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Igor V Grigoriev - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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The lichen symbiosis re-viewed through the genomes of Cladonia grayi and its Algal partner Asterochloris glomerata
BMC Genomics, 2019Co-Authors: Daniele Armaleo, Francesco Dal Grande, Fred Dietrich, Olaf Müller, Guillaume Blanc, Ólafur S. Andrésson, Frank R. Collart, Helge B. Bode, Francois Lutzoni, Igor V GrigorievAbstract:BackgroundLichens, encompassing 20,000 known species, are symbioses between specialized fungi (mycobionts), mostly ascomycetes, and unicellular green algae or cyanobacteria (photobionts). Here we describe the first parallel genomic analysis of the mycobiont Cladonia grayi and of its green Algal photobiont Asterochloris glomerata . We focus on genes/predicted Proteins of potential symbiotic significance, sought by surveying Proteins differentially activated during early stages of mycobiont and photobiont interaction in coculture, expanded or contracted Protein families, and Proteins with differential rates of evolution.ResultsA) In coculture, the fungus upregulated small secreted Proteins, membrane transport Proteins, signal transduction components, extracellular hydrolases and, notably, a ribitol transporter and an ammonium transporter, and the alga activated DNA metabolism, signal transduction, and expression of flagellar components. B) Expanded fungal Protein families include heterokaryon incompatibility Proteins, polyketide synthases, and a unique set of G-Protein α subunit paralogs. Expanded Algal Protein families include carbohydrate active enzymes and a specific subclass of cytoplasmic carbonic anhydrases. The alga also appears to have acquired by horizontal gene transfer from prokaryotes novel archaeal ATPases and Desiccation-Related Proteins. Expanded in both symbionts are signal transduction components, ankyrin domain Proteins and transcription factors involved in chromatin remodeling and stress responses. The fungal transportome is contracted, as are Algal nitrate assimilation genes. C) In the mycobiont, slow-evolving Proteins were enriched for components involved in Protein translation, translocation and sorting.ConclusionsThe surveyed genes affect stress resistance, signaling, genome reprogramming, nutritional and structural interactions. The alga carries many genes likely transferred horizontally through viruses, yet we found no evidence of inter-symbiont gene transfer. The presence in the photobiont of meiosis-specific genes supports the notion that sexual reproduction occurs in Asterochloris while they are free-living, a phenomenon with implications for the adaptability of lichens and the persistent autonomy of the symbionts. The diversity of the genes affecting the symbiosis suggests that lichens evolved by accretion of many scattered regulatory and structural changes rather than through introduction of a few key innovations. This predicts that paths to lichenization were variable in different phyla, which is consistent with the emerging consensus that ascolichens could have had a few independent origins.
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the lichen symbiosis re viewed through the genomes of cladonia grayi and its Algal partner asterochloris glomerata
BMC Genomics, 2019Co-Authors: Daniele Armaleo, Olaf Müller, Guillaume Blanc, Ólafur S. Andrésson, Frank R. Collart, Helge B. Bode, Francois Lutzoni, Francesco Dal Grande, Fred S Dietrich, Igor V GrigorievAbstract:Lichens, encompassing 20,000 known species, are symbioses between specialized fungi (mycobionts), mostly ascomycetes, and unicellular green algae or cyanobacteria (photobionts). Here we describe the first parallel genomic analysis of the mycobiont Cladonia grayi and of its green Algal photobiont Asterochloris glomerata. We focus on genes/predicted Proteins of potential symbiotic significance, sought by surveying Proteins differentially activated during early stages of mycobiont and photobiont interaction in coculture, expanded or contracted Protein families, and Proteins with differential rates of evolution. A) In coculture, the fungus upregulated small secreted Proteins, membrane transport Proteins, signal transduction components, extracellular hydrolases and, notably, a ribitol transporter and an ammonium transporter, and the alga activated DNA metabolism, signal transduction, and expression of flagellar components. B) Expanded fungal Protein families include heterokaryon incompatibility Proteins, polyketide synthases, and a unique set of G-Protein α subunit paralogs. Expanded Algal Protein families include carbohydrate active enzymes and a specific subclass of cytoplasmic carbonic anhydrases. The alga also appears to have acquired by horizontal gene transfer from prokaryotes novel archaeal ATPases and Desiccation-Related Proteins. Expanded in both symbionts are signal transduction components, ankyrin domain Proteins and transcription factors involved in chromatin remodeling and stress responses. The fungal transportome is contracted, as are Algal nitrate assimilation genes. C) In the mycobiont, slow-evolving Proteins were enriched for components involved in Protein translation, translocation and sorting. The surveyed genes affect stress resistance, signaling, genome reprogramming, nutritional and structural interactions. The alga carries many genes likely transferred horizontally through viruses, yet we found no evidence of inter-symbiont gene transfer. The presence in the photobiont of meiosis-specific genes supports the notion that sexual reproduction occurs in Asterochloris while they are free-living, a phenomenon with implications for the adaptability of lichens and the persistent autonomy of the symbionts. The diversity of the genes affecting the symbiosis suggests that lichens evolved by accretion of many scattered regulatory and structural changes rather than through introduction of a few key innovations. This predicts that paths to lichenization were variable in different phyla, which is consistent with the emerging consensus that ascolichens could have had a few independent origins.
