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Zakaria A. Mohamed - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Alum and Lime-Alum Removal of Toxic and Nontoxic Phytoplankton from the Nile River Water: Laboratory Study
    Water Resources Management, 2001
    Co-Authors: Zakaria A. Mohamed
    Abstract:

    No phytoplankton should be present in treated drinking water because of its potential for bad odor and toxins that may pose hazards to animals and humans upon consumption. This study describes the efficiency of Alum and lime-Alum treatments for removing phytoplankton from the Nile river water used as a source of drinking water in Egypt. The results showed that Alum could not precipitate all phosphate nor coagulate bloom forming cyanobacteria present in the water sample. On the other hand, lime-Alum treatment precipitated much more phosphate than Alum, and coagulated all phytoplankton present in the water samples including those that could not be coagulated by Alum. Furthermore, lime-Alum treatment did not change the pH of the water during all the experiment period. Hence, it is suggested that lime-Alum be used instead of Alum during water treatment processes in Egypt.

  • Alum and Lime-Alum Removal of Toxic and Nontoxic Phytoplankton from the Nile River Water: Laboratory Study
    Water Resources Management, 2001
    Co-Authors: Zakaria A. Mohamed
    Abstract:

    No phytoplankton should be present in treated drinking water because of its potential for bad odor and toxins that may pose hazards to animals and humans upon consumption. This study describes the efficiency of Alum and lime-Alum treatments for removing phytoplankton from the Nile river water used as a source of drinking water in Egypt. The results showed that Alum could not precipitate all phosphate nor coagulate bloom forming cyanobacteria present in the water sample. On the other hand, lime-Alum treatment precipitated much more phosphate than Alum, and coagulated all phytoplankton present in the water samples including those that could not be coagulated by Alum. Furthermore, lime-Alum treatment did not change the pH of the water during all the experiment period. Hence, it is suggested that lime-Alum be used instead of Alum during water treatment processes in Egypt. Copyright Kluwer Academic Publishers 2001

  • Efficiency of Alum and Lime-Alum treatments for removing toxic and non toxic phytoplankton from the Nile River water: Laboratory study -
    Egyptian Journal of Phycology, 2000
    Co-Authors: Zakaria A. Mohamed
    Abstract:

    No phytoplankton should be present in treated drinking water because of their production for bad smell and toxins that may pose hazards to animals and human upon consuming this water. This study describes the efficiency of Alum and lime-Alum treatments for removing phytoplankton from the Nile river water used as a source of drinking water in Egypt. The results showed that Alum could not precipitate all phosphate nor coagulate waterblooms-forming cyanobacteria present in the water sample. Conversely, lime-Alum treatment precipitated much more phosphate than Alum did, and coagulated all phytoplankton present in the water samples including those could not be coagulated by Alum. Furthermore, lime-Alum treatment did not change the pH of the water during all the experiment period. Hence, it is advisable that lime-Alum be used instead of Alum during water treatment process in Egypt.

Yutong Li - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • electrolytic coloration below 100 c and spectral properties of potassium Alum crystals
    Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy, 2015
    Co-Authors: Hongen Gu, Yutong Li
    Abstract:

    Abstract Potassium Alum crystals are colored electrolytically below 100 °C and under various voltages using a pointed cathode and a flat anode. SO 3 − , SO 2 − , O 3 − , O 2 − , O − hole-trapped centers and O 0 , O 2− , H + radicals are produced in colored potassium Alum crystals. No obvious characteristic absorption band in ultraviolet and visible wavelength regions is observed in absorption spectrum of uncolored potassium Alum crystal. Characteristic absorption bands of SO 3 − , SO 2 − and O 3 − hole-trapped centers are observed in the absorption spectra of the colored potassium Alum crystals. The hole-trapped centers and radicals come from electric- and thermal-induced decomposition of SO 4 2− radicals and crystalline water molecules. Current–time curve for electrolytic coloration of potassium Alum crystal is given. Electron exchanges from electrons and small charged radicals to electrodes induce complete current.

  • Electrolytic coloration below 100°C and spectral properties of potassium Alum crystals.
    Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy, 2014
    Co-Authors: Hongen Gu, Yutong Li
    Abstract:

    Abstract Potassium Alum crystals are colored electrolytically below 100 °C and under various voltages using a pointed cathode and a flat anode. SO 3 − , SO 2 − , O 3 − , O 2 − , O − hole-trapped centers and O 0 , O 2− , H + radicals are produced in colored potassium Alum crystals. No obvious characteristic absorption band in ultraviolet and visible wavelength regions is observed in absorption spectrum of uncolored potassium Alum crystal. Characteristic absorption bands of SO 3 − , SO 2 − and O 3 − hole-trapped centers are observed in the absorption spectra of the colored potassium Alum crystals. The hole-trapped centers and radicals come from electric- and thermal-induced decomposition of SO 4 2− radicals and crystalline water molecules. Current–time curve for electrolytic coloration of potassium Alum crystal is given. Electron exchanges from electrons and small charged radicals to electrodes induce complete current.

