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Mansyur Jusman - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • KAJIAN FENOMENOGRAFI ASPEK-ASPEK MODEL MENTAL SUBYEK LINTAS LEVEL AKADEMIK DALAM PROBLEM SOLVING KONSEP DASAR MEKANIKA
    2010
    Co-Authors: Mansyur Jusman
    Abstract:

    Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk menggali model mental dan aspek-aspeknya yang mencakup sistem representasi eksternal, strategi, elemen-elemen kognitif dan struktur pengetahuan dalam physics problem solving. Kajian naturalistik ini menggunakan pendekatan fenomenografi untuk menganalisis data dari individual thinking-aloud dan semi-structured interview terhadap 9 siswa, 7 guru fisika, 6 mahasiswa semester I dan 7 mahasiswa semester III dari LPTK, serta 4 mahasiswa program magister. Subyek penelitian ditentukan dengan menggunakan tes seleksi responden, kecuali guru. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa penggunaan representasi eksternal khususnya diagram pada tahap awal menentukan efektivitas problem solving. Faktor kunci keberhasilan problem solving adalah kesimultanan antara membaca atau memahami masalah, menyusun diagram dan mengidentifikasi variabel yang diketahui dan ditanyakan. Analisis terhadap model mental menunjukkan bahwa model mental responden bergantung pada konteks dan setting dari fenomena yang disajikan. Temuan-temuan penelitian ini menegaskan bahwa sebuah model mental bergantung pada konteks dan dapat diperankan oleh individu secara berbeda pada setting problem solving dan interviu.Beberapa model mental dan perilaku aktivasinya hanya ditemukan dalam setting problem solving. Outcome space untuk soal tipe tradisional menunjukkan bahwa pilihan strategi problem solving dipengaruhi oleh faktor-faktor psikologi seperti beban kognitif dalam working memory, fenomena mind set atau functional fixedness. Strategi-strategi pada pemecahan soal-soal tipe Jeopardy untuk dekonstruksi grafik berbeda dengan dekonstruksi rumus. Elemen-elemen kognitif atau resource yang diidentifikasi yaitu p-prim, facet, coordination class (readout strategy dan causal net), dan mathematical form. Pola aktivasi resource sangat bergantung pada konteks dan kekompleksan fenomena. Koherensi resource yang diaktifkan berbeda antara satu responden dengan responden lainnya untuk domain konsep yang sama. Koherensi struktur pengetahuan dalam konteks integrasi konsep kinematika/dinamika dan usaha-energi menunjukkan bahwa untuk domain konsep yang sama, individu yang berbeda mengkoneksikan dan mengorganisasikan pengetahuannya dengan cara berbeda. Secara umum, kematangan model mental dan aspek-aspeknya bergantung pada level akademik. Kematangan tersebut ditunjukkan oleh dominasi dan konsistensi mahasiswa S2 dan guru pada model mental yang tepat, dengan sistem representasi eksternal pada tahap awal problem solving dan strategi yang efektif, dekonstruksi soal tipe Jeopardy yang lengkap, koherensi elemen kognitif dan struktur pengetahuan yang tinggi. Transisi expertise dari novice menuju expert dominan berada pada mahasiswa semester III yang telah mengikuti matakuliah Mekanika yang bersifat analitik. Hasil utama disertasi ini adalah konstruksi kerangka kerja teoretik yang berguna untuk penguatan aspek-aspek keilmuan tentang teori model mental dan problem solving. Disarankan kepada pendidik dan peneliti untuk memperhatikan aspek-aspek model mental dan penggunaan pengetahuan untuk meningkatkan hasil-hasil pendidikan. The aims of study are to elicit the subjects’ mental model and its aspects that include the external representation system, strategies, cognitive elements and knowledge structure in physics problem solving. The naturalistic study was conducted using phenomenographic approach to analyze the data from the individual thinking-aloud and the semi-structured interview to 9 students and 7 physics teachers from the senior high schools, 6 first and 7 third semester students from the physics education program, and 4 graduate students. The subjects were determined by selection test, except the teachers. Study results show that utilization of the external representation especially the diagram in the initial stages determine the effectiveness of problem solving. The success key factor of the problem solving is simultaneous processes of reading or understanding the problem, constructing diagram, and identifying given and asked variables. Analysis of mental model shows that respondents’ mental models depend on the context and setting of the phenomena displays. Findings of the study emphasize that a mental model differently played by individual in the problem solving interview setting. Several mental models and their activation behaviors are only found in the problem solving setting. Outcome space of traditional problem shows that the choice of respondents’ strategies are influenced by their psychological factors, such as cognitive load in working memory, phenomena of mind set or functional fixedness. The strategies in solving Jeopardy problems of graphical are different from formula deconstruction type. The cognitive elements or resources are identified, i.e: p-prim, facet, coordination class (readout strategy and causal net), and mathematical form. Activation patterns of the resources are very dependent to the context and complexity of phenomena. The coherence of activated resource is different between respondents each other for the same concept domain. Coherence of knowledge structure in the context of kinematic/dynamic and work-energy concepts integration shows that for the same concept domain, the different individuals connected and organized their knowledge with different ways. Generally, the maturation of mental model and its aspects depends on academic level. The maturation is shown by domination and consistency of graduate students and teachers in the appropriate mental models, effective external representation system at initial stages of problem solving and strategy, completed deconstruction of Jeopardy problem, and high coherent cognitive element and knowledge structure. The transition of expertise from novice to expert dominantly occurs at the third semester students that enrolled the Analytical Mechanics course. The main results of the dissertation are construction of theoretical framework that useful to strengthen the scientific aspects of the mental model and problem solving theory. It is recommended that the educators and researchers should concern the aspects of mental model and knowledge utilization in order to improve the educational results

