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Richard C. Tracy - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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FIGURE 2 in A diamond in the rough desert shrublands of the Great Basin in the Western United States: A new cryptic toad species (Amphibia: Bufonidae: Bufo (Anaxyrus)) discovered in Northern Nevada
2017Co-Authors: Michelle R. Gordon, Eric T. Simandle, Richard C. TracyAbstract:FIGURE 2. Bufo (Anaxyrus) boreas species complex distribution. a) Bufo (Anaxyrus) boreas distribution (shown in brown) across the Western United States with hydrological Great Basin shown with black outline and hash mark interior; b) Bufo (Anaxyrus) boreas species complex and ranges for toads including new species, illustrating the narrow distribution of localized endemics. Spatial data for all toads except B. williamsi provided by IUCN (2015). Images taken by M.R.Gordon except B. canorus with photo credit to G. Nafis
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FIGURE 4 in A diamond in the rough desert shrublands of the Great Basin in the Western United States: A new cryptic toad species (Amphibia: Bufonidae: Bufo (Anaxyrus)) discovered in Northern Nevada
2017Co-Authors: Michelle R. Gordon, Eric T. Simandle, Richard C. TracyAbstract:FIGURE 4. Photographs of Bufo (Anaxyrus) williamsi sp. nov. holotype (CAS 259271). Adult male toad presented live: (a) dorsal view and (b) ventral view; and preserved: (c) dorsal view and (d) ventral view. Photographs taken by M.R.Gordon
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A diamond in the rough desert shrublands of the Great Basin in the Western United States: A new cryptic toad species (Amphibia: Bufonidae: Bufo (Anaxyrus)) discovered in Northern Nevada
2017Co-Authors: Michelle R. Gordon, Eric T. Simandle, Richard C. TracyAbstract:Michelle R. Gordon, Eric T. Simandle, C. Richard Tracy (2017): A diamond in the rough desert shrublands of the Great Basin in the Western United States: A new cryptic toad species (Amphibia: Bufonidae: Bufo (Anaxyrus)) discovered in Northern Nevada. Zootaxa 4290 (1), DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4290.1.
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FIGURE 5 in A diamond in the rough desert shrublands of the Great Basin in the Western United States: A new cryptic toad species (Amphibia: Bufonidae: Bufo (Anaxyrus)) discovered in Northern Nevada
2017Co-Authors: Michelle R. Gordon, Eric T. Simandle, Richard C. TracyAbstract:FIGURE 5. Discriminant function analysis (DFA). Cross validated DFA using 14 size corrected morphological characters measured from 380 live adult toads (Fig. 1a) examined within the hydrological Great Basin Bufo (Anaxyrus) boreas species complex. Species identified as B. boreas (red circle), B. nelsoni (blue diamond), B. exsul (green circle), and B. williamsi (yellow square)
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FIGURE 6 in A diamond in the rough desert shrublands of the Great Basin in the Western United States: A new cryptic toad species (Amphibia: Bufonidae: Bufo (Anaxyrus)) discovered in Northern Nevada
2017Co-Authors: Michelle R. Gordon, Eric T. Simandle, Richard C. TracyAbstract:FIGURE 6. Major and minor groups identified: Bayesian inference phylogenetic tree constructed from analyses from unique haplotype sequences of 1622bp fragment of the control region of the mitochondrial genome (Fig. 1b; n = 308). Posterior probabilities are shown. Haplotype number (n = 72) and sampling locality comprise terminal ends of tree and two haplotypes of the root are shown. Minor groups include localized species: Bufo (Anaxyrus) nelsoni (green), B. exsul (orange), B. canorus (purple), B. williamsi (red) and undescribed divergent species (black). Large bars identify major groups, which include populations of B. boreas, sampled within the hydrological Great Basin (Fig. 1b)
Michelle R. Gordon - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Two New Cryptic Endemic Toads of Bufo Discovered in Central Nevada, Western United States (Amphibia: Bufonidae: Bufo [Anaxyrus])
Copeia, 2020Co-Authors: Michelle R. Gordon, Eric T. Simandle, Franziska C. Sandmeier, C. Richard TracyAbstract:We describe two new cryptic species of Bufo within the subgenus Anaxyrus discovered in Central Nevada of the western United States. Our analyses revealed that these two localized endemic toads are ...
