Aleurites moluccanus

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Edesio Luiz Simionatto - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • thermal and oxidative stabilities of binary blends of esters from soybean oil and non edible oils Aleurites moluccanus terminalia catappa and scheelea phalerata
    Fuel, 2020
    Co-Authors: Jaqueline C M Da Silva, Marcia Regina Pereira Cabral, Jusinei Meireles Stropa, Dilamara Riva Scharf, Edesio Luiz Simionatto, Cleber L Nicolau, Erica Rodrigues Costa, Cinthia Aparecida De Andrade Silva, Antonio Rogerio Fiorucci, Lincoln Carlos Silva De Oliveira
    Abstract:

    Abstract Edible oils remain the principal feedstocks for biofuel production. Given the potential impact of this use on the food supply chain, extensive research has supported the adoption of inedible oils for biodiesel generation, an approach that may help diversify the supply of oleochemical materials. This article reports an investigation of Scheelea phalerata, Terminalia catappa, and Aleurites moluccanus, three inedible oilseeds found in Midwest Brazil. Oils from these species were employed to synthesize biodiesel (methyl route) and produce binary blends with soybean biodiesel (S. phalerata : soybean, T. catappa : soybean, and A. moluccanus : soybean, each at 10:90, 20:80, 30:70, 40:60, and 50:50). Investigation of the thermal and oxidative properties of esters from individual plant species and blended with soybean esters showed that the alternative esters are suitable for use as biodiesels. The chemical composition profile of transesterification products revealed a predominance of saturated compounds (62.5%) in S. phalerata oil, while a more balanced distribution between saturated (40.5%) and unsaturated (57.4%) esters was found for T. catappa, while a high unsaturated content (90.0%) was detected for A. moluccanus. Scheelea phalerata esters had a favorable effect on the blends, reducing thermal stability, decreasing crystallization points, and increasing induction periods. Higher ratios of T. catappa esters in the blends promoted an increase in thermal stability and crystallization points, while decreasing induction periods. Use of A. moluccanus esters in the blends led to increased thermal stability and decreased crystallization temperatures and induction periods.

  • chemical composition and thermal properties of methyl and ethyl esters prepared from Aleurites moluccanus l willd euphorbiaceae nut oil
    Industrial Crops and Products, 2016
    Co-Authors: Marcia Regina Pereira Cabral, Silvanice Aparecida Lopes Dos Santos, Jusinei Meireles Stropa, Rogerio Cesar De Lara Da Silva, Claudia Andrea Lima Cardoso, Lincoln Carlos Silva De Oliveira, Dilamara Riva Scharf, Edesio Luiz Simionatto, Etenaldo F Santiago
    Abstract:

    Abstract In this work, the Aleurites moluccanus oil was obtained in high yield from the almonds (42%). The methyl and ethyl esters obtained by transesterification of the oil, have a high content of fatty acid unsaturated esters (>89%). Thermal properties in inert and oxidative atmospheres of oils and esters of A. moluccanus seed oil were estimated using Thermogravimetry − Derivative Thermogravimetry (TG/DTG). Low temperature properties of the methyl and ethyl esters were investigated using Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC). From the experiments was found that A. moluccanus seeds oil was thermally stable up to 210.9 °C; the methanol biodiesel is stable up to 117.9 °C and the ethanol biodiesel is up to 122.0 °C in air. In nitrogen atmosphere the A. moluccanus seeds oil was thermally stable up to 291.2 °C; the methanol biodiesel up to 119.0 °C and the ethanol biodiesel up to 123.3 °C. The esters have satisfactory performance at low temperatures with respect to the point of crystallization, which were below −11 °C. The results showed that A. moluccanus found in Brazil can contribute as a non-edible raw material for the production of biodiesel.