Hongen Gu - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • electrolytic coloration below 100 c and spectral properties of potassium Alum crystals
    Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy, 2015
    Co-Authors: Hongen Gu, Yutong Li
    Abstract:

    Abstract Potassium Alum crystals are colored electrolytically below 100 °C and under various voltages using a pointed cathode and a flat anode. SO 3 − , SO 2 − , O 3 − , O 2 − , O − hole-trapped centers and O 0 , O 2− , H + radicals are produced in colored potassium Alum crystals. No obvious characteristic absorption band in ultraviolet and visible wavelength regions is observed in absorption spectrum of uncolored potassium Alum crystal. Characteristic absorption bands of SO 3 − , SO 2 − and O 3 − hole-trapped centers are observed in the absorption spectra of the colored potassium Alum crystals. The hole-trapped centers and radicals come from electric- and thermal-induced decomposition of SO 4 2− radicals and crystalline water molecules. Current–time curve for electrolytic coloration of potassium Alum crystal is given. Electron exchanges from electrons and small charged radicals to electrodes induce complete current.

  • Electrolytic coloration below 100°C and spectral properties of potassium Alum crystals.
    Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy, 2014
    Co-Authors: Hongen Gu, Yutong Li
    Abstract:

    Abstract Potassium Alum crystals are colored electrolytically below 100 °C and under various voltages using a pointed cathode and a flat anode. SO 3 − , SO 2 − , O 3 − , O 2 − , O − hole-trapped centers and O 0 , O 2− , H + radicals are produced in colored potassium Alum crystals. No obvious characteristic absorption band in ultraviolet and visible wavelength regions is observed in absorption spectrum of uncolored potassium Alum crystal. Characteristic absorption bands of SO 3 − , SO 2 − and O 3 − hole-trapped centers are observed in the absorption spectra of the colored potassium Alum crystals. The hole-trapped centers and radicals come from electric- and thermal-induced decomposition of SO 4 2− radicals and crystalline water molecules. Current–time curve for electrolytic coloration of potassium Alum crystal is given. Electron exchanges from electrons and small charged radicals to electrodes induce complete current.

Diane K Wherrett - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • GAD-Alum immunotherapy in type 1 diabetes expands bifunctional Th1/Th2 autoreactive CD4 T cells
    Diabetologia, 2020
    Co-Authors: Sefina Arif, Diane K Wherrett, Iria Gomez-tourino, Yogesh Kamra, Irma Pujol-autonell, Emily Hanton, Timothy Tree, Daisy Melandri, Caroline Hull, Craig Beam
    Abstract:

    Aims/hypothesis Antigen-specific therapy aims to modify inflammatory T cell responses in type 1 diabetes and restore immune tolerance. One strategy employs GAD65 conjugated to Aluminium hydroxide (GAD-Alum) to take advantage of the T helper (Th)2-biasing adjuvant properties of Alum and thereby regulate pathological Th1 autoimmunity. We explored the cellular and molecular mechanism of GAD-Alum action in the setting of a previously reported randomised placebo-controlled clinical trial conducted by Type 1 Diabetes TrialNet. Methods In the clinical trial conducted by Type 1 Diabetes TrialNet, participants were immunised with 20 μg GAD-Alum (twice or three times) or Alum alone and peripheral blood mononuclear cell samples were banked at baseline and post treatment. In the present study, GAD-specific T cell responses were measured in these samples and GAD-specific T cell lines and clones were generated, which were then further characterised. Results At day 91 post immunisation, we detected GAD-specific IL-13^+ CD4 T cell responses significantly more frequently in participants immunised with GAD-Alum (71% and 94% treated twice or three times, respectively) compared with those immunised with Alum alone (38%; p  = 0.003 and p  = 0.0002, respectively) accompanied by high secreted levels of IL-13, IL-4 and IL-5, confirming a GAD-specific, GAD-Alum-induced Th2 response. Of note, GAD-specific, IL-13^+ CD4 T cells observed after immunisation co-secreted IFN-γ, displaying a bifunctional Th1/Th2 phenotype. Single-cell transcriptome analysis identified IL13 and IFNG expression in concert with the canonical Th2 and Th1 transcription factor genes GATA3 and TBX21 , respectively. T cell receptor β-chain (TCRB) CDR3 regions of GAD-specific bifunctional T cells were identified in circulating naive and central memory CD4 T cell pools of non-immunised participants with new-onset type 1 diabetes and healthy individuals, suggesting the potential for bifunctional responses to be generated de novo by GAD-Alum immunisation or via expansion from an existing public repertoire. Conclusions/interpretation GAD-Alum immunisation activates and propagates GAD-specific CD4 T cells with a distinctive bifunctional phenotype, the functional analysis of which might be important in understanding therapeutic responses.

