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Haruhiko Itagaki - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • the olfactory responses of the antenna and maxillary palp of the fleshfly neobellieria bullata diptera sarcophagidae and their sensitivity to blockage of nitric oxide synthase
    Journal of Insect Physiology, 2003
    Co-Authors: S L Wasserman, Haruhiko Itagaki
    Abstract:

    The relative sensitivities of the olfactory receptors in the antenna and maxillary palp of the fleshfly, Neobellieria bullata, were assessed using simultaneous electroantennograms (EAGs) and electropalpograms (EPGs). In general, the Antennae and maxillary palps were more sensitive to odors related to animals (blood extract and saturated carboxylic acid) than to odors that were plantderived (citral, hexenol, hexenal). In addition, the maxillary palps were relatively less sensitive to plant-derived odorants than the Antennae, perhaps related to their anatomical position. Scanning electron microscopy was also used to assess the types of sensilla found on the two organs. In addition, NADPH-diaphorase histochemistry was used in an attempt to localize the enzyme nitric oxide synthase (NOS) in the antenna and the maxillary palps. We found evidence of NADPH-diaphorase staining in both organs, with localized staining in the antennal cells and more general staining in the maxillary palps. When NOS was selectively blocked using the antagonist L-NAME, the amplitude of the EAGs and EPGs to odorants fell by 30–50%. In contrast, application of the inactive enantiomer, D-NAME, did not change the amplitude of the EAGs or the EPGs. Our results indicate that NOS is involved in the function of olfactory receptor cells in the fleshfly.  2003 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

  • The olfactory responses of the antenna and maxillary palp of the fleshfly, Neobellieria bullata (Diptera: Sarcophagidae), and their sensitivity to blockage of nitric oxide synthase
    Journal of insect physiology, 2003
    Co-Authors: S L Wasserman, Haruhiko Itagaki
    Abstract:

    The relative sensitivities of the olfactory receptors in the antenna and maxillary palp of the fleshfly, Neobellieria bullata, were assessed using simultaneous electroantennograms (EAGs) and electropalpograms (EPGs). In general, the Antennae and maxillary palps were more sensitive to odors related to animals (blood extract and saturated carboxylic acid) than to odors that were plant-derived (citral, hexenol, hexenal). In addition, the maxillary palps were relatively less sensitive to plant-derived odorants than the Antennae, perhaps related to their anatomical position. Scanning electron microscopy was also used to assess the types of sensilla found on the two organs. In addition, NADPH-diaphorase histochemistry was used in an attempt to localize the enzyme nitric oxide synthase (NOS) in the antenna and the maxillary palps. We found evidence of NADPH-diaphorase staining in both organs, with localized staining in the antennal cells and more general staining in the maxillary palps. When NOS was selectively blocked using the antagonist L-NAME, the amplitude of the EAGs and EPGs to odorants fell by 30-50%. In contrast, application of the inactive enantiomer, D-NAME, did not change the amplitude of the EAGs or the EPGs. Our results indicate that NOS is involved in the function of olfactory receptor cells in the fleshfly.

S L Wasserman - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • the olfactory responses of the antenna and maxillary palp of the fleshfly neobellieria bullata diptera sarcophagidae and their sensitivity to blockage of nitric oxide synthase
    Journal of Insect Physiology, 2003
    Co-Authors: S L Wasserman, Haruhiko Itagaki
    Abstract:

    The relative sensitivities of the olfactory receptors in the antenna and maxillary palp of the fleshfly, Neobellieria bullata, were assessed using simultaneous electroantennograms (EAGs) and electropalpograms (EPGs). In general, the Antennae and maxillary palps were more sensitive to odors related to animals (blood extract and saturated carboxylic acid) than to odors that were plantderived (citral, hexenol, hexenal). In addition, the maxillary palps were relatively less sensitive to plant-derived odorants than the Antennae, perhaps related to their anatomical position. Scanning electron microscopy was also used to assess the types of sensilla found on the two organs. In addition, NADPH-diaphorase histochemistry was used in an attempt to localize the enzyme nitric oxide synthase (NOS) in the antenna and the maxillary palps. We found evidence of NADPH-diaphorase staining in both organs, with localized staining in the antennal cells and more general staining in the maxillary palps. When NOS was selectively blocked using the antagonist L-NAME, the amplitude of the EAGs and EPGs to odorants fell by 30–50%. In contrast, application of the inactive enantiomer, D-NAME, did not change the amplitude of the EAGs or the EPGs. Our results indicate that NOS is involved in the function of olfactory receptor cells in the fleshfly.  2003 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