Tania Mari Bellé Bresolin - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Aleurites moluccanus and its main active constituent the flavonoid 2 o rhamnosylswertisin in experimental model of rheumatoid arthritis
    Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 2019
    Co-Authors: Nara Lins Meira Quintão, Maria Veronica Davila Pastor, Carla S Antonialli, Gislaine Francieli Da Silva, Lilian W Rocha, Talita Elisa Berte, Marcia Maria De Souza, Christiane Meyresilva, Ruth M Lucindasilva, Tania Mari Bellé Bresolin
    Abstract:

    Abstract Ethnopharmmacological relevance Aleurites moluccana is used in folk medicine to treat pain, fever, asthma, hepatitis, gastric ulcer and inflammatory process in general, and the nut oil had been topically applied to treat arthritis and other joint pain, however the seeds are classified as toxic for oral use. Aim Faced with the need for new alternative to treat the symptoms and modify rheumatoid arthritis (RA) the aim of this work was to evaluate the effects of A. moluccanus’ leaves dried extract in rats and mice submitted to complete Freund adjuvant (CFA)-induced RA. Material and methods Wistar Rats and Swiss mice were submitted to CFA-induced RA in the right hindpaw. They received A. moluccanus extract (orally; p.o.), dexamethasone (subcutaneously), 2″-O-rhamnosylswertisin (p.o.) or vehicle (p.o.), from the 14th day after the CFA injection for up to 8 days. The mechanical hypersensitivity was evaluated using the von Frey filaments and the paw-oedema was measured using a plethysmometer. The rats’ injected hindpaw was used to perform the histological analysis. Results A. moluccanus was able to significantly reduce the mechanical hypersensitivity in both ipsi- and contralateral hindpaws of mice injected with CFA, in a dose dependent manner. Furthermore, the paw-oedema was progressively reduced by A. moluccanus. Similar results were obtained for the positive-control drug dexamethasone and the isolated compound 2″-O-rhamnosylswertisin. Besides the effects mentioned above, the extract was also effective to repair the joint damage in CFA-induced RA rats, including reduction of fibrosis, cartilage degradation and bone erosion scores. Conclusion These results together with the literature data reinforce the anti-hypersensitivity and anti-inflammatory activity of A. moluccanus extract. Part of the observed effects is due to the presence of the compound 2″-O-rhamnosylswertisin. The fact that the extract acted as a disease modifier point this herbal product as a promisor and safe tool to treat RA and other associated chronic diseases.

  • Aleurites moluccanus and its main active constituent, the flavonoid 2″-O-rhamnosylswertisin, in experimental model of rheumatoid arthritis.
    Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 2019
    Co-Authors: Nara Lins Meira Quintão, Christiane Meyre-silva, Maria Veronica Davila Pastor, Carla S Antonialli, Gislaine Francieli Da Silva, Lilian W Rocha, Talita Elisa Berte, Marcia Maria De Souza, Ruth M. Lucinda-silva, Tania Mari Bellé Bresolin
    Abstract:

    Abstract Ethnopharmmacological relevance Aleurites moluccana is used in folk medicine to treat pain, fever, asthma, hepatitis, gastric ulcer and inflammatory process in general, and the nut oil had been topically applied to treat arthritis and other joint pain, however the seeds are classified as toxic for oral use. Aim Faced with the need for new alternative to treat the symptoms and modify rheumatoid arthritis (RA) the aim of this work was to evaluate the effects of A. moluccanus’ leaves dried extract in rats and mice submitted to complete Freund adjuvant (CFA)-induced RA. Material and methods Wistar Rats and Swiss mice were submitted to CFA-induced RA in the right hindpaw. They received A. moluccanus extract (orally; p.o.), dexamethasone (subcutaneously), 2″-O-rhamnosylswertisin (p.o.) or vehicle (p.o.), from the 14th day after the CFA injection for up to 8 days. The mechanical hypersensitivity was evaluated using the von Frey filaments and the paw-oedema was measured using a plethysmometer. The rats’ injected hindpaw was used to perform the histological analysis. Results A. moluccanus was able to significantly reduce the mechanical hypersensitivity in both ipsi- and contralateral hindpaws of mice injected with CFA, in a dose dependent manner. Furthermore, the paw-oedema was progressively reduced by A. moluccanus. Similar results were obtained for the positive-control drug dexamethasone and the isolated compound 2″-O-rhamnosylswertisin. Besides the effects mentioned above, the extract was also effective to repair the joint damage in CFA-induced RA rats, including reduction of fibrosis, cartilage degradation and bone erosion scores. Conclusion These results together with the literature data reinforce the anti-hypersensitivity and anti-inflammatory activity of A. moluccanus extract. Part of the observed effects is due to the presence of the compound 2″-O-rhamnosylswertisin. The fact that the extract acted as a disease modifier point this herbal product as a promisor and safe tool to treat RA and other associated chronic diseases.