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FIGURE 2 in A diamond in the rough desert shrublands of the Great Basin in the Western United States: A new cryptic toad species (Amphibia: Bufonidae: Bufo (Anaxyrus)) discovered in Northern Nevada
2017Co-Authors: Michelle R. Gordon, Eric T. Simandle, Richard C. TracyAbstract:FIGURE 2. Bufo (Anaxyrus) boreas species complex distribution. a) Bufo (Anaxyrus) boreas distribution (shown in brown) across the Western United States with hydrological Great Basin shown with black outline and hash mark interior; b) Bufo (Anaxyrus) boreas species complex and ranges for toads including new species, illustrating the narrow distribution of localized endemics. Spatial data for all toads except B. williamsi provided by IUCN (2015). Images taken by M.R.Gordon except B. canorus with photo credit to G. Nafis
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FIGURE 4 in A diamond in the rough desert shrublands of the Great Basin in the Western United States: A new cryptic toad species (Amphibia: Bufonidae: Bufo (Anaxyrus)) discovered in Northern Nevada
2017Co-Authors: Michelle R. Gordon, Eric T. Simandle, Richard C. TracyAbstract:FIGURE 4. Photographs of Bufo (Anaxyrus) williamsi sp. nov. holotype (CAS 259271). Adult male toad presented live: (a) dorsal view and (b) ventral view; and preserved: (c) dorsal view and (d) ventral view. Photographs taken by M.R.Gordon
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A diamond in the rough desert shrublands of the Great Basin in the Western United States: A new cryptic toad species (Amphibia: Bufonidae: Bufo (Anaxyrus)) discovered in Northern Nevada
2017Co-Authors: Michelle R. Gordon, Eric T. Simandle, Richard C. TracyAbstract:Michelle R. Gordon, Eric T. Simandle, C. Richard Tracy (2017): A diamond in the rough desert shrublands of the Great Basin in the Western United States: A new cryptic toad species (Amphibia: Bufonidae: Bufo (Anaxyrus)) discovered in Northern Nevada. Zootaxa 4290 (1), DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4290.1.
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FIGURE 5 in A diamond in the rough desert shrublands of the Great Basin in the Western United States: A new cryptic toad species (Amphibia: Bufonidae: Bufo (Anaxyrus)) discovered in Northern Nevada
2017Co-Authors: Michelle R. Gordon, Eric T. Simandle, Richard C. TracyAbstract:FIGURE 5. Discriminant function analysis (DFA). Cross validated DFA using 14 size corrected morphological characters measured from 380 live adult toads (Fig. 1a) examined within the hydrological Great Basin Bufo (Anaxyrus) boreas species complex. Species identified as B. boreas (red circle), B. nelsoni (blue diamond), B. exsul (green circle), and B. williamsi (yellow square)
Eric T. Simandle - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Two New Cryptic Endemic Toads of Bufo Discovered in Central Nevada, Western United States (Amphibia: Bufonidae: Bufo [Anaxyrus])
Copeia, 2020Co-Authors: Michelle R. Gordon, Eric T. Simandle, Franziska C. Sandmeier, C. Richard TracyAbstract:We describe two new cryptic species of Bufo within the subgenus Anaxyrus discovered in Central Nevada of the western United States. Our analyses revealed that these two localized endemic toads are ...