  • KAJIAN FENOMENOGRAFI ASPEK-ASPEK MODEL MENTAL SUBYEK LINTAS LEVEL AKADEMIK DALAM PROBLEM SOLVING KONSEP DASAR MEKANIKA
    2010
    Co-Authors: Mansyur Jusman
    Abstract:

    The aims of study are to elicit the subjects’ mental model and its aspects that include the external representation system, strategies, cognitive elements and knowledge structure in physics problem solving. The naturalistic study was conducted using phenomenographic approach to analyze the data from the individual thinking-aloud and the semi-structured interview to 9 students and 7 physics teachers from the senior high schools, 6 first and 7 third semester students from the physics education program, and 4 graduate students. The subjects were determined by selection test, except the teachers. Study results show that utilization of the external representation especially the diagram in the initial stages determine the effectiveness of problem solving. The success key factor of the problem solving is simultaneous processes of reading or understanding the problem, constructing diagram, and identifying given and asked variables. Analysis of mental model shows that respondents’ mental models depend on the context and setting of the phenomena displays. Findings of the study emphasize that a mental model differently played by individual in the problem solving interview setting. Several mental models and their activation behaviors are only found in the problem solving setting. Outcome space of traditional problem shows that the choice of respondents’ strategies are influenced by their psychological factors, such as cognitive load in working memory, phenomena of mind set or functional fixedness. The strategies in solving Jeopardy problems of graphical are different from formula deconstruction type. The cognitive elements or resources are identified, i.e: p-prim, facet, coordination class (readout strategy and causal net), and mathematical form. Activation patterns of the resources are very dependent to the context and complexity of phenomena. The coherence of activated resource is different between respondents each other for the same concept domain. Coherence of knowledge structure in the context of kinematic/dynamic and work-energy concepts integration shows that for the same concept domain, the different individuals connected and organized their knowledge with different ways. Generally, the maturation of mental model and its aspects depends on academic level. The maturation is shown by domination and consistency of graduate students and teachers in the appropriate mental models, effective external representation system at initial stages of problem solving and strategy, completed deconstruction of Jeopardy problem, and high coherent cognitive element and knowledge structure. The transition of expertise from novice to expert dominantly occurs at the third semester students that enrolled the Analytical Mechanics course. The main results of the dissertation are construction of theoretical framework that useful to strengthen the scientific aspects of the mental model and problem solving theory. It is recommended that the educators and researchers should concern the aspects of mental model and knowledge utilization in order to improve the educational results