  • Development of an oral suspension containing dry extract of Aleurites moluccanus with anti-inflammatory activity
    Revista Brasileira de Farmacognosia, 2016
    Co-Authors: Richie Mac Donald, Sabrina Santana Camargo, Christiane Meyre-silva, Nara Lins Meira Quintão, Valdir Cechinel Filho, Tania Mari Bellé Bresolin, Ruth Meri Lucinda-silva
    Abstract:

    Aleurites moluccanus L. (Willd.), Euphorbiaceae, is a tree that is native to Indonesia and India. Various parts of this tree are commonly used in traditional medicine to treat pain, fever, inflammation, hepatitis, gastric ulcer and other ailments. An oral suspension containing dried extract of A moluccanus was developed and in vivo anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated. Extract 100 and 50mg/ml loaded oral suspensions were prepared using different suspending agents. The formulations were analysed by their appearance, pH, density, redispersion time, rate of settling, Theological behaviour, distribution of particle size and zeta potential. The dose uniformity was determined by measuring the content of total phenolic compounds expressed in swertisin by a validated HPLC method, as well as the dissolution profile. The stability of oral suspensions was analysed in accelerated studies (40 °C for 6 months). The anti-inflammatory activity was analysed using an in vivo paw oedema model. The taste and odour of the suspensions were shown to be characteristic of the extract. Carmellose sodium (CS; 0.5%) and microcrystalline cellulose and carmellose sodium mixture (MCCS; 1%) showed better physical behaviour. The content of total phenolic compounds was 1.6 mg/ml and approximately 100% of the total phenolic compounds dissolved within 10 min. During the stability study, the formulations were approved by their physical-chemical properties and were shown to lose 12–14% of total phenolic compounds at 40 °C after 6 months. Suspensions containing 50mg/ml of standardised dried extract inhibited around 35 ± 7.6% of paw oedema. Formulations containing CS showed more anti-inflammatory activity. Suspensions containing dry extract of A. moluccanus were successfully obtained and showed physical and physical-chemistry properties that were appropriate and characteristic of this dosage form, suitable for administration in paediatric and elderly populations, making this an alternative to tablets.

Lincoln Carlos Silva De Oliveira - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • thermal and oxidative stabilities of binary blends of esters from soybean oil and non edible oils Aleurites moluccanus terminalia catappa and scheelea phalerata
    Fuel, 2020
    Co-Authors: Jaqueline C M Da Silva, Marcia Regina Pereira Cabral, Jusinei Meireles Stropa, Dilamara Riva Scharf, Edesio Luiz Simionatto, Cleber L Nicolau, Erica Rodrigues Costa, Cinthia Aparecida De Andrade Silva, Antonio Rogerio Fiorucci, Lincoln Carlos Silva De Oliveira
    Abstract:

    Abstract Edible oils remain the principal feedstocks for biofuel production. Given the potential impact of this use on the food supply chain, extensive research has supported the adoption of inedible oils for biodiesel generation, an approach that may help diversify the supply of oleochemical materials. This article reports an investigation of Scheelea phalerata, Terminalia catappa, and Aleurites moluccanus, three inedible oilseeds found in Midwest Brazil. Oils from these species were employed to synthesize biodiesel (methyl route) and produce binary blends with soybean biodiesel (S. phalerata : soybean, T. catappa : soybean, and A. moluccanus : soybean, each at 10:90, 20:80, 30:70, 40:60, and 50:50). Investigation of the thermal and oxidative properties of esters from individual plant species and blended with soybean esters showed that the alternative esters are suitable for use as biodiesels. The chemical composition profile of transesterification products revealed a predominance of saturated compounds (62.5%) in S. phalerata oil, while a more balanced distribution between saturated (40.5%) and unsaturated (57.4%) esters was found for T. catappa, while a high unsaturated content (90.0%) was detected for A. moluccanus. Scheelea phalerata esters had a favorable effect on the blends, reducing thermal stability, decreasing crystallization points, and increasing induction periods. Higher ratios of T. catappa esters in the blends promoted an increase in thermal stability and crystallization points, while decreasing induction periods. Use of A. moluccanus esters in the blends led to increased thermal stability and decreased crystallization temperatures and induction periods.