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FIGURE 2 in A diamond in the rough desert shrublands of the Great Basin in the Western United States: A new cryptic toad species (Amphibia: Bufonidae: Bufo (Anaxyrus)) discovered in Northern Nevada
2017Co-Authors: Michelle R. Gordon, Eric T. Simandle, Richard C. TracyAbstract:FIGURE 2. Bufo (Anaxyrus) boreas species complex distribution. a) Bufo (Anaxyrus) boreas distribution (shown in brown) across the Western United States with hydrological Great Basin shown with black outline and hash mark interior; b) Bufo (Anaxyrus) boreas species complex and ranges for toads including new species, illustrating the narrow distribution of localized endemics. Spatial data for all toads except B. williamsi provided by IUCN (2015). Images taken by M.R.Gordon except B. canorus with photo credit to G. Nafis
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FIGURE 4 in A diamond in the rough desert shrublands of the Great Basin in the Western United States: A new cryptic toad species (Amphibia: Bufonidae: Bufo (Anaxyrus)) discovered in Northern Nevada
2017Co-Authors: Michelle R. Gordon, Eric T. Simandle, Richard C. TracyAbstract:FIGURE 4. Photographs of Bufo (Anaxyrus) williamsi sp. nov. holotype (CAS 259271). Adult male toad presented live: (a) dorsal view and (b) ventral view; and preserved: (c) dorsal view and (d) ventral view. Photographs taken by M.R.Gordon
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A diamond in the rough desert shrublands of the Great Basin in the Western United States: A new cryptic toad species (Amphibia: Bufonidae: Bufo (Anaxyrus)) discovered in Northern Nevada
2017Co-Authors: Michelle R. Gordon, Eric T. Simandle, Richard C. TracyAbstract:Michelle R. Gordon, Eric T. Simandle, C. Richard Tracy (2017): A diamond in the rough desert shrublands of the Great Basin in the Western United States: A new cryptic toad species (Amphibia: Bufonidae: Bufo (Anaxyrus)) discovered in Northern Nevada. Zootaxa 4290 (1), DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4290.1.
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FIGURE 5 in A diamond in the rough desert shrublands of the Great Basin in the Western United States: A new cryptic toad species (Amphibia: Bufonidae: Bufo (Anaxyrus)) discovered in Northern Nevada
2017Co-Authors: Michelle R. Gordon, Eric T. Simandle, Richard C. TracyAbstract:FIGURE 5. Discriminant function analysis (DFA). Cross validated DFA using 14 size corrected morphological characters measured from 380 live adult toads (Fig. 1a) examined within the hydrological Great Basin Bufo (Anaxyrus) boreas species complex. Species identified as B. boreas (red circle), B. nelsoni (blue diamond), B. exsul (green circle), and B. williamsi (yellow square)
Geoffrey R. Smith - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Differential effects of Bluegill Sunfish (Lepomis macrochirus) on two fish-tolerant species of tadpoles (Anaxyrus americanus and Lithobates catesbeianus)
Hydrobiologia, 2016Co-Authors: Geoffrey R. Smith, Amber A. Burgett, Kathleen G. Temple, Kathryn A. SparksAbstract:Amphibians can be partitioned among ponds based on their ability to tolerate fish predation. However, even among fish-tolerant species susceptibility to fish predators varies, with consequences for both prey and predator. We examined the effects of Bluegill ( Lepomis macrochirus ) and tadpole density on two fish-tolerant species of tadpoles (American Toad, Anaxyrus americanus ; American Bullfrog, Lithobates catesbeianus ). For A. americanus , Bluegill presence decreased survivorship, whereas in L. catesbeianus , survivorship was higher with Bluegill. Growth of neither species was affected by Bluegill. In A. americanus , development increased with initial tadpole density with Bluegill, but decreased with initial tadpole density in the absence of Bluegill. Anaxyrus americanus were less active with Bluegill. Bluegill grew faster with initial A. americanus tadpole density, but showed no change in growth with initial L. catesbeianus tadpole density. There was more periphyton present at the end of both experiments in mesocosms with Bluegill, and periphyton decreased with increasing tadpole density at a faster rate in the presence of A. americanus tadpoles compared to L. catesbeianus tadpoles. Our results show that not all fish-tolerant species of anurans are affected in the same way by fish predators, with potential consequences for the anurans, fish predator, and the broader aquatic community.