Hao Ge - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Analytical Mechanics in stochastic dynamics most probable path large deviation rate function and hamilton jacobi equation
    International Journal of Modern Physics B, 2012
    Co-Authors: Hao Ge
    Abstract:

    Analytical (rational) Mechanics is the mathematical structure of Newtonian deterministic dynamics developed by D'Alembert, Lagrange, Hamilton, Jacobi, and many other luminaries of applied mathematics. Diffusion as a stochastic process of an overdamped individual particle immersed in a fluid, initiated by Einstein, Smoluchowski, Langevin and Wiener, has no momentum since its path is nowhere differentiable. In this exposition, we illustrate how Analytical Mechanics arises in stochastic dynamics from a randomly perturbed ordinary differential equation dXt = b(Xt)dt+ϵdWt, where Wt is a Brownian motion. In the limit of vanishingly small ϵ, the solution to the stochastic differential equation other than are all rare events. However, conditioned on an occurrence of such an event, the most probable trajectory of the stochastic motion is the solution to Lagrangian Mechanics with and Hamiltonian equations with H(p, q) = ‖p‖2+b(q)⋅p. Hamiltonian conservation law implies that the most probable trajectory for a "rare" event has a uniform "excess kinetic energy" along its path. Rare events can also be characterized by the principle of large deviations which expresses the probability density function for Xt as f(x, t) = e-u(x, t)/ϵ, where u(x, t) is called a large-deviation rate function which satisfies the corresponding Hamilton–Jacobi equation. An irreversible diffusion process with ∇×b≠0 corresponds to a Newtonian system with a Lorentz force . The connection between stochastic motion and Analytical Mechanics can be explored in terms of various techniques of applied mathematics, for example, singular perturbations, viscosity solutions and integrable systems.

Bill Mckelvey - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • quasi natural organization science
    2016
    Co-Authors: Bill Mckelvey
    Abstract:

    Positing that organizational phenomena result from both individual human intentionality and natural causes independent of individuals' intended behavior, the need for a quasinatural organization science is identified. The paradigm war is defined in terms of positivism and postpositivism, with the suggestion that a more relevant epistemology might be scientific realism. The current unconstructive paradigm proliferation is seen as resulting from an underlying cause, idiosyncratic organizational microstates, phenomena identified by postmodernists. The article develops quasi-natural organization science as an antidote to multiparadigmaticism by recognizing that mathematically, computationally, and experimentally intense twentieth century natural sciences all have microstate idiosyncrasy assumptions similar to those postmodernists suggest are true of organizational phenomena. By framing a quasi-natural organization science focusing on microstates, my intent is not to deny the relevance of either intentionality and subjectivity or natural science and objectivity. The article attacks the microstate idiosyncrasy problem on four frontiers: microand macroevolutionary theory, semantic conception epistemology, Analytical Mechanics, and complexity theory. The first frontier develops the natural side of quasi-natural organization science to explain natural pattern or order. This "order" arguably results from multilevel coevolutionary behavior in a selectionist competitive context in the form of multi-level selectionist effects. The second frontier reviews the historic role of idealized models, as understood by historical realists and the "semantic conception of theories"-idealized constructs such as point masses or the rational actor assumption-that currently successful sciences, such as physics and economics, drew upon early in their life-cycles to sidestep the idiosyncrasy problem. Organization scientists are encouraged to develop theories in terms of idealized models. The third frontier attends to the role of 'instrumental conveniences' as essential constructs in the early life-cycle stages of sciences and the importance of studying rates. For example, a construct such as a pressure vessel acts as a container translating idiosyncratic gas particle movements into a directed pressure stream where particles emerge at some rate. Drawing on Sommerhoffs "directive correlation" concept as an analogous "container" in firms, this section argues that such containers can be used in organizational analysis to translate idiosyncratic microstates into probabilistic rates of occurrence, thereby allowing the use of intrafirm rate models and Hempel's deductive-statistical model of explanation. An example is given showing how human resource variables can be translated into rate concepts and then used in the context of the directive correlation and the deductive statistical model. The fourth frontier draws on complexity theory as a computational/Analytical approach that directly incorporates idiosyncrasy by use of dynamical (nonlinear) methods. Complex adaptive systems, kinds of complexity, the causal role of complexity, and levels of adaptive tension likely to foster self-organization are discussed. An example shows how a complexity theory approach differs from a conventional explanation of why participative management decision making styles have failed to proliferate. The combined effect of rate dynamics, statistical Mechanics, and dynamical analysis lays the platform for a realist, predictive, and generalizable quasi-natural organization science, thereby offering a possible resolution of the paradigm war. The mitigation of idiosyncrasy effects allows a reemphasis of background laws in organization science, as opposed to the further emphasis of contingent details advocated by postmodernists. (Multiparadigmaticism; Microstates; Epistemology; Coevolutionary Theory; Directive Correlation; Rate Dynamics; Complexity Theory)