I Knyazhansky - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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temperature zonal combustion reactor for the 15 nitrogen and 13 carbon isotopic determination of enriched biosynthetic materials
Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, 2010Co-Authors: Michael May, John Kuo, Michael Gray, I Knyazhansky, C T TanAbstract:A temperature distribution was imposed on a solid−gas reactor to help accomplish the 15-nitrogen or 13-carbon isotopic determination of biosynthetic materials such as Algal Protein-15N. The tempera...
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temperature zonal combustion reactor for the 15 nitrogen and 13 carbon isotopic determination of enriched biosynthetic materials
Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, 2010Co-Authors: Michael Gray, I KnyazhanskyAbstract:A temperature distribution was imposed on a solid−gas reactor to help accomplish the 15-nitrogen or 13-carbon isotopic determination of biosynthetic materials such as Algal Protein-15N. The temperature zonal combustion reactor (TZCR) can operate offline from its mass spectrometer, and this reactor facilitates the stable isotopic determination of highly enriched biomaterials (>95 atom % isotope). The reactor structure is a glass pipe comprising a quartz segment, transition segments, and threaded sockets. Precise positioning of the reactor within a tubular furnace establishes a longitudinal temperature distribution that is used to drive solid−gas chemistry in distinct zones: sample, catalyst, and sorbent. The TZCR module typically includes a reactor pipe, gastight valve, sample, reactants, reactant containers, and furnace. An important advantage of TZCR-mass spectrometer is preliminary vacuum heat treatment of the crude sample to remove volatile impurities before sample combustion (enabling isotopic enrichm...
Michael Gray - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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temperature zonal combustion reactor for the 15 nitrogen and 13 carbon isotopic determination of enriched biosynthetic materials
Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, 2010Co-Authors: Michael May, John Kuo, Michael Gray, I Knyazhansky, C T TanAbstract:A temperature distribution was imposed on a solid−gas reactor to help accomplish the 15-nitrogen or 13-carbon isotopic determination of biosynthetic materials such as Algal Protein-15N. The tempera...
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temperature zonal combustion reactor for the 15 nitrogen and 13 carbon isotopic determination of enriched biosynthetic materials
Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, 2010Co-Authors: Michael Gray, I KnyazhanskyAbstract:A temperature distribution was imposed on a solid−gas reactor to help accomplish the 15-nitrogen or 13-carbon isotopic determination of biosynthetic materials such as Algal Protein-15N. The temperature zonal combustion reactor (TZCR) can operate offline from its mass spectrometer, and this reactor facilitates the stable isotopic determination of highly enriched biomaterials (>95 atom % isotope). The reactor structure is a glass pipe comprising a quartz segment, transition segments, and threaded sockets. Precise positioning of the reactor within a tubular furnace establishes a longitudinal temperature distribution that is used to drive solid−gas chemistry in distinct zones: sample, catalyst, and sorbent. The TZCR module typically includes a reactor pipe, gastight valve, sample, reactants, reactant containers, and furnace. An important advantage of TZCR-mass spectrometer is preliminary vacuum heat treatment of the crude sample to remove volatile impurities before sample combustion (enabling isotopic enrichm...
