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Michael Rychlik - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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analysis of Alternariol and Alternariol monomethyl ether in foodstuffs by molecularly imprinted solid phase extraction and ultra high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry
Food Chemistry, 2018Co-Authors: Alberto Ricoyuste, Jeroen Walravens, Michael Rychlik, Javier L Urraca, Rahma Abouhany, Ana B Descalzo, Guillermo Orellana, S De Saeger, Maria C MorenobondiAbstract:Abstract Molecularly imprinted porous polymer microspheres selective to Alternaria mycotoxins, Alternariol (AOH) and Alternariol monomethyl ether (AME), were synthesized and applied to the extraction of both mycotoxins in food samples. The polymer was prepared using 4-vinylpiridine (VIPY) and methacrylamide (MAM) as functional monomers, ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EDMA) as cross-linker and 3,8,9-trihydroxy-6 H -dibenzo[ b,d ]pyran-6-one (S2) as AOH surrogate template. A molecularly imprinted solid phase extraction (MISPE) method has been optimized for the selective isolation of the mycotoxins from aqueous samples coupled to HPLC with fluorescence (λ ex = 258 nm; λ em = 440 nm) or MS/MS analysis. The MISPE method was validated by UPLC–MS/MS for the determination of AOH and AME in tomato juice and sesame oil based on the European Commission Decision 2002/657/EC. Method performance was satisfactory with recoveries from 92.5% to 106.2% and limits of quantification within the 1.1–2.8 µg kg −1 range in both samples.
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Table_1_Chemotaxonomy of Mycotoxigenic Small-Spored Alternaria Fungi – Do Multitoxin Mixtures Act as an Indicator for Species Differentiation?.pdf
2018Co-Authors: Theresa Zwickel, Michael Rychlik, Sandra M. Kahl, Marina E. H. MüllerAbstract:Necrotrophic as well as saprophytic small-spored Alternaria (A.) species are annually responsible for major losses of agricultural products, such as cereal crops, associated with the contamination of food and feedstuff with potential health-endangering Alternaria toxins. Knowledge of the metabolic capabilities of different species-groups to form mycotoxins is of importance for a reliable risk assessment. 93 Alternaria strains belonging to the four species groups Alternaria tenuissima, A. arborescens, A. alternata, and A. infectoria were isolated from winter wheat kernels harvested from fields in Germany and Russia and incubated under equal conditions. Chemical analysis by means of an HPLC-MS/MS multi-Alternaria-toxin-method showed that 95% of all strains were able to form at least one of the targeted 17 non-host specific Alternaria toxins. Simultaneous production of up to 15 (modified) Alternaria toxins by members of the A. tenuissima, A. arborescens, A. alternata species-groups and up to seven toxins by A. infectoria strains was demonstrated. Overall tenuazonic acid was the most extensively formed mycotoxin followed by Alternariol and Alternariol mono methylether, whereas altertoxin I was the most frequently detected toxin. Sulfoconjugated modifications of Alternariol, Alternariol mono methylether, altenuisol and altenuene were frequently determined. Unknown perylene quinone derivatives were additionally detected. Strains of the species-group A. infectoria could be segregated from strains of the other three species-groups due to significantly lower toxin levels and the specific production of infectopyrone. Apart from infectopyrone, alterperylenol was also frequently produced by 95% of the A. infectoria strains. Neither by the concentration nor by the composition of the targeted Alternaria toxins a differentiation between the species-groups A. alternata, A. tenuissima and A. arborescens was possible.
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Chemotaxonomy of Mycotoxigenic Small-Spored Alternaria Fungi – Do Multitoxin Mixtures Act as an Indicator for Species Differentiation?