  • perspective quasi natural organization science
    Organization Science, 1997
    Co-Authors: Bill Mckelvey
    Abstract:

    Positing that organizational phenomena result from both individual human intentionality and natural causes independent of individuals' intended behavior, the need for a quasi-natural organization science is identified. The paradigm war is defined in terms of positivism and postpositivism, with the suggestion that a more relevant epistemology might be scientific realism. The current unconstructive paradigm proliferation is seen as resulting from an underlying cause, idiosyncratic organizational microstates, phenomena identified by postmodernists. The article develops quasi-natural organization science as an antidote to multiparadigmaticism by recognizing that mathematically, computationally, and experimentally intense twentieth century natural sciences all have microstate idiosyncrasy assumptions similar to those postmodernists suggest are true of organizational phenomena. By framing a quasi-natural organization science focusing on microstates, my intent is not to deny the relevance of either intentionality and subjectivity or natural science and objectivity. The article attacks the microstate idiosyncrasy problem on four frontiers: micro- and macroevolutionary theory, semantic conception epistemology, Analytical Mechanics, and complexity theory. The first frontier develops the natural side of quasi-natural organization science to explain natural pattern or order. This “order” arguably results from multilevel coevolutionary behavior in a selectionist competitive context in the form of multi-level selectionist effects. The second frontier reviews the historic role of idealized models, as understood by historical realists and the “semantic conception of theories”---idealized constructs such as point masses or the rational actor assumption---that currently successful sciences, such as physics and economics, drew upon early in their life-cycles to sidestep the idiosyncrasy problem. Organization scientists are encouraged to develop theories in terms of idealized models. The third frontier attends to the role of ‘instrumental conveniences’ as essential constructs in the early life-cycle stages of sciences and the importance of studying rates. For example, a construct such as a pressure vessel acts as a container translating idiosyncratic gas particle movements into a directed pressure stream where particles emerge at some rate. Drawing on Sommerhoff's “directive correlation” concept as an analogous “container” in firms, this section argues that such containers can be used in organizational analysis to translate idiosyncratic microstates into probabilistic rates of occurrence, thereby allowing the use of intrafirm rate models and Hempel's deductive-statistical model of explanation. An example is given showing how human resource variables can be translated into rate concepts and then used in the context of the directive correlation and the deductive statistical model. The fourth frontier draws on complexity theory as a computational/Analytical approach that directly incorporates idiosyncrasy by use of dynamical (nonlinear) methods. Complex adaptive systems, kinds of complexity, the causal role of complexity, and levels of adaptive tension likely to foster self-organization are discussed. An example shows how a complexity theory approach differs from a conventional explanation of why participative management decision making styles have failed to proliferate. The combined effect of rate dynamics, statistical Mechanics, and dynamical analysis lays the platform for a realist, predictive, and generalizable quasi-natural organization science, thereby offering a possible resolution of the paradigm war. The mitigation of idiosyncrasy effects allows a reemphasis of background laws in organization science, as opposed to the further emphasis of contingent details advocated by post-modernists.