  • The olfactory responses of the antenna and maxillary palp of the fleshfly, Neobellieria bullata (Diptera: Sarcophagidae), and their sensitivity to blockage of nitric oxide synthase
    Journal of insect physiology, 2003
    Co-Authors: S L Wasserman, Haruhiko Itagaki
    Abstract:

    The relative sensitivities of the olfactory receptors in the antenna and maxillary palp of the fleshfly, Neobellieria bullata, were assessed using simultaneous electroantennograms (EAGs) and electropalpograms (EPGs). In general, the Antennae and maxillary palps were more sensitive to odors related to animals (blood extract and saturated carboxylic acid) than to odors that were plant-derived (citral, hexenol, hexenal). In addition, the maxillary palps were relatively less sensitive to plant-derived odorants than the Antennae, perhaps related to their anatomical position. Scanning electron microscopy was also used to assess the types of sensilla found on the two organs. In addition, NADPH-diaphorase histochemistry was used in an attempt to localize the enzyme nitric oxide synthase (NOS) in the antenna and the maxillary palps. We found evidence of NADPH-diaphorase staining in both organs, with localized staining in the antennal cells and more general staining in the maxillary palps. When NOS was selectively blocked using the antagonist L-NAME, the amplitude of the EAGs and EPGs to odorants fell by 30-50%. In contrast, application of the inactive enantiomer, D-NAME, did not change the amplitude of the EAGs or the EPGs. Our results indicate that NOS is involved in the function of olfactory receptor cells in the fleshfly.

Mark A. Willis - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • One antenna, two Antennae, big Antennae, small: total Antennae length, not bilateral symmetry, predicts odor-tracking performance in the American cockroach Periplaneta americana.
    Journal of Experimental Biology, 2015
    Co-Authors: Jacob K. Lockey, Mark A. Willis
    Abstract:

    Determining the location of a particular stimulus is often crucial to an animal9s survival. One way to determine the local distribution of odor is to make simultaneous comparisons across multiple sensors. If the sensors detect differences in the distribution of odor in space, the animal can then steer toward the source. American cockroaches, Periplaneta americana , have 4 cm long Antennae and are thought to track odor plumes using a spatial sampling strategy, comparing the amount of odor detected between these bilateral sensors. However, it is not uncommon for cockroaches to lose parts of their Antennae and still track a wind-borne odor to its source. We examined whether bilateral odor input is necessary to locate an odor source in a wind-driven environment and how the loss of increasing lengths of the Antennae affects odor tracking. The tracking performances of individuals with two bilaterally-symmetrical Antennae of decreasing length were compared to antennal length-matched individuals with one antenna. Cockroaches with one antenna were generally able to track an odor plume to its source. In fact, the performances of unilaterally antennectomized individuals were statistically identical to their bilaterally symmetrical counterparts when the total length of both Antennae equaled the length of the single antenna of the antennectomized individuals. This suggests that the total length of available Antennae influences odor tracking performance more than any specific piece of antenna, and that they may be doing something more complex than a simple bilateral comparison between their Antennae. The possibility of an antenna-topic map is discussed.

  • One antenna, two Antennae, big Antennae, small: total Antennae length, not bilateral symmetry, predicts odor-tracking performance in the American cockroach Periplaneta americana.
    The Journal of experimental biology, 2015
    Co-Authors: Jacob K. Lockey, Mark A. Willis
    Abstract:

    Determining the location of a particular stimulus is often crucial to an animal's survival. One way to determine the local distribution of an odor is to make simultaneous comparisons across multiple sensors. If the sensors detect differences in the distribution of an odor in space, the animal can then steer toward the source. American cockroaches, Periplaneta americana, have 4 cm long Antennae and are thought to track odor plumes using a spatial sampling strategy, comparing the amount of odor detected between these bilateral sensors. However, it is not uncommon for cockroaches to lose parts of their Antennae and still track a wind-borne odor to its source. We examined whether bilateral odor input is necessary to locate an odor source in a wind-driven environment and how the loss of increasing lengths of the Antennae affects odor tracking. The tracking performances of individuals with two bilaterally symmetrical Antennae of decreasing length were compared with antennal length-matched individuals with one antenna. Cockroaches with one antenna were generally able to track an odor plume to its source. In fact, the performances of unilaterally antennectomized individuals were statistically identical to those of their bilaterally symmetrical counterparts when the combined length of both Antennae equaled the length of the single antenna of the antennectomized individuals. This suggests that the total length of available Antennae influences odor tracking performance more than any specific piece of antenna, and that they may be doing something more complex than a simple bilateral comparison between their Antennae. The possibility of an antenna-topic map is discussed.