Frontiers Media S.A., 2018Co-Authors: Michael Rychlik, Theresa Zwickel, Sandra M. Kahl, Marina E. H. MüllerAbstract:Necrotrophic as well as saprophytic small-spored Alternaria (A.) species are annually responsible for major losses of agricultural products, such as cereal crops, associated with the contamination of food and feedstuff with potential health-endangering Alternaria toxins. Knowledge of the metabolic capabilities of different species-groups to form mycotoxins is of importance for a reliable risk assessment. 93 Alternaria strains belonging to the four species groups Alternaria tenuissima, A. arborescens, A. alternata, and A. infectoria were isolated from winter wheat kernels harvested from fields in Germany and Russia and incubated under equal conditions. Chemical analysis by means of an HPLC-MS/MS multi-Alternaria-toxin-method showed that 95% of all strains were able to form at least one of the targeted 17 non-host specific Alternaria toxins. Simultaneous production of up to 15 (modified) Alternaria toxins by members of the A. tenuissima, A. arborescens, A. alternata species-groups and up to seven toxins by A. infectoria strains was demonstrated. Overall tenuazonic acid was the most extensively formed mycotoxin followed by Alternariol and Alternariol mono methylether, whereas altertoxin I was the most frequently detected toxin. Sulfoconjugated modifications of Alternariol, Alternariol mono methylether, altenuisol and altenuene were frequently determined. Unknown perylene quinone derivatives were additionally detected. Strains of the species-group A. infectoria could be segregated from strains of the other three species-groups due to significantly lower toxin levels and the specific production of infectopyrone. Apart from infectopyrone, alterperylenol was also frequently produced by 95% of the A. infectoria strains. Neither by the concentration nor by the composition of the targeted Alternaria toxins a differentiation between the species-groups A. alternata, A. tenuissima and A. arborescens was possible
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Image_2_Chemotaxonomy of Mycotoxigenic Small-Spored Alternaria Fungi – Do Multitoxin Mixtures Act as an Indicator for Species Differentiation?.pdf
2018Co-Authors: Theresa Zwickel, Michael Rychlik, Sandra M. Kahl, Marina E. H. MüllerAbstract:Necrotrophic as well as saprophytic small-spored Alternaria (A.) species are annually responsible for major losses of agricultural products, such as cereal crops, associated with the contamination of food and feedstuff with potential health-endangering Alternaria toxins. Knowledge of the metabolic capabilities of different species-groups to form mycotoxins is of importance for a reliable risk assessment. 93 Alternaria strains belonging to the four species groups Alternaria tenuissima, A. arborescens, A. alternata, and A. infectoria were isolated from winter wheat kernels harvested from fields in Germany and Russia and incubated under equal conditions. Chemical analysis by means of an HPLC-MS/MS multi-Alternaria-toxin-method showed that 95% of all strains were able to form at least one of the targeted 17 non-host specific Alternaria toxins. Simultaneous production of up to 15 (modified) Alternaria toxins by members of the A. tenuissima, A. arborescens, A. alternata species-groups and up to seven toxins by A. infectoria strains was demonstrated. Overall tenuazonic acid was the most extensively formed mycotoxin followed by Alternariol and Alternariol mono methylether, whereas altertoxin I was the most frequently detected toxin. Sulfoconjugated modifications of Alternariol, Alternariol mono methylether, altenuisol and altenuene were frequently determined. Unknown perylene quinone derivatives were additionally detected. Strains of the species-group A. infectoria could be segregated from strains of the other three species-groups due to significantly lower toxin levels and the specific production of infectopyrone. Apart from infectopyrone, alterperylenol was also frequently produced by 95% of the A. infectoria strains. Neither by the concentration nor by the composition of the targeted Alternaria toxins a differentiation between the species-groups A. alternata, A. tenuissima and A. arborescens was possible.
