic determinants of China’s Agricultural subsidy changes using producer subsidy equivalents (PSEs) drawn from annual data from 1984 to 2015 on 16 Agricultural commodity sectors that include multiple policy instruments. Empirical results indicate that national factors, such as high rates of economic growth and a lower share of agriculture in the economy, have been the primary drivers of increases in PSEs, and that larger, more geographically concentrated Agricultural sectors are more likely to be subsidized at a higher PSE rate. Finally, China’s joining the World Trade Organization in December 2001 led to significant increases in PSEs that were not already explained by internal national or commodity-specific factors. In essence, China’s Agricultural subsidy programs and levels increasingly resemble those of developed countries, primarily as a result of economic transformation and the ability to structure Agricultural policies within the WTO rules. Moreover, this article predicts that Agricultural Subsidies will trend slightly upward in the next decade and that the strongest opportunities to export to China will be in animal products or grains that are utilized for feed or processed foods, where the levels of Subsidies are predicted to increase but remain lower than for traditional food crops.
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what drives china s new Agricultural Subsidies
World Development, 2017Co-Authors: Rigoberto A. Lopez, Xi He, Eleonora De FalcisAbstract:China’s Agricultural policy has undergone a fundamental transformation in the four decades since the introduction of market reforms in 1978 and now involves a wide array of policy instruments that range from output and input Subsidies to public infrastructure expenditures. This article analyzes the political-economic determinants of China’s Agricultural subsidy changes using producer subsidy equivalents (PSEs) drawn from annual data from 1984 to 2015 on 16 Agricultural commodity sectors that include multiple policy instruments. Empirical results indicate that national factors, such as high rates of economic growth and a lower share of agriculture in the economy, have been the primary drivers of increases in PSEs, and that larger, more geographically concentrated Agricultural sectors are more likely to be subsidized at a higher PSE rate. Finally, China’s joining the World Trade Organization in December 2001 led to significant increases in PSEs that were not already explained by internal national or commodity-specific factors. In essence, China’s Agricultural subsidy programs and levels increasingly resemble those of developed countries, primarily as a result of economic transformation and the ability to structure Agricultural policies within the WTO rules. Moreover, this article predicts that Agricultural Subsidies will trend slightly upward in the next decade and that the strongest opportunities to export to China will be in animal products or grains that are utilized for feed or processed foods, where the levels of Subsidies are predicted to increase but remain lower than for traditional food crops.
Pavel Ciaian - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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do Agricultural Subsidies crowd out or stimulate rural credit market institutions the case of eu common Agricultural policy
European Integration online Papers (EIoP), 2012Co-Authors: Pavel Ciaian, Jan Pokrivcak, Katarina SzegenyovaAbstract:In this paper we estimate the impact of Agricultural Subsidies granted under the European Union’s Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) on bank loans extended to farms. According to our theoretical analysis, Subsidies may either stimulate or crowd out bank loans depending on the timing of Subsidies, severity of credit constraint, type of Subsidies and bank loans, and the relative cost of internal and external financing. In empirical analysis we use the Farm Accountancy Data Network (FADN) farm level panel data for the period 1995-2007. We employ the fixed effects and generalised method of moment (GMM) models. The estimated results suggest that (i) big farms tend to use Subsidies to increase long-term loans, whereas small farms tend to use Subsidies to obtain short-term loans; (ii) Subsidies tend to crowd out short-term loans for big farms and long-term loans for small farms; (iii) when controlling for the endogeneity, the crowding out effect becomes smaller, but the positive causal effect of Subsidies on bank loans remains significant.
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do Agricultural Subsidies crowd out or stimulate rural credit institutions the case of cap payments
2011 International Congress August 30-September 2 2011 Zurich Switzerland, 2011Co-Authors: Pavel Ciaian, Jan PokrivcakAbstract:In this paper we estimate the impact of Subsidies from the EU’s common Agricultural policy on farm bank loans. According to the theoretical results, if Subsidies are paid at the beginning of the growing season they may reduce bank loans, whereas if they are paid at the end of the season they increase bank loans, but these results are conditional on whether farms are credit constrained and on the relative cost of internal and external financing. In the empirical analysis, we use farm-level panel data from the Farm Accountancy Data Network to test the theoretical predictions for the period 1995–2007. We employ fixed-effects and generalised method of moment models to estimate the impact of Subsidies on farm loans. The results suggest that Subsidies influence farm loans and the effects tend to be non-linear and indirect. The results also indicate that both coupled and decoupled Subsidies stimulate long-term loans, but the long-term loans of large farms increase more than those of small farms, owing to decoupled Subsidies. Furthermore, the results imply that short-term loans are affected only by decoupled Subsidies, and they are altered by decoupled Subsidies more for small farms than for large farms; however, when controlling for endogeneity, only the decoupled payments affect loans and the relationship is non-linear.
