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Bertram L Kasiske - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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long term effects of Antihypertensive Agents on proteinuria and renal function
JAMA Internal Medicine, 1995Co-Authors: Daniel D Maki, Jennie Z, Thomas A Louis, Bertram L KasiskeAbstract:Background: Although many studies have examined the effects of Antihypertensive Agents on proteinuria and glomerular filtration rate in patients with kidney disease, many questions remain unresolved. These questions include whether the effects of Agents differ, whether their effects are similar in diabetic and nondiabetic patients with renal disease, and whether the effects of any Agents are independent of blood pressure reductions. Methods: We conducted a meta-analysis of studies obtained with MEDLINE and bibliographies from comprehensive reviews but included only investigations with follow-up times of at least 6 months. We combined data (1) in an analysis of randomized controlled trials, (2) in a separate univariate analysis of controlled and uncontrolled trials, and (3) using weighted multiple linear regression. Results: In 14 randomized controlled trials, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors caused a greater decrease in proteinuria (pooled mean [95% confidence intervals], -0.51 [-0.68 to -0.35],In [treatment/control]), improvement in glomerular filtration rate (0.13 mL/min per month [0.10 to 0.16 mL/min per month]), and decline in mean arterial pressure (-4.0 mm Hg [-4.9 to -3.0 mm Hg]) compared with controls. In a multivariate analysis of controlled and uncontrolled trials, each 10—mm Hg reduction in blood pressure decreased proteinuria (regression coefficient [95% confidence interval] -0.14 [-0.22 to -0.06] In [after/before]), but angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (-0.45 [-0.58 to -0.32]) and nondihydropyridine calcium antagonists (-0.38 [-0.70 to -0.06]) were associated with additional declines in proteinuria that were independent of blood pressure changes and diabetes. Each 10—mm Hg reduction in blood pressure caused a relative improvement in glomerular filtration rate (0.18 mL/min per month [0.04 to 0.31 mL/min per month]), but among diabetic patients there was a tendency for dihydropyridine calcium antagonists to cause a relative reduction in glomerular filtration rate (-0.68 mL/min per month [-1.31 to -0.04 mL/min per month]). Conclusions: Long-term beneficial effects of Antihypertensive Agents on proteinuria and glomerular filtration rate are proportional to blood pressure reductions and are similar in diabetic and nondiabetic patients with renal disease. In addition, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, and possibly nondihydropyridine calcium antagonists, have additional beneficial effects on proteinuria that are independent of blood pressure reductions. (Arch Intern Med. 1995;155:1073-1080)
J C Craig - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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role of blood pressure targets and specific Antihypertensive Agents used to prevent diabetic nephropathy and delay its progression
Journal of The American Society of Nephrology, 2006Co-Authors: G F M Strippoli, M Craig, F P Schena, J C CraigAbstract:This study evaluated the comparative effects of Antihypertensive Agents in patients with diabetes and normoalbuminuria and the evidence supporting equivalent use of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEi) and angiotensin receptor blockers (ARB) in patients with diabetes and micro- or macroalbuminuria. A systematic review was conducted by searching for randomized controlled trials (RCT) of Antihypertensive agent versus placebo or another agent in hypertensive or normotensive patients with diabetes and no nephropathy and RCT of ACEi or ARB in patients with diabetic nephropathy. Medline, Embase, the Cochrane Controlled Trials Register, conference proceedings, and contact with investigators were used to identify available evidence. Two investigators independently extracted data and assessed quality of trials. Sixteen RCT (7603 patients) of Antihypertensive Agents conducted in patients with diabetes and no nephropathy and 43 (7739 patients) of ACEi or ARB in patients with diabetic nephropathy were identified. A significant reduction in the risk for developing microalbuminuria in patients who had diabetes with no nephropathy was demonstrated for ACEi only (six trials, 3840 patients; relative risk [RR] 0.60; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.43 to 0.84), and in patients with diabetic nephropathy, existing RCT have shown a survival benefit of ACEi (20 trials, 2383 patients; RR 0.79; 95% CI 0.63 to 0.99; P = 0.04) but not ARB (four trials, 3329 patients; RR 0.99; 95% CI 0.85 to 1.17). On the basis of available RCT evidence, ACEi are the only Agents with proven renal benefit in patients who have diabetes with no nephropathy and the only Agents with proven survival benefit in patients who have diabetes with nephropathy.
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Antihypertensive Agents for preventing diabetic kidney disease.