Daniele Armaleo - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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The lichen symbiosis re-viewed through the genomes of Cladonia grayi and its Algal partner Asterochloris glomerata
BMC Genomics, 2019Co-Authors: Daniele Armaleo, Francesco Dal Grande, Fred Dietrich, Olaf Müller, Guillaume Blanc, Ólafur S. Andrésson, Frank R. Collart, Helge B. Bode, Francois Lutzoni, Igor V GrigorievAbstract:BackgroundLichens, encompassing 20,000 known species, are symbioses between specialized fungi (mycobionts), mostly ascomycetes, and unicellular green algae or cyanobacteria (photobionts). Here we describe the first parallel genomic analysis of the mycobiont Cladonia grayi and of its green Algal photobiont Asterochloris glomerata . We focus on genes/predicted Proteins of potential symbiotic significance, sought by surveying Proteins differentially activated during early stages of mycobiont and photobiont interaction in coculture, expanded or contracted Protein families, and Proteins with differential rates of evolution.ResultsA) In coculture, the fungus upregulated small secreted Proteins, membrane transport Proteins, signal transduction components, extracellular hydrolases and, notably, a ribitol transporter and an ammonium transporter, and the alga activated DNA metabolism, signal transduction, and expression of flagellar components. B) Expanded fungal Protein families include heterokaryon incompatibility Proteins, polyketide synthases, and a unique set of G-Protein α subunit paralogs. Expanded Algal Protein families include carbohydrate active enzymes and a specific subclass of cytoplasmic carbonic anhydrases. The alga also appears to have acquired by horizontal gene transfer from prokaryotes novel archaeal ATPases and Desiccation-Related Proteins. Expanded in both symbionts are signal transduction components, ankyrin domain Proteins and transcription factors involved in chromatin remodeling and stress responses. The fungal transportome is contracted, as are Algal nitrate assimilation genes. C) In the mycobiont, slow-evolving Proteins were enriched for components involved in Protein translation, translocation and sorting.ConclusionsThe surveyed genes affect stress resistance, signaling, genome reprogramming, nutritional and structural interactions. The alga carries many genes likely transferred horizontally through viruses, yet we found no evidence of inter-symbiont gene transfer. The presence in the photobiont of meiosis-specific genes supports the notion that sexual reproduction occurs in Asterochloris while they are free-living, a phenomenon with implications for the adaptability of lichens and the persistent autonomy of the symbionts. The diversity of the genes affecting the symbiosis suggests that lichens evolved by accretion of many scattered regulatory and structural changes rather than through introduction of a few key innovations. This predicts that paths to lichenization were variable in different phyla, which is consistent with the emerging consensus that ascolichens could have had a few independent origins.
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the lichen symbiosis re viewed through the genomes of cladonia grayi and its Algal partner asterochloris glomerata
BMC Genomics, 2019Co-Authors: Daniele Armaleo, Olaf Müller, Guillaume Blanc, Ólafur S. Andrésson, Frank R. Collart, Helge B. Bode, Francois Lutzoni, Francesco Dal Grande, Fred S Dietrich, Igor V GrigorievAbstract:Lichens, encompassing 20,000 known species, are symbioses between specialized fungi (mycobionts), mostly ascomycetes, and unicellular green algae or cyanobacteria (photobionts). Here we describe the first parallel genomic analysis of the mycobiont Cladonia grayi and of its green Algal photobiont Asterochloris glomerata. We focus on genes/predicted Proteins of potential symbiotic significance, sought by surveying Proteins differentially activated during early stages of mycobiont and photobiont interaction in coculture, expanded or contracted Protein families, and Proteins with differential rates of evolution. A) In coculture, the fungus upregulated small secreted Proteins, membrane transport Proteins, signal transduction components, extracellular hydrolases and, notably, a ribitol transporter and an ammonium transporter, and the alga activated DNA metabolism, signal transduction, and expression of flagellar components. B) Expanded fungal Protein families include heterokaryon incompatibility Proteins, polyketide synthases, and a unique set of G-Protein α subunit paralogs. Expanded Algal Protein families include carbohydrate active enzymes and a specific subclass of cytoplasmic carbonic anhydrases. The alga also appears to have acquired by horizontal gene transfer from prokaryotes novel archaeal ATPases and Desiccation-Related Proteins. Expanded in both symbionts are signal transduction components, ankyrin domain Proteins and transcription factors involved in chromatin remodeling and stress responses. The fungal transportome is contracted, as are Algal nitrate assimilation genes. C) In the mycobiont, slow-evolving Proteins were enriched for components involved in Protein translation, translocation and sorting. The surveyed genes affect stress resistance, signaling, genome reprogramming, nutritional and structural interactions. The alga carries many genes likely transferred horizontally through viruses, yet we found no evidence of inter-symbiont gene transfer. The presence in the photobiont of meiosis-specific genes supports the notion that sexual reproduction occurs in Asterochloris while they are free-living, a phenomenon with implications for the adaptability of lichens and the persistent autonomy of the symbionts. The diversity of the genes affecting the symbiosis suggests that lichens evolved by accretion of many scattered regulatory and structural changes rather than through introduction of a few key innovations. This predicts that paths to lichenization were variable in different phyla, which is consistent with the emerging consensus that ascolichens could have had a few independent origins.
C T Tan - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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temperature zonal combustion reactor for the 15 nitrogen and 13 carbon isotopic determination of enriched biosynthetic materials
Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, 2010Co-Authors: Michael May, John Kuo, Michael Gray, I Knyazhansky, C T TanAbstract:A temperature distribution was imposed on a solid−gas reactor to help accomplish the 15-nitrogen or 13-carbon isotopic determination of biosynthetic materials such as Algal Protein-15N. The tempera...