  • chemical composition and thermal properties of methyl and ethyl esters prepared from Aleurites moluccanus l willd euphorbiaceae nut oil
    Industrial Crops and Products, 2016
    Co-Authors: Marcia Regina Pereira Cabral, Silvanice Aparecida Lopes Dos Santos, Jusinei Meireles Stropa, Rogerio Cesar De Lara Da Silva, Claudia Andrea Lima Cardoso, Lincoln Carlos Silva De Oliveira, Dilamara Riva Scharf, Edesio Luiz Simionatto, Etenaldo F Santiago
    Abstract:

    Abstract In this work, the Aleurites moluccanus oil was obtained in high yield from the almonds (42%). The methyl and ethyl esters obtained by transesterification of the oil, have a high content of fatty acid unsaturated esters (>89%). Thermal properties in inert and oxidative atmospheres of oils and esters of A. moluccanus seed oil were estimated using Thermogravimetry − Derivative Thermogravimetry (TG/DTG). Low temperature properties of the methyl and ethyl esters were investigated using Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC). From the experiments was found that A. moluccanus seeds oil was thermally stable up to 210.9 °C; the methanol biodiesel is stable up to 117.9 °C and the ethanol biodiesel is up to 122.0 °C in air. In nitrogen atmosphere the A. moluccanus seeds oil was thermally stable up to 291.2 °C; the methanol biodiesel up to 119.0 °C and the ethanol biodiesel up to 123.3 °C. The esters have satisfactory performance at low temperatures with respect to the point of crystallization, which were below −11 °C. The results showed that A. moluccanus found in Brazil can contribute as a non-edible raw material for the production of biodiesel.

Marcia Regina Pereira Cabral - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • thermal and oxidative stabilities of binary blends of esters from soybean oil and non edible oils Aleurites moluccanus terminalia catappa and scheelea phalerata
    Fuel, 2020
    Co-Authors: Jaqueline C M Da Silva, Marcia Regina Pereira Cabral, Jusinei Meireles Stropa, Dilamara Riva Scharf, Edesio Luiz Simionatto, Cleber L Nicolau, Erica Rodrigues Costa, Cinthia Aparecida De Andrade Silva, Antonio Rogerio Fiorucci, Lincoln Carlos Silva De Oliveira
    Abstract:

    Abstract Edible oils remain the principal feedstocks for biofuel production. Given the potential impact of this use on the food supply chain, extensive research has supported the adoption of inedible oils for biodiesel generation, an approach that may help diversify the supply of oleochemical materials. This article reports an investigation of Scheelea phalerata, Terminalia catappa, and Aleurites moluccanus, three inedible oilseeds found in Midwest Brazil. Oils from these species were employed to synthesize biodiesel (methyl route) and produce binary blends with soybean biodiesel (S. phalerata : soybean, T. catappa : soybean, and A. moluccanus : soybean, each at 10:90, 20:80, 30:70, 40:60, and 50:50). Investigation of the thermal and oxidative properties of esters from individual plant species and blended with soybean esters showed that the alternative esters are suitable for use as biodiesels. The chemical composition profile of transesterification products revealed a predominance of saturated compounds (62.5%) in S. phalerata oil, while a more balanced distribution between saturated (40.5%) and unsaturated (57.4%) esters was found for T. catappa, while a high unsaturated content (90.0%) was detected for A. moluccanus. Scheelea phalerata esters had a favorable effect on the blends, reducing thermal stability, decreasing crystallization points, and increasing induction periods. Higher ratios of T. catappa esters in the blends promoted an increase in thermal stability and crystallization points, while decreasing induction periods. Use of A. moluccanus esters in the blends led to increased thermal stability and decreased crystallization temperatures and induction periods.