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validated uplc ms ms methods to quantitate free and conjugated alternaria toxins in commercially available tomato products and fruit and vegetable juices in belgium
Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 2016Co-Authors: Jeroen Walravens, Emmanuel Njumbe Ediage, Hannes Mikula, Michael Rychlik, Stefan Asam, Tom Devos, Jose Diana Di Mavungu, Liesbeth Jacxsens, Anita Van Landschoot, Lynn VanhaeckeAbstract:Ultraperformance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry and Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged, and Safe based analytical methodologies to quantitate both free (Alternariol (1), Alternariol monomethyl ether (2), tenuazonic acid (3), tentoxin (4), altenuene (5), altertoxin-I (6)) and conjugated (sulfates and glucosides of 1 and 2) Alternaria toxins in fruit and vegetable juices and tomato products were developed and validated. Acceptable limits of quantitation (0.7–5.7 μg/kg), repeatability (RSDr < 15.7%), reproducibility (RSDR < 17.9%), and apparent recovery (87.0–110.6%) were obtained for all analytes in all matrices investigated. 129 commercial foodstuffs were analyzed, and 3 was detected in 100% of tomato product samples (
toxins (sulfates of 1 and 2) were repeatedly detected. A deterministic dietary exposure assessment revealed the...
Jeroen Walravens - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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analysis of Alternariol and Alternariol monomethyl ether in foodstuffs by molecularly imprinted solid phase extraction and ultra high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry
Food Chemistry, 2018Co-Authors: Alberto Ricoyuste, Jeroen Walravens, Michael Rychlik, Javier L Urraca, Rahma Abouhany, Ana B Descalzo, Guillermo Orellana, S De Saeger, Maria C MorenobondiAbstract:Abstract Molecularly imprinted porous polymer microspheres selective to Alternaria mycotoxins, Alternariol (AOH) and Alternariol monomethyl ether (AME), were synthesized and applied to the extraction of both mycotoxins in food samples. The polymer was prepared using 4-vinylpiridine (VIPY) and methacrylamide (MAM) as functional monomers, ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EDMA) as cross-linker and 3,8,9-trihydroxy-6 H -dibenzo[ b,d ]pyran-6-one (S2) as AOH surrogate template. A molecularly imprinted solid phase extraction (MISPE) method has been optimized for the selective isolation of the mycotoxins from aqueous samples coupled to HPLC with fluorescence (λ ex = 258 nm; λ em = 440 nm) or MS/MS analysis. The MISPE method was validated by UPLC–MS/MS for the determination of AOH and AME in tomato juice and sesame oil based on the European Commission Decision 2002/657/EC. Method performance was satisfactory with recoveries from 92.5% to 106.2% and limits of quantification within the 1.1–2.8 µg kg −1 range in both samples.
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validated uplc ms ms methods to quantitate free and conjugated alternaria toxins in commercially available tomato products and fruit and vegetable juices in belgium
Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 2016Co-Authors: Jeroen Walravens, Emmanuel Njumbe Ediage, Hannes Mikula, Michael Rychlik, Stefan Asam, Tom Devos, Jose Diana Di Mavungu, Liesbeth Jacxsens, Anita Van Landschoot, Lynn VanhaeckeAbstract:Ultraperformance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry and Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged, and Safe based analytical methodologies to quantitate both free (Alternariol (1), Alternariol monomethyl ether (2), tenuazonic acid (3), tentoxin (4), altenuene (5), altertoxin-I (6)) and conjugated (sulfates and glucosides of 1 and 2) Alternaria toxins in fruit and vegetable juices and tomato products were developed and validated. Acceptable limits of quantitation (0.7–5.7 μg/kg), repeatability (RSDr < 15.7%), reproducibility (RSDR < 17.9%), and apparent recovery (87.0–110.6%) were obtained for all analytes in all matrices investigated. 129 commercial foodstuffs were analyzed, and 3 was detected in 100% of tomato product samples (