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credit market imperfections and the distribution of policy rents the common Agricultural policy in the new eu member states
107th Seminar January 30-February 1 2008 Sevilla Spain, 2007Co-Authors: Pavel Ciaian, Johan F M SwinnenAbstract:This article analyses how credit market imperfections affect the impacts of Subsidies by analyzing the effects of Agricultural Subsidies in the new Eastern Member States of the European Union with a partial equilibrium model which integrates credit and land market imperfections. We show that credit constraints have important implications for the distribution of policy rents. Credit market imperfections may induce very different effects of direct payments and lump-sum transfers.
Shao Jiang-ting - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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On the Legal System of Agricultural Subsidies Under the Reciprocal Rights and Obligations
Journal of Hunan Public Security College, 2008Co-Authors: Shao Jiang-tingAbstract:Agriculture,the development of rural economy and increasing the income of farmers is very important concerning the interests of the state and society.Based on the present socio-economic development,in accordance with the concept of the reciprocal rights and obligations,analyzing the characteristics of agriculture,has come to the conclusion that first obligations exist in agriculture,such phenomenon as non-reciprocity between rights and obligations exists,and thus to reveal the existence nature of Agricultural Subsidies,that is to make up for such obligations,for the number of equivalent rights and obligations,and finally realize that through the establishment of a sound legal system of Agricultural Subsidies,we can achieve the equality between rights and obligations,guarantee the realization of legitimate rights as well as obtain due interests,and finally to embody social justice.
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On the Legal System of China's Agricultural Subsidies Under the Reciprocal Rights and Obligations
Journal of Guizhou Normal University, 2008Co-Authors: Shao Jiang-tingAbstract:Agriculture, the development of rural economy and increase of the income of farmers are important issues related to the interests of the state and society. In the current prerequisite for the socioeconomic development, in accordance with the concept of the reciprocal rights and obligations, by analysizing of the characteristics of agriculture, the authors come to the first obligations, the non-reciprocity rights and obligations, reveal the existence of Agricultural Subsidies to the nature of content, which is to make up for such obligations, for the number of equivalent rights and obligations. Finally the authors come to be through the establishment of a sound legal system of Agricultural Subsidies, reach the rights and obligations of equality, and guarantee the realization of legitimate right to obtain legitimate interests, and then embody social justice.
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On the Legal System of Chinese Agricultural Subsidies Under the Reciprocal Rights and Obligations
Journal of Zhengzhou Institute of Aeronautical Industry Management, 2008Co-Authors: Shao Jiang-tingAbstract:Agriculture,the development of rural economy and increase the income of farmers,is an important issue related to the interests of the state and society,in the current prerequisite for the socio-economic development,in accordance with the concept of the reciprocal rights and obligations,Analysis of the characteristics of agriculture,has come to the first obligations,exist such phenomenon of the non-reciprocity rights and obligations,reveals the existence of Agricultural Subsidies to the nature of content,that is to make up for such obligations,for the number of equivalent rights and obligations.Finally come to be through the establishment of a sound legal system of Agricultural Subsidies,reached the rights and obligations of equality,and guarantee the realization of legitimate right to obtain legitimate interests,and finally to social justice is embodied.
Long Liang - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Agricultural Subsidies assessment of cropping system from environmental and economic perspectives in north china based on lca
Ecological Indicators, 2019Co-Authors: Long Liang, Yichao Wang, Bradley G Ridoutt, Dapeng Wang, Wenliang Wu, Liyuan Wang, Guishen ZhaoAbstract:Abstract In China, government Subsidies in the Agricultural sector have played an important role in increasing grain production and supporting farming incomes. However, Agricultural intensification has also led to concerns about environmental harm, especially on the North China Plain. In this study, life cycle assessment (LCA) was used to assess environmental impacts relating to the winter wheat-summer maize rotation system in the high-yielding and intensively cultivated Huantai County. Over the period 1996–2012, energy depletion potential, global warming potential, acidification potential and eutrophication potential all decreased both per t grain produced and per ha production area. However, water resource consumption, human toxicity potential, aquatic ecotoxicity potential and terrestrial ecotoxicity potential increased. The weighted environmental index, integrating all eight indicators into a single score, suggested that overall environmental impact had decreased by 15.2% per t of grain produced and 11% per ha cropped, largely as a result of improved management of N fertilizers as EP was identified as the most important environmental impact category. When human health impacts of emissions (assessed in DALYs) were monetarized, the life cycle environmental costs of both winter wheat and summer maize were also found to have decreased over time. Taking both the increased grain production and the reduction in life cycle impacts, the total life cycle environmental costs of grain production in Huantai County were found to have fallen from 16.6 million RMB.yr−1 to 12.8 million RMB.yr−1, a decrease of 23.2%. These results suggest that production and welfare-oriented Subsidies in the Agricultural sector in China have generally brought about environmental co-benefits. Nevertheless, there is scope for ongoing environmental improvement, particularly in relation to pesticide use. With Agricultural Subsidies increasingly viewed as a means of achieving environmental goals, there is an ongoing role for LCA to evaluate the different types of environmental impacts. The coupling of LCA with monetarization tools also has potential for use in informing the design of environmental policy instruments in the Agricultural sector.