  • chemical composition and thermal properties of methyl and ethyl esters prepared from Aleurites moluccanus l willd euphorbiaceae nut oil
    Industrial Crops and Products, 2016
    Co-Authors: Marcia Regina Pereira Cabral, Silvanice Aparecida Lopes Dos Santos, Jusinei Meireles Stropa, Rogerio Cesar De Lara Da Silva, Claudia Andrea Lima Cardoso, Lincoln Carlos Silva De Oliveira, Dilamara Riva Scharf, Edesio Luiz Simionatto, Etenaldo F Santiago
    Abstract:

    Abstract In this work, the Aleurites moluccanus oil was obtained in high yield from the almonds (42%). The methyl and ethyl esters obtained by transesterification of the oil, have a high content of fatty acid unsaturated esters (>89%). Thermal properties in inert and oxidative atmospheres of oils and esters of A. moluccanus seed oil were estimated using Thermogravimetry − Derivative Thermogravimetry (TG/DTG). Low temperature properties of the methyl and ethyl esters were investigated using Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC). From the experiments was found that A. moluccanus seeds oil was thermally stable up to 210.9 °C; the methanol biodiesel is stable up to 117.9 °C and the ethanol biodiesel is up to 122.0 °C in air. In nitrogen atmosphere the A. moluccanus seeds oil was thermally stable up to 291.2 °C; the methanol biodiesel up to 119.0 °C and the ethanol biodiesel up to 123.3 °C. The esters have satisfactory performance at low temperatures with respect to the point of crystallization, which were below −11 °C. The results showed that A. moluccanus found in Brazil can contribute as a non-edible raw material for the production of biodiesel.

Nara Lins Meira Quintão - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Aleurites moluccanus and its main active constituent the flavonoid 2 o rhamnosylswertisin in experimental model of rheumatoid arthritis
    Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 2019
    Co-Authors: Nara Lins Meira Quintão, Maria Veronica Davila Pastor, Carla S Antonialli, Gislaine Francieli Da Silva, Lilian W Rocha, Talita Elisa Berte, Marcia Maria De Souza, Christiane Meyresilva, Ruth M Lucindasilva, Tania Mari Bellé Bresolin
    Abstract:

    Abstract Ethnopharmmacological relevance Aleurites moluccana is used in folk medicine to treat pain, fever, asthma, hepatitis, gastric ulcer and inflammatory process in general, and the nut oil had been topically applied to treat arthritis and other joint pain, however the seeds are classified as toxic for oral use. Aim Faced with the need for new alternative to treat the symptoms and modify rheumatoid arthritis (RA) the aim of this work was to evaluate the effects of A. moluccanus’ leaves dried extract in rats and mice submitted to complete Freund adjuvant (CFA)-induced RA. Material and methods Wistar Rats and Swiss mice were submitted to CFA-induced RA in the right hindpaw. They received A. moluccanus extract (orally; p.o.), dexamethasone (subcutaneously), 2″-O-rhamnosylswertisin (p.o.) or vehicle (p.o.), from the 14th day after the CFA injection for up to 8 days. The mechanical hypersensitivity was evaluated using the von Frey filaments and the paw-oedema was measured using a plethysmometer. The rats’ injected hindpaw was used to perform the histological analysis. Results A. moluccanus was able to significantly reduce the mechanical hypersensitivity in both ipsi- and contralateral hindpaws of mice injected with CFA, in a dose dependent manner. Furthermore, the paw-oedema was progressively reduced by A. moluccanus. Similar results were obtained for the positive-control drug dexamethasone and the isolated compound 2″-O-rhamnosylswertisin. Besides the effects mentioned above, the extract was also effective to repair the joint damage in CFA-induced RA rats, including reduction of fibrosis, cartilage degradation and bone erosion scores. Conclusion These results together with the literature data reinforce the anti-hypersensitivity and anti-inflammatory activity of A. moluccanus extract. Part of the observed effects is due to the presence of the compound 2″-O-rhamnosylswertisin. The fact that the extract acted as a disease modifier point this herbal product as a promisor and safe tool to treat RA and other associated chronic diseases.