toxins (sulfates of 1 and 2) were repeatedly detected. A deterministic dietary exposure assessment revealed the... -
Validated UPLC-MS/MS Methods To Quantitate Free and Conjugated Alternaria Toxins in Commercially Available Tomato Products and Fruit and Vegetable Juices in Belgium
2016Co-Authors: Jeroen Walravens, Emmanuel Njumbe Ediage, Hannes Mikula, Michael Rychlik, Stefan Asam, Tom Devos, Jose Diana Di Mavungu, Liesbeth Jacxsens, Anita Van Landschoot, Lynn VanhaeckeAbstract:Ultraperformance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry and Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged, and Safe based analytical methodologies to quantitate both free (Alternariol (1), Alternariol monomethyl ether (2), tenuazonic acid (3), tentoxin (4), altenuene (5), altertoxin-I (6)) and conjugated (sulfates and glucosides of 1 and 2) Alternaria toxins in fruit and vegetable juices and tomato products were developed and validated. Acceptable limits of quantitation (0.7–5.7 μg/kg), repeatability (RSDr < 15.7%), reproducibility (RSDR < 17.9%), and apparent recovery (87.0–110.6%) were obtained for all analytes in all matrices investigated. 129 commercial foodstuffs were analyzed, and 3 was detected in 100% of tomato product samples (1, 2, 4, and 5 were also frequently detected (21–86%, Alternaria toxins (sulfates of 1 and 2) were repeatedly detected. A deterministic dietary exposure assessment revealed the possible risk for human health related to the presence of 1 and 2 in tomato based foodstuffs, whereas 3 is unlikely to be of human health concern
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development and validation of an ultra high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometric method for the simultaneous determination of free and conjugated alternaria toxins in cereal based foodstuffs
Journal of Chromatography A, 2014Co-Authors: Jeroen Walravens, Emmanuel Njumbe Ediage, Hannes Mikula, Michael Rychlik, Stefan Asam, Jose Diana Di Mavungu, Anita Van Landschoot, Lynn Vanhaecke, Sarah De SaegerAbstract:A UPLC-ESI+/--MS/MS method for the simultaneous determination of free (Alternariol, Alternariol monomethyl ether, altenuene, tenuazonic acid, tentoxin, altertoxin-I) and conjugated (sulfates and glucosides of Alternariol and Alternariol monomethyl ether) Alternaria toxins in cereals and cereal products (rice, oat flakes and barley) was developed. Optimization of the sample preparation and extraction methodology was achieved through experimental design, using full factorial design for extraction solvent composition optimization and fractional factorial design to identify the critical factors in the sample preparation protocol, which were in turn subjected to optimization. Final extracts were analysed using an Waters Acquity UPLC system coupled to a Quattro Premier XE mass spectrometer equipped with an electrospray interface operated in both positive and negative ionization mode. Chromatographic separation was achieved using an Acquity UPLC HSS T3 column, and the applied gradient elution programme allowed for the simultaneous determination of 10 Alternaria toxins in a one-step chromatographic run with a total run time of only 7min. Subsequently, the method, applying isotopically labelled internal standards ([2H4]-Alternariol monomethyl ether and [13C6,15N]-tenuazonic acid), was validated for several parameters such as linearity, apparent recovery, limit of detection, limit of quantification, precision, measurement uncertainty and specificity (in agreement with the criteria mentioned in Commission Regulation No. 401/2006/EC and Commission Decision No. 2002/657/EC). During validation, quality of the bioanalytical data was improved by counteracting the observed heteroscedasticity through the application of weighted least squares linear regression (WLSLR). Finally, 24 commercially available cereal-based foodstuffs were subjected to analysis, revealing the presence of tenuazonic acid in both rice and oat flake samples (