The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2005Co-Authors: G F M Strippoli, M Craig, J C CraigAbstract:Twenty to sixty percent of diabetic patients are affected by hypertension and Antihypertensive Agents are used to treat this condition. These Agents are also used to prevent the onset of kidney disease both in normotensive and hypertensive diabetics. To evaluate the comparative effects of Antihypertensive Agents in patients with diabetes and normoalbuminuria. MEDLINE, EMBASE, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, conference proceedings, and contact with investigators were used to identify relevant trials. Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) comparing any Antihypertensive agent with placebo or another agent in hypertensive or normotensive patients with diabetes and no kidney disease (albumin excretion rate < 30 mg/d) were included. Two investigators independently extracted data on renal outcomes and other patient relevant outcomes (all-cause mortality, serious cardiovascular events), and assessed quality of trials. Analysis was by a random effects model and results expressed as relative risk (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). Sixteen trials (7603 patients) were identified, six of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEi) versus placebo, six of ACEi versus calcium channel blockers (CCBs), one of ACEi versus CCBs or combined ACEi and CCBs and three of ACEi versus other Agents. Compared to placebo, ACEi significantly reduced the development of microalbuminuria (six trials, 3840 patients: RR 0.60, 95% CI 0.43 to 0.84) but not doubling of creatinine (three trials, 2683 patients: RR 0.81, 95% CI 0.24 to 2.71) or all-cause mortality (four trials, 3284 patients: RR 0.81, 95% CI 0.64 to 1.03). Compared to CCBs, ACEi significantly reduced progression to microalbuminuria (four trials, 1210 patients: RR 0.58, 95% CI 0.40 to 0.84). A significant reduction in the risk of developing microalbuminuria in normoalbuminuric patients with diabetes has been demonstrated for ACEi only. It appears that the effect of ACEi is independent of baseline blood pressure, renal function and type of diabetes, but data is too sparse to be confident that these are not important effect modifiers and an individual patient data meta-analysis is required.
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Antihypertensive Agents for primary prevention of diabetic nephropathy
Journal of The American Society of Nephrology, 2005Co-Authors: G F M Strippoli, F P Schena, Maria E Craig, J C CraigAbstract:The objective of this study was to evaluate the comparative effects of Antihypertensive Agents in patients with diabetes and normoalbuminuria. Randomized, controlled trials that compared any Antihypertensive agent with placebo or another agent in hypertensive or normotensive patients with diabetes and normoalbuminuria (albumin excretion rate <30 mg/d) were identified on Medline, in Embase, on the Cochrane Controlled Trials Register, in conference proceedings, and by contacting investigators. Two authors independently extracted data on renal outcomes and other patient-relevant outcomes (e.g., mortality, serious cardiovascular events) and assessed quality of trials. Analysis was by a random-effects model, and results were expressed as relative risk (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). Sixteen trials (7603 patients) were identified, six of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEi) versus placebo, six of ACEi versus calcium antagonists, one of ACEi versus calcium antagonists or combined ACEi and calcium antagonist, and three of ACEi versus other Agents. Compared with placebo, ACEi significantly reduced the development of microalbuminuria (six trials, 3840 patients; RR 0.60; 95% CI 0.43 to 0.84) but not doubling of creatinine (three trials, 2683 patients; RR 0.81; 95% CI 0.24 to 2.71) or all-cause mortality (four trials, 3284 patients; RR 0.81; 95% CI 0.64 to 1.03). Compared with calcium antagonists, ACEi significantly reduced progression to microalbuminuria (four trials, 1210 patients; RR 0.58; 95% CI 0.40 to 0.84). A significant reduction in the risk for developing microalbuminuria in normoalbuminuric patients with diabetes has been demonstrated for ACEi only. It seems that the effect of ACEi is independent of baseline BP, renal function, and type of diabetes, but data are too sparse to be confident that these are not important effect modifiers, and an individual patient data meta-analysis is required.
Domenic J Reda - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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pulse pressure changes with six classes of Antihypertensive Agents in a randomized controlled trial
Hypertension, 2001Co-Authors: William C Cushman, Barry J Materson, David W Williams, Domenic J RedaAbstract:Pulse pressure has been more strongly associated with cardiovascular outcomes, especially myocardial infarction and heart failure, than has systolic, diastolic, or mean arterial pressure in a variety of populations. Little is known, however, of the comparative effects of various classes of Antihypertensive Agents on pulse pressure. In retrospective analyses of the Veterans Affairs Single-Drug Therapy for Hypertension Study, we compared changes in pulse pressure with 6 classes of Antihypertensive Agents: 1292 men with diastolic blood pressure of 95 to 109 mm Hg on placebo were randomized to receive hydrochlorothiazide, atenolol, captopril, clonidine, diltiazem, prazosin, or placebo. Drug doses were titrated to achieve a goal diastolic blood pressure of <90 mm Hg during a 4- to 8-week medication titration phase. Pulse pressure change (placebo subtracted) was assessed from baseline to the end of the 3-month titration and 1-year maintenance. Mean baseline systolic, diastolic, and pulse pressures were 152, 99, and 53 mm Hg, respectively. Reductions in pulse pressure during titration were greater ( P <0.001) with clonidine (6.7 mm Hg) and hydrochlorothiazide (6.2 mm Hg) than with captopril (2.5 mm Hg), diltiazem (1.