  • Aleurites moluccanus and its main active constituent, the flavonoid 2″-O-rhamnosylswertisin, in experimental model of rheumatoid arthritis.
    Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 2019
    Co-Authors: Nara Lins Meira Quintão, Christiane Meyre-silva, Maria Veronica Davila Pastor, Carla S Antonialli, Gislaine Francieli Da Silva, Lilian W Rocha, Talita Elisa Berte, Marcia Maria De Souza, Ruth M. Lucinda-silva, Tania Mari Bellé Bresolin
    Abstract:

    Abstract Ethnopharmmacological relevance Aleurites moluccana is used in folk medicine to treat pain, fever, asthma, hepatitis, gastric ulcer and inflammatory process in general, and the nut oil had been topically applied to treat arthritis and other joint pain, however the seeds are classified as toxic for oral use. Aim Faced with the need for new alternative to treat the symptoms and modify rheumatoid arthritis (RA) the aim of this work was to evaluate the effects of A. moluccanus’ leaves dried extract in rats and mice submitted to complete Freund adjuvant (CFA)-induced RA. Material and methods Wistar Rats and Swiss mice were submitted to CFA-induced RA in the right hindpaw. They received A. moluccanus extract (orally; p.o.), dexamethasone (subcutaneously), 2″-O-rhamnosylswertisin (p.o.) or vehicle (p.o.), from the 14th day after the CFA injection for up to 8 days. The mechanical hypersensitivity was evaluated using the von Frey filaments and the paw-oedema was measured using a plethysmometer. The rats’ injected hindpaw was used to perform the histological analysis. Results A. moluccanus was able to significantly reduce the mechanical hypersensitivity in both ipsi- and contralateral hindpaws of mice injected with CFA, in a dose dependent manner. Furthermore, the paw-oedema was progressively reduced by A. moluccanus. Similar results were obtained for the positive-control drug dexamethasone and the isolated compound 2″-O-rhamnosylswertisin. Besides the effects mentioned above, the extract was also effective to repair the joint damage in CFA-induced RA rats, including reduction of fibrosis, cartilage degradation and bone erosion scores. Conclusion These results together with the literature data reinforce the anti-hypersensitivity and anti-inflammatory activity of A. moluccanus extract. Part of the observed effects is due to the presence of the compound 2″-O-rhamnosylswertisin. The fact that the extract acted as a disease modifier point this herbal product as a promisor and safe tool to treat RA and other associated chronic diseases.

  • Development of an oral suspension containing dry extract of Aleurites moluccanus with anti-inflammatory activity
    Revista Brasileira de Farmacognosia, 2016
    Co-Authors: Richie Mac Donald, Sabrina Santana Camargo, Christiane Meyre-silva, Nara Lins Meira Quintão, Valdir Cechinel Filho, Tania Mari Bellé Bresolin, Ruth Meri Lucinda-silva
    Abstract:

    Aleurites moluccanus L. (Willd.), Euphorbiaceae, is a tree that is native to Indonesia and India. Various parts of this tree are commonly used in traditional medicine to treat pain, fever, inflammation, hepatitis, gastric ulcer and other ailments. An oral suspension containing dried extract of A moluccanus was developed and in vivo anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated. Extract 100 and 50mg/ml loaded oral suspensions were prepared using different suspending agents. The formulations were analysed by their appearance, pH, density, redispersion time, rate of settling, Theological behaviour, distribution of particle size and zeta potential. The dose uniformity was determined by measuring the content of total phenolic compounds expressed in swertisin by a validated HPLC method, as well as the dissolution profile. The stability of oral suspensions was analysed in accelerated studies (40 °C for 6 months). The anti-inflammatory activity was analysed using an in vivo paw oedema model. The taste and odour of the suspensions were shown to be characteristic of the extract. Carmellose sodium (CS; 0.5%) and microcrystalline cellulose and carmellose sodium mixture (MCCS; 1%) showed better physical behaviour. The content of total phenolic compounds was 1.6 mg/ml and approximately 100% of the total phenolic compounds dissolved within 10 min. During the stability study, the formulations were approved by their physical-chemical properties and were shown to lose 12–14% of total phenolic compounds at 40 °C after 6 months. Suspensions containing 50mg/ml of standardised dried extract inhibited around 35 ± 7.6% of paw oedema. Formulations containing CS showed more anti-inflammatory activity. Suspensions containing dry extract of A. moluccanus were successfully obtained and showed physical and physical-chemistry properties that were appropriate and characteristic of this dosage form, suitable for administration in paediatric and elderly populations, making this an alternative to tablets.