toxin in rice samples (
Peter M. Scott - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Alternaria toxins Alternariol and Alternariol monomethyl ether in grain foods in Canada
Mycotoxin Research, 2012Co-Authors: Peter M. Scott, Wendy Zhao, Sherry FengAbstract:Alternaria alternata has been reported to be the most common fungus on Canadian Western wheat. The Alternaria toxins Alternariol (AOH) and Alternariol monomethyl ether (AME) are mutagenic in vitro and there is also limited evidence for carcinogenic properties. They have been found in wheat from Europe, Argentina, China and Australia, but they have not been looked for in Canadian grains or grain foods. In the present study, 83 samples of grain-based food sold in Canada, including flour, bran, breakfast cereals, infant cereals and bread, were analysed for AOH and AME using extraction with methanol, clean-up on combined aminopropyl/C18 solid phase extraction (SPE) columns, and liquid chromatography (LC) with tandem mass spectrometric (MS/MS) determination. The overall average recoveries of AOH and AME from a variety of spiked cereal foods ( n = 13) were 45 ± 9 % and 53 ± 9 %, which could be attributed mainly to MS matrix effects The instrumental limits of detection (LOD) were 0.34 ng/g and 0.13 ng/g for AOH and AME, respectively, and the instrumental limits of quantitation (LOQ) were 1.1 and 0.43 ng/g. Of 83 samples analysed, 70 were positive for AOH (up to 63 ng/g, in a soft wheat bran) and 64 contained AME (up to 12 ng/g in a bran-based breakfast cereal). Of particular interest was the presence of AOH and/or AME in 27 out of 30 infant foods (up to 4.4 ng/g and 9.0 ng/g, respectively, in a sample of multigrain cereal).
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determination of Alternariol and Alternariol methyl ether in apple juice using solid phase extraction and high performance liquid chromatography
Journal of Chromatography A, 1996Co-Authors: T Delgado, Carmen Gomezcordoves, Peter M. ScottAbstract:The present work describes a new method for determination of Alternariol (AOH) and Alternariol methyl ether (AME) in apple juice using solid-phase extraction (SPE) columns for extraction and cleanup of samples for high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Chromatograms of spiked samples show that both toxins can be easily detected without interferences, and good recoveries for AOH (82.8 ± 7.4%) and AME (91.9 ± 6.1%) with detection limits as low as 1.6 and 0.7 μg/l, respectively, were obtained.
Stefan Asam - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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validated uplc ms ms methods to quantitate free and conjugated alternaria toxins in commercially available tomato products and fruit and vegetable juices in belgium
Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 2016Co-Authors: Jeroen Walravens, Emmanuel Njumbe Ediage, Hannes Mikula, Michael Rychlik, Stefan Asam, Tom Devos, Jose Diana Di Mavungu, Liesbeth Jacxsens, Anita Van Landschoot, Lynn VanhaeckeAbstract:Ultraperformance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry and Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged, and Safe based analytical methodologies to quantitate both free (Alternariol (1), Alternariol monomethyl ether (2), tenuazonic acid (3), tentoxin (4), altenuene (5), altertoxin-I (6)) and conjugated (sulfates and glucosides of 1 and 2) Alternaria toxins in fruit and vegetable juices and tomato products were developed and validated. Acceptable limits of quantitation (0.7–5.7 μg/kg), repeatability (RSDr < 15.7%), reproducibility (RSDR < 17.9%), and apparent recovery (87.0–110.6%) were obtained for all analytes in all matrices investigated. 129 commercial foodstuffs were analyzed, and 3 was detected in 100% of tomato product samples (
toxins (sulfates of 1 and 2) were repeatedly detected. A deterministic dietary exposure assessment revealed the... -