  • antigen based therapy with glutamic acid decarboxylase gad vaccine in patients with recent onset type 1 diabetes a randomised double blind trial
    The Lancet, 2011
    Co-Authors: Diane K Wherrett, Brian N Bundy, Dorothy J Becker, Linda A Dimeglio, Stephen E Gitelman, Robin Goland, Peter A Gottlieb, Carla J Greenbaum, Kevan C Herold, Jennifer B Marks
    Abstract:

    Summary Background Glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) is a major target of the autoimmune response that occurs in type 1 diabetes mellitus. In animal models of autoimmunity, treatment with a target antigen can modulate aggressive autoimmunity. We aimed to assess whether immunisation with GAD formulated with Aluminum hydroxide (GAD-Alum) would preserve insulin production in recent-onset type 1 diabetes. Methods Patients aged 3–45 years who had been diagnosed with type 1 diabetes for less than 100 days were enrolled from 15 sites in the USA and Canada, and randomly assigned to receive one of three treatments: three injections of 20 μg GAD-Alum, two injections of 20 μg GAD-Alum and one of Alum, or 3 injections of Alum. Injections were given subcutaneously at baseline, 4 weeks later, and 8 weeks after the second injection. The randomisation sequence was computer generated at the TrialNet coordinating centre. Patients and study personnel were masked to treatment assignment. The primary outcome was the baseline-adjusted geometric mean area under the curve (AUC) of serum C-peptide during the first 2 h of a 4-h mixed meal tolerance test at 1 year. Secondary outcomes included changes in glycated haemoglobin A 1c (HbA 1c ) and insulin dose, and safety. Analysis included all randomised patients with known measurements. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT00529399. Findings 145 patients were enrolled and treated with GAD-Alum (n=48), GAD-Alum plus Alum (n=49), or Alum (n=48). At 1 year, the 2-h AUC of C-peptide, adjusted for age, sex, and baseline C-peptide value, was 0·412 nmol/L (95% CI 0·349–0·478) in the GAD-Alum group, 0·382 nmol/L (0·322–0·446) in the GAD-Alum plus Alum group, and 0·413 nmol/L (0·351–0·477) in the Alum group. The ratio of the population mean of the adjusted geometric mean 2-h AUC of C-peptide was 0·998 (95% CI 0·779–1·22; p=0·98) for GAD-Alum versus Alum, and 0·926 (0·720–1·13; p=0·50) for GAD-Alum plus Alum versus Alum. HbA 1c , insulin use, and the occurrence and severity of adverse events did not differ between groups. Interpretation Antigen-based immunotherapy therapy with two or three doses of subcutaneous GAD-Alum across 4–12 weeks does not alter the course of loss of insulin secretion during 1 year in patients with recently diagnosed type 1 diabetes. Although antigen-based therapy is a highly desirable treatment and is effective in animal models, translation to human autoimmune disease remains a challenge. Funding US National Institutes of Health.

Craig Beam - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • GAD-Alum immunotherapy in type 1 diabetes expands bifunctional Th1/Th2 autoreactive CD4 T cells
    Diabetologia, 2020
    Co-Authors: Sefina Arif, Diane K Wherrett, Iria Gomez-tourino, Yogesh Kamra, Irma Pujol-autonell, Emily Hanton, Timothy Tree, Daisy Melandri, Caroline Hull, Craig Beam
    Abstract:

    Aims/hypothesis Antigen-specific therapy aims to modify inflammatory T cell responses in type 1 diabetes and restore immune tolerance. One strategy employs GAD65 conjugated to Aluminium hydroxide (GAD-Alum) to take advantage of the T helper (Th)2-biasing adjuvant properties of Alum and thereby regulate pathological Th1 autoimmunity. We explored the cellular and molecular mechanism of GAD-Alum action in the setting of a previously reported randomised placebo-controlled clinical trial conducted by Type 1 Diabetes TrialNet. Methods In the clinical trial conducted by Type 1 Diabetes TrialNet, participants were immunised with 20 μg GAD-Alum (twice or three times) or Alum alone and peripheral blood mononuclear cell samples were banked at baseline and post treatment. In the present study, GAD-specific T cell responses were measured in these samples and GAD-specific T cell lines and clones were generated, which were then further characterised. Results At day 91 post immunisation, we detected GAD-specific IL-13^+ CD4 T cell responses significantly more frequently in participants immunised with GAD-Alum (71% and 94% treated twice or three times, respectively) compared with those immunised with Alum alone (38%; p  = 0.003 and p  = 0.0002, respectively) accompanied by high secreted levels of IL-13, IL-4 and IL-5, confirming a GAD-specific, GAD-Alum-induced Th2 response. Of note, GAD-specific, IL-13^+ CD4 T cells observed after immunisation co-secreted IFN-γ, displaying a bifunctional Th1/Th2 phenotype. Single-cell transcriptome analysis identified IL13 and IFNG expression in concert with the canonical Th2 and Th1 transcription factor genes GATA3 and TBX21 , respectively. T cell receptor β-chain (TCRB) CDR3 regions of GAD-specific bifunctional T cells were identified in circulating naive and central memory CD4 T cell pools of non-immunised participants with new-onset type 1 diabetes and healthy individuals, suggesting the potential for bifunctional responses to be generated de novo by GAD-Alum immunisation or via expansion from an existing public repertoire. Conclusions/interpretation GAD-Alum immunisation activates and propagates GAD-specific CD4 T cells with a distinctive bifunctional phenotype, the functional analysis of which might be important in understanding therapeutic responses.