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Effects of an Invasive Fish (Gambusia affinis) and Anthropogenic Nutrient Enrichment on American Toad (Anaxyrus americanus) Tadpoles
Journal of Herpetology, 2012Co-Authors: Geoffrey R. Smith, Christopher J. DibbleAbstract:Abstract Pollution and the introduction of nonnative predators, typically fish, are two frequent human-associated stressors in freshwater ecosystems. Amphibians appear to be particularly susceptible to these stressors. We conducted a mesocosm experiment to examine the independent and interactive effects of an invasive fish, the Western Mosquitofish (Gambusia affinis), and ammonium nitrate, an agricultural fertilizer, on American Toad (Anaxyrus americanus) tadpoles. Mosquitofish tended to have a negative effect on American Toad survivorship. American Toad metamorphs from mesocosms with mosquitofish were smaller than those from mesocosms without mosquitofish. Mosquitofish also delayed metamorphosis of the American Toads. Ammonium nitrate addition did not affect survivorship. However, American Toad metamorphs from ammonium nitrate addition treatments were smaller than those from treatments without ammonium nitrate addition. Mosquitofish and ammonium nitrate addition each had independent effects on American T...
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Interaction Between Two Species of Tadpoles Mediated By Nutrient Enrichment
Herpetologica, 2012Co-Authors: Geoffrey R. Smith, Amber A. BurgettAbstract:Abstract Anthropogenic stressors, such as contaminants or pollutants, can change the outcome of competition in a variety of communities. We examined potential competitive interactions between American Toad (Anaxyrus americanus) and Gray Treefrog (Hyla versicolor) tadpoles by manipulating the presence and absence of each species and overall tadpole density and how they may be affected by anthropogenic nutrient enrichment by manipulating the presence and absence of nitrate and phosphate. Interactions with Gray Treefrogs did not affect American Toad survivorship, mass at metamorphosis, or time to metamorphosis. Nutrient enrichment reversed the relative effects of interspecific and intraspecific conditions on Gray Treefrog survivorship. Namely, in enriched mesocosms Gray Treefrog tadpoles living with American Toad tadpoles had higher survivorship than those in Gray Treefrog–only communities, whereas the opposite was true in no-enrichment mesocosms. Nutrient enrichment accelerated metamorphosis in American Toa...
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Effects of the Anuran Tadpole Assemblage and Nutrient Enrichment on Freshwater Snail Abundance (Physella sp.)
The American Midland Naturalist, 2012Co-Authors: Geoffrey R. Smith, Amber A. Burgett, Jessica E. RettigAbstract:Abstract Alterations of aquatic ecosystems, such as nutrient enrichment and changes in community composition, can potentially have effects that pervade the entire community. We investigated the effects of nutrient enrichment and changes in the presence and density of two species of tadpoles, American toad (Anaxyrus americanus) and Gray treefrog (Hyla versicolor), on freshwater snail abundance (Physella sp.). At low tadpole density, there was no difference in the abundance of Physella sp. among treatments. At high tadpole density, treatments with both species of tadpoles present and nutrient enrichment had a higher abundance of Physella than all other treatment combinations. Mesocosms with high tadpole densities had lower periphyton dry mass than those with low overall tadpole density. At the end of the experiment, increased abundance of Physella was related to earlier metamorphosis in A. americanus and H. versicolor and higher proportions of H. versicolor metamorphosing and surviving. Nutrient enrichment ...
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Diets of three species of bufonids (Amphibia, Anura) from northern Mexico
Western North American Naturalist, 2011Co-Authors: Geoffrey R. Smith, Julio A. Lemos-espinal, Allison B. Burner, Kristen E. Winter, Christopher B. DayerAbstract:ABSTRACT. We examined the diets of 3 species of bufonids from northern Mexico (Anaxyrus debilis, Anaxyrus punctatus, and lncilius mazatlanensis) with the objective of better understanding the diets of amphibians in this region of Mexico, which is currently undergoing environmental change. The diet of A. debilis was numerically and volumetrically dominated by termites, followed by ants. In A. debilis, some aspects of prey size were correlated with toad head width but were not related to head length or body size (i.e., snout—vent length [SVL]). Ants were numerically the most important prey item in the diet of A. punctatus, but beetles were volumetrically the most important prey item. Prey size was not related to toad head size or body size in A. punctatus. The diet of I. mazatlanensis numerically consisted of ants, beetles, and bugs; however, volumetrically, its diet was dominated by beetles. In I. mazatlanensis, only prey length was correlated with toad head width and SVL. The diets of these 3 species gene...