Validated UPLC-MS/MS Methods To Quantitate Free and Conjugated Alternaria Toxins in Commercially Available Tomato Products and Fruit and Vegetable Juices in Belgium
2016Co-Authors: Jeroen Walravens, Emmanuel Njumbe Ediage, Hannes Mikula, Michael Rychlik, Stefan Asam, Tom Devos, Jose Diana Di Mavungu, Liesbeth Jacxsens, Anita Van Landschoot, Lynn VanhaeckeAbstract:Ultraperformance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry and Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged, and Safe based analytical methodologies to quantitate both free (Alternariol (1), Alternariol monomethyl ether (2), tenuazonic acid (3), tentoxin (4), altenuene (5), altertoxin-I (6)) and conjugated (sulfates and glucosides of 1 and 2) Alternaria toxins in fruit and vegetable juices and tomato products were developed and validated. Acceptable limits of quantitation (0.7–5.7 μg/kg), repeatability (RSDr < 15.7%), reproducibility (RSDR < 17.9%), and apparent recovery (87.0–110.6%) were obtained for all analytes in all matrices investigated. 129 commercial foodstuffs were analyzed, and 3 was detected in 100% of tomato product samples (1, 2, 4, and 5 were also frequently detected (21–86%, Alternaria toxins (sulfates of 1 and 2) were repeatedly detected. A deterministic dietary exposure assessment revealed the possible risk for human health related to the presence of 1 and 2 in tomato based foodstuffs, whereas 3 is unlikely to be of human health concern
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development and validation of an ultra high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometric method for the simultaneous determination of free and conjugated alternaria toxins in cereal based foodstuffs
Journal of Chromatography A, 2014Co-Authors: Jeroen Walravens, Emmanuel Njumbe Ediage, Hannes Mikula, Michael Rychlik, Stefan Asam, Jose Diana Di Mavungu, Anita Van Landschoot, Lynn Vanhaecke, Sarah De SaegerAbstract:A UPLC-ESI+/--MS/MS method for the simultaneous determination of free (Alternariol, Alternariol monomethyl ether, altenuene, tenuazonic acid, tentoxin, altertoxin-I) and conjugated (sulfates and glucosides of Alternariol and Alternariol monomethyl ether) Alternaria toxins in cereals and cereal products (rice, oat flakes and barley) was developed. Optimization of the sample preparation and extraction methodology was achieved through experimental design, using full factorial design for extraction solvent composition optimization and fractional factorial design to identify the critical factors in the sample preparation protocol, which were in turn subjected to optimization. Final extracts were analysed using an Waters Acquity UPLC system coupled to a Quattro Premier XE mass spectrometer equipped with an electrospray interface operated in both positive and negative ionization mode. Chromatographic separation was achieved using an Acquity UPLC HSS T3 column, and the applied gradient elution programme allowed for the simultaneous determination of 10 Alternaria toxins in a one-step chromatographic run with a total run time of only 7min. Subsequently, the method, applying isotopically labelled internal standards ([2H4]-Alternariol monomethyl ether and [13C6,15N]-tenuazonic acid), was validated for several parameters such as linearity, apparent recovery, limit of detection, limit of quantification, precision, measurement uncertainty and specificity (in agreement with the criteria mentioned in Commission Regulation No. 401/2006/EC and Commission Decision No. 2002/657/EC). During validation, quality of the bioanalytical data was improved by counteracting the observed heteroscedasticity through the application of weighted least squares linear regression (WLSLR). Finally, 24 commercially available cereal-based foodstuffs were subjected to analysis, revealing the presence of tenuazonic acid in both rice and oat flake samples (
toxin in rice samples ( -
stable isotope dilution assays of Alternariol and Alternariol monomethyl ether in beverages
Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 2009Co-Authors: Stefan Asam, Katharina Konitzer, Peter Schieberle, Michael RychlikAbstract:Stable isotope dilution assays (SIDAs) for the determination of the most important mycotoxins of the black mold Alternaria, namely, Alternariol and Alternariol monomethyl ether, have been developed. For this purpose, deuterated Alternariol and Alternariol methyl ether were synthesized by palladium catalyzed protium-deuterium exchange from the unlabeled toxins. Reaction conditions were chosen in such a manner that the formation of the [(2)H(4)]-isotopologues was favored. The synthesized products were characterized by LC-MS, NMR, and UV-spectroscopy. On the basis of the use of [(2)H(4)]-Alternariol and [(2)H(4)]-Alternariol methyl ether as internal standards, SIDAs were developed and applied to the determination of Alternariol and Alternariol methyl ether in beverages using LC-MS/MS. Method validation revealed a high sensitivity, i.e., low limits of detection (Alternariol, 0.03 microg/kg; Alternariol methyl ether, 0.01 microg/kg) and limits of quantitation (Alternariol, 0.09 microg/kg; Alternariol methyl ether, 0.03 microg/kg), respectively. Recovery from spiked apple juice was 100.5 +/- 3.4% for Alternariol (range 0.1-1 microg/kg) and 107.3 +/- 1.6% for Alternariol methyl ether (range 0.05-0.5 microg/kg). Interassay precision (expressed as coefficient of variation, CEV) for Alternariol was 4.0% (7.82 +/- 0.31 microg/kg; vegetable juice, naturally contaminated) and 4.6% (1.04 +/- 0.05 microg/kg; grape juice, naturally contaminated). For Alternariol methyl ether, a CEV of 2.3% (0.79 +/- 0.02 microg/kg; vegetable juice, naturally contaminated) was obtained. Analysis of fruit juices showed low contamination with Alternariol and Alternariol methyl ether in general, but higher values of both toxins were found in wine and vegetable juices. The values for Alternariol were higher than those for Alternariol methyl ether in nearly any case. However, the developed SIDA has proven to be optimally suited for further studies on Alternariol and Alternariol methyl ether content in food samples to obtain further insight into possible health hazards for the consumer.
Sarah De Saeger - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Food Consumption Data as a Tool to Estimate Exposure to Mycoestrogens.
Toxins, 2020Co-Authors: Carla Martins, Arnau Vidal, Duarte Torres, Ana Goios, Carla Lopes, Ricardo Assunção, Paula Alvito, Daniela Correia, Marthe De Boevre, Sarah De SaegerAbstract:Zearalenone and Alternariol are mycotoxins produced by Fusarium and Alternaria species, respectively, that present estrogenic activity and consequently are classified as endocrine disruptors. To estimate the exposure of the Portuguese population to these two mycotoxins at a national level, a modelling approach, based on data from 94 Portuguese volunteers, was developed considering as inputs: i) the food consumption data generated within the National Food and Physical Activity Survey; and ii) the human biomonitoring data used to assess the exposure to the referred mycotoxins. Six models of association between mycoestrogens urinary levels (zearalenone, total zearalenone and Alternariol) and food items (meat, cheese, and fresh-cheese, breakfast cereals, sweets) were established. Applying the obtained models to the consumption data (n = 5811) of the general population, the median estimates of the probable daily intake revealed that a fraction of the Portuguese population might exceed the tolerable daily intake defined for zearalenone. A reference intake value for Alternariol is still lacking, thus the characterization of risk due to the exposure to this mycotoxin was not possible to perform. Although the unavoidable uncertainties, these results are important contributions to understand the exposure to endocrine disruptors in Portugal and the potential Public Health consequences.
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Mycotoxin contamination of sorghum and its contribution to human dietary exposure in four sub-Saharan countries.