Derek W Kellogg - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • cricket Antennae shorten when bending acheta domesticus l
    Frontiers in Physiology, 2014
    Co-Authors: Catherine Loudon, Jorge Bustamante, Derek W Kellogg
    Abstract:

    Insect Antennae are important mechanosensory and chemosensory organs. Insect appendages, such as Antennae, are encased in a cuticular exoskeleton and are thought to bend only between segments or subsegments where the cuticle is thinner, more flexible, or bent into a fold. There is a growing appreciation of the dominating influence of folds in the mechanical behavior of a structure, and the bending of cricket Antennae was considered in this context. Antennae will bend or deflect in response to forces, and the resulting bending behavior will affect the sensory input of the Antennae. In some cricket Antennae, such as in those of Acheta domesticus, there are a large number (>100) of subsegments (flagellomeres) that vary in their length. We evaluated whether these Antennae bend only at the joints between flagellomeres, which has always been assumed but not tested. In addition we questioned whether an antenna undergoes a length change as it bends, which would result from some patterns of joint deformation. Measurements using light microscopy and SEM were conducted on both male and female adult crickets (Acheta domesticus) with bending in four different directions: dorsal, ventral, medial and lateral. Bending occurred only at the joints between flagellomeres, and Antennae shortened a comparable amount during bending, regardless of sex or bending direction. The cuticular folds separating antennal flagellomeres are not very deep, and therefore as an antenna bends, the convex side (in tension) does not have a lot of slack cuticle to "unfold" and does not lengthen during bending. Simultaneously on the other side of the antenna, on the concave side in compression, there is an increasing overlap in the folded cuticle of the joints during bending. Antennal shortening during bending would prevent stretching of antennal nerves and may promote hemolymph exchange between the antenna and head.

  • cricket Antennae shorten when bending acheta domesticus l
    Frontiers in Physiology, 2014
    Co-Authors: Catherine Loudon, Jorge Bustamante, Derek W Kellogg
    Abstract:

    Insect Antennae are important mechanosensory and chemosensory organs. Insect appendages, such as Antennae, are encased in a cuticular exoskeleton and are thought to bend only between segments or subsegments where the cuticle is thinner, more flexible, or bent into a fold. There is a growing appreciation of the dominating influence of folds in the mechanical behavior of a structure, and the bending of cricket Antennae was considered in this context. Antennae will bend or deflect in response to forces, and the resulting bending behavior will affect the sensory input of the Antennae. In some cricket Antennae, such as in those of Acheta domesticus, there are a large number (>100) of subsegments (flagellomeres) that vary in their length. We evaluated whether these Antennae bend only at the joints between flagellomeres, which has always been assumed but not tested. In addition we questioned whether an antenna undergoes a length change as it bends, which would result from some patterns of joint deformation. Measurements using light microscopy and SEM were conducted on both male and female adult crickets (Acheta domesticus) with bending in four different directions: dorsal, ventral, medial and lateral. Bending occurred only at the joints between flagellomeres, and Antennae shortened a comparable amount during bending, regardless of sex or bending direction. The cuticular folds separating antennal flagellomeres are not very deep, and therefore as an antenna bends, the convex side (in tension) does not have a lot of slack cuticle to "unfold" and does not lengthen during bending. Simultaneously on the other side of the antenna, on the concave side in compression, there is an increasing overlap in the folded cuticle of the joints during bending. Antennal shortening during bending would prevent stretching of antennal nerves and may promote hemolymph exchange between the antenna and head.

Catherine Loudon - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • cricket Antennae shorten when bending acheta domesticus l
    Frontiers in Physiology, 2014
    Co-Authors: Catherine Loudon, Jorge Bustamante, Derek W Kellogg
    Abstract:

    Insect Antennae are important mechanosensory and chemosensory organs. Insect appendages, such as Antennae, are encased in a cuticular exoskeleton and are thought to bend only between segments or subsegments where the cuticle is thinner, more flexible, or bent into a fold. There is a growing appreciation of the dominating influence of folds in the mechanical behavior of a structure, and the bending of cricket Antennae was considered in this context. Antennae will bend or deflect in response to forces, and the resulting bending behavior will affect the sensory input of the Antennae. In some cricket Antennae, such as in those of Acheta domesticus, there are a large number (>100) of subsegments (flagellomeres) that vary in their length. We evaluated whether these Antennae bend only at the joints between flagellomeres, which has always been assumed but not tested. In addition we questioned whether an antenna undergoes a length change as it bends, which would result from some patterns of joint deformation. Measurements using light microscopy and SEM were conducted on both male and female adult crickets (Acheta domesticus) with bending in four different directions: dorsal, ventral, medial and lateral. Bending occurred only at the joints between flagellomeres, and Antennae shortened a comparable amount during bending, regardless of sex or bending direction. The cuticular folds separating antennal flagellomeres are not very deep, and therefore as an antenna bends, the convex side (in tension) does not have a lot of slack cuticle to "unfold" and does not lengthen during bending. Simultaneously on the other side of the antenna, on the concave side in compression, there is an increasing overlap in the folded cuticle of the joints during bending. Antennal shortening during bending would prevent stretching of antennal nerves and may promote hemolymph exchange between the antenna and head.