Hong Qian - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Analytical Mechanics in stochastic dynamics most probable path large deviation rate function and hamilton jacobi equation
    arXiv: Mathematical Physics, 2012
    Co-Authors: Hong Qian
    Abstract:

    Analytical (rational) Mechanics is the mathematical structure of Newtonian deterministic dynamics developed by D'Alembert, Langrange, Hamilton, Jacobi, and many other luminaries of applied mathematics. Diffusion as a stochastic process of an overdamped individual particle immersed in a fluid, initiated by Einstein, Smoluchowski, Langevin and Wiener, has no momentum since its path is nowhere differentiable. In this exposition, we illustrate how Analytical Mechanics arises in stochastic dynamics from a randomly perturbed ordinary differential equation $dX_t=b(X_t)dt+\epsilon dW_t$ where $W_t$ is a Brownian motion. In the limit of vanishingly small $\epsilon$, the solution to the stochastic differential equation other than $\dot{x}=b(x)$ are all rare events. However, conditioned on an occurence of such an event, the most probable trajectory of the stochastic motion is the solution to Lagrangian Mechanics with $\mathcal{L}=\|\dot{q}-b(q)\|^2/4$ and Hamiltonian equations with $H(p,q)=\|p\|^2+b(q)\cdot p$. Hamiltonian conservation law implies that the most probable trajectory for a "rare" event has a uniform "excess kinetic energy" along its path. Rare events can also be characterized by the principle of large deviations which expresses the probability density function for $X_t$ as $f(x,t)=e^{-u(x,t)/\epsilon}$, where $u(x,t)$ is called a large-deviation rate function which satisfies the corresponding Hamilton-Jacobi equation. An irreversible diffusion process with $\nabla\times b\neq 0$ corresponds to a Newtonian system with a Lorentz force $\ddot{q}=(\nabla\times b)\times \dot{q}+1/2\nabla\|b\|^2$. The connection between stochastic motion and Analytical Mechanics can be explored in terms of various techniques of applied mathematics, for example, singular perturbations, viscosity solutions, and integrable systems.

Stanislaw Sieniutycz - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • nonlinear thermokinetics of maximum work in finite time
    International Journal of Engineering Science, 1998
    Co-Authors: Stanislaw Sieniutycz
    Abstract:

    Abstract We show that an extended exergy of the kinetic rather than static origin can be formulated for finite-time transitions, which simplifies to the classical thermal exergy in the limiting case of infinite duration. The extended exergy can be derived either by gauging a functional of the energy dissipation by the classical exergy or as a finite-time extension of the classical thermodynamic work extracted from a system of a body and its environment. With this exergy we consider optimization applications for various active continuous and cascade processes encountered in the theory of the energy exchange through working fluid of an engine, a refrigerator or a heat pump. They refer e.g. to systems with finite exchange area or with a finite contact time, and they clearly show that a complementary economic theory is possible. This theory is a good example of formulation where nonlinear thermodynamic models are linked with ideas and methods of optimal control. Variational approaches strongly analogous to those in Analytical Mechanics and the optimal control theory of continuous and discrete systems are effective tools in thermodynamics optimization. Nonlinear equations of dynamics, which follow as combinations of the energy balance and transfer equations, are constraints in the problem of work optimization. Functionals, which describe the maximized work, can effectively be optimized by various optimization methods; in this work variational calculus is used along with some aspect of the canonical transformation theory. In particular one can discuss the role of the finite process intensity and finite duration. The optimality of a definite irreversible process for a finite-time transition of a controlled fluid is pointed out as well as a connection between the process duration, optimal dissipation and the optimal process intensity measured in terms of a Hamiltonian. Discrete processes can be analyzed by methods extending those known for continuous ones. The results show that limits of the classical availability theory should be replaced by better limits which are obtained for the finite-time processes and which are closer to reality. A hysteretic property is discovered for the generalized exergy that describes a decrease of the maximum work received from an engine system and an increase of work added to a heat pump system, the features of which are particularly important in high-rate regimes (for short durations of thermodynamic processes).