Food Additives and Contaminants Part A-chemistry Analysis Control Exposure & Risk Assessment, 2018Co-Authors: Geoffrey Ssepuuya, Christof Van Poucke, Emmanuel Njumbe Ediage, Catherine Mulholland, Angelika Tritscher, Mary F. Kenny, Catherine Bessy, Philippe Verger, Sarah De SaegerAbstract:This research aimed at evaluating the safety, and the type, level and prevalence of mycotoxins in grain sorghum of four sub-Saharan African (SSA) countries (Burkina Faso, Ethiopia, Mali and Sudan). A multi-analyte LC-MS/MS method for quantification of 23 mycotoxins (nivalenol, deoxynivalenol, fusarenon X, neosolaniol, 3-acetyl deoxynivalenol, 15-acetyl deoxynivalenol, diacetoxyscirpenol, roquefortine C, HT-2 toxin, Alternariol, T-2 toxin, FB1, FB2, FB3, zearalenone, aflatoxin G(1), aflatoxin G(2), aflatoxin B-1, aflatoxin B-2, sterigmatocystin, OTA, altenuene, Alternariol monomethylether) was applied to different sorghum matrices. Of the 1533 analysed samples, 33% were contaminated with at least one of the following mycotoxins: aflatoxins, fumonisins, sterigmatocystin, Alternaria toxins, OTA and zearalenone. Country of origin, colour, source and collection period of sorghum samples significantly influenced the type, level and prevalence of mycotoxins. Sterigmatocystin (15%), fumonisins (17%) and aflatoxins (13%) were the most prevalent. FB1 (274 +/- 585 mu g/kg) had the highest mean concentration followed by FB2 (214 +/- 308 mu g/kg) while diacetoxyscirpenol (8.12 +/- 19.2 mu g/kg) and HT-2 (11.9 +/- 0.00 mu g/kg) had the lowest concentrations. Neosolaniol, fusarenon-X, 3-acetyl deoxynivalenol, 15-acetyl deoxynivalenol, T-2 toxin, nivalenol and roquefortine C were not detected in any of the samples. Sudan had the lowest prevalence and mean concentration of all mycotoxins. Pink sorghum had the highest concentrations of fumonisins and aflatoxins. Mycotoxins from Aspergillus spp. and Alternaria spp. are the mycotoxins of concern in SSA grain sorghum with regard to prevalence, concentration and possible health risk from exposure. Based on the performed risk characterisation, daily consumption of sorghum containing aflatoxins, Alternariol, Alternariol monomethyl ether, sterigmatocystin and OTA could result in exceeding the established health-based guidance values for these toxins.
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development and validation of an ultra high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometric method for the simultaneous determination of free and conjugated alternaria toxins in cereal based foodstuffs
Journal of Chromatography A, 2014Co-Authors: Jeroen Walravens, Emmanuel Njumbe Ediage, Hannes Mikula, Michael Rychlik, Stefan Asam, Jose Diana Di Mavungu, Anita Van Landschoot, Lynn Vanhaecke, Sarah De SaegerAbstract:A UPLC-ESI+/--MS/MS method for the simultaneous determination of free (Alternariol, Alternariol monomethyl ether, altenuene, tenuazonic acid, tentoxin, altertoxin-I) and conjugated (sulfates and glucosides of Alternariol and Alternariol monomethyl ether) Alternaria toxins in cereals and cereal products (rice, oat flakes and barley) was developed. Optimization of the sample preparation and extraction methodology was achieved through experimental design, using full factorial design for extraction solvent composition optimization and fractional factorial design to identify the critical factors in the sample preparation protocol, which were in turn subjected to optimization. Final extracts were analysed using an Waters Acquity UPLC system coupled to a Quattro Premier XE mass spectrometer equipped with an electrospray interface operated in both positive and negative ionization mode. Chromatographic separation was achieved using an Acquity UPLC HSS T3 column, and the applied gradient elution programme allowed for the simultaneous determination of 10 Alternaria toxins in a one-step chromatographic run with a total run time of only 7min. Subsequently, the method, applying isotopically labelled internal standards ([2H4]-Alternariol monomethyl ether and [13C6,15N]-tenuazonic acid), was validated for several parameters such as linearity, apparent recovery, limit of detection, limit of quantification, precision, measurement uncertainty and specificity (in agreement with the criteria mentioned in Commission Regulation No. 401/2006/EC and Commission Decision No. 2002/657/EC). During validation, quality of the bioanalytical data was improved by counteracting the observed heteroscedasticity through the application of weighted least squares linear regression (WLSLR). Finally, 24 commercially available cereal-based foodstuffs were subjected to analysis, revealing the presence of tenuazonic acid in both rice and oat flake samples (
toxin in rice samples (