  • cricket Antennae shorten when bending acheta domesticus l
    Frontiers in Physiology, 2014
    Co-Authors: Catherine Loudon, Jorge Bustamante, Derek W Kellogg
    Abstract:

    Insect Antennae are important mechanosensory and chemosensory organs. Insect appendages, such as Antennae, are encased in a cuticular exoskeleton and are thought to bend only between segments or subsegments where the cuticle is thinner, more flexible, or bent into a fold. There is a growing appreciation of the dominating influence of folds in the mechanical behavior of a structure, and the bending of cricket Antennae was considered in this context. Antennae will bend or deflect in response to forces, and the resulting bending behavior will affect the sensory input of the Antennae. In some cricket Antennae, such as in those of Acheta domesticus, there are a large number (>100) of subsegments (flagellomeres) that vary in their length. We evaluated whether these Antennae bend only at the joints between flagellomeres, which has always been assumed but not tested. In addition we questioned whether an antenna undergoes a length change as it bends, which would result from some patterns of joint deformation. Measurements using light microscopy and SEM were conducted on both male and female adult crickets (Acheta domesticus) with bending in four different directions: dorsal, ventral, medial and lateral. Bending occurred only at the joints between flagellomeres, and Antennae shortened a comparable amount during bending, regardless of sex or bending direction. The cuticular folds separating antennal flagellomeres are not very deep, and therefore as an antenna bends, the convex side (in tension) does not have a lot of slack cuticle to "unfold" and does not lengthen during bending. Simultaneously on the other side of the antenna, on the concave side in compression, there is an increasing overlap in the folded cuticle of the joints during bending. Antennal shortening during bending would prevent stretching of antennal nerves and may promote hemolymph exchange between the antenna and head.

  • Chapter 6 – Antennae
    Encyclopedia of Insects, 2009
    Co-Authors: Catherine Loudon
    Abstract:

    Publisher Summary This chapter discusses Antennae in insects. Antennae are segmented appendages that function primarily in chemoreception and mechanoreception. The overall shape of most insect Antennae is elongate and cylindrical, although elaborations into plumose, lamellate, or pectinate forms have arisen many times in different insect lineages. There are three parts to an insect antenna: the scape, the pedicel, and the flagellum. The scape is the first segment of the antenna and it is attached to the head by a rim of flexible, intersegmental cuticle. The movements of an antenna are controlled, in part, by one or two pairs of muscles that attach inside the head with the other end attached inside the scape. An additional pair of muscles runs from the scape to the next segment of the antenna, the pedicel. The combined action of these two sets of muscles is capable of moving an antenna in almost any direction. The final segment of the antenna, the flagellum, is the most variable in morphology among insects. The primary function of Antennae is the assessment of the chemical and physical characteristics of the environment. Detection is made with innervated chemosensory and mechanosensory organs that are arrayed on the Antennae. A single antenna usually has sensory organs of several types, with different properties.

  • DIVERGENCE OF STREAMLINES APPROACHING A PECTINATE INSECT ANTENNA: CONSEQUENCES FOR CHEMORECEPTION
    Journal of Chemical Ecology, 2005
    Co-Authors: Catherine Loudon, Elizabeth C. Davis
    Abstract:

    Pectinate (feathery) Antennae have high resistance to air flow, and therefore most of the air approaching an antenna is diverted around it and is not available for chemical sampling by the sensory hairs on that antenna. The small fraction (approximately 10–20%) of approaching air that passes through the air spaces or gaps in the antenna decelerates and the streamlines diverge as the air approaches the antenna. Sampling a small fraction of air that is decelerating and diverging has consequences for chemoreception that are described here for the first time. The behavior of the air is predicted from application of a fluid mechanical law: the principle of continuity. As this small fraction of air decelerates and flows through the air gaps in the antenna, it will be “stretched” in the plane perpendicular to the air flow. Therefore, the air may be sampled by the sensory hairs at a greater spatial resolution than expected from the distribution of the odorant molecules in the air upstream of the antenna. However, the slowing down of odorant-laden air as it passes through an antenna will not change the perceived temporal characteristics of the chemical stimulus (e.g., the rate of odorant filament encounter). This distortion or stretching of the air sample is expected to develop within about one antennal width upstream of the antenna, as verified by examining wakes of simple physical models.