Amber A. Burgett - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Differential effects of Bluegill Sunfish (Lepomis macrochirus) on two fish-tolerant species of tadpoles (Anaxyrus americanus and Lithobates catesbeianus)
Hydrobiologia, 2016Co-Authors: Geoffrey R. Smith, Amber A. Burgett, Kathleen G. Temple, Kathryn A. SparksAbstract:Amphibians can be partitioned among ponds based on their ability to tolerate fish predation. However, even among fish-tolerant species susceptibility to fish predators varies, with consequences for both prey and predator. We examined the effects of Bluegill ( Lepomis macrochirus ) and tadpole density on two fish-tolerant species of tadpoles (American Toad, Anaxyrus americanus ; American Bullfrog, Lithobates catesbeianus ). For A. americanus , Bluegill presence decreased survivorship, whereas in L. catesbeianus , survivorship was higher with Bluegill. Growth of neither species was affected by Bluegill. In A. americanus , development increased with initial tadpole density with Bluegill, but decreased with initial tadpole density in the absence of Bluegill. Anaxyrus americanus were less active with Bluegill. Bluegill grew faster with initial A. americanus tadpole density, but showed no change in growth with initial L. catesbeianus tadpole density. There was more periphyton present at the end of both experiments in mesocosms with Bluegill, and periphyton decreased with increasing tadpole density at a faster rate in the presence of A. americanus tadpoles compared to L. catesbeianus tadpoles. Our results show that not all fish-tolerant species of anurans are affected in the same way by fish predators, with potential consequences for the anurans, fish predator, and the broader aquatic community.
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Interaction Between Two Species of Tadpoles Mediated By Nutrient Enrichment
Herpetologica, 2012Co-Authors: Geoffrey R. Smith, Amber A. BurgettAbstract:Abstract Anthropogenic stressors, such as contaminants or pollutants, can change the outcome of competition in a variety of communities. We examined potential competitive interactions between American Toad (Anaxyrus americanus) and Gray Treefrog (Hyla versicolor) tadpoles by manipulating the presence and absence of each species and overall tadpole density and how they may be affected by anthropogenic nutrient enrichment by manipulating the presence and absence of nitrate and phosphate. Interactions with Gray Treefrogs did not affect American Toad survivorship, mass at metamorphosis, or time to metamorphosis. Nutrient enrichment reversed the relative effects of interspecific and intraspecific conditions on Gray Treefrog survivorship. Namely, in enriched mesocosms Gray Treefrog tadpoles living with American Toad tadpoles had higher survivorship than those in Gray Treefrog–only communities, whereas the opposite was true in no-enrichment mesocosms. Nutrient enrichment accelerated metamorphosis in American Toa...
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Effects of the Anuran Tadpole Assemblage and Nutrient Enrichment on Freshwater Snail Abundance (Physella sp.)
The American Midland Naturalist, 2012Co-Authors: Geoffrey R. Smith, Amber A. Burgett, Jessica E. RettigAbstract:Abstract Alterations of aquatic ecosystems, such as nutrient enrichment and changes in community composition, can potentially have effects that pervade the entire community. We investigated the effects of nutrient enrichment and changes in the presence and density of two species of tadpoles, American toad (Anaxyrus americanus) and Gray treefrog (Hyla versicolor), on freshwater snail abundance (Physella sp.). At low tadpole density, there was no difference in the abundance of Physella sp. among treatments. At high tadpole density, treatments with both species of tadpoles present and nutrient enrichment had a higher abundance of Physella than all other treatment combinations. Mesocosms with high tadpole densities had lower periphyton dry mass than those with low overall tadpole density. At the end of the experiment, increased abundance of Physella was related to earlier metamorphosis in A. americanus and H. versicolor and higher proportions of H. versicolor metamorphosing and surviving. Nutrient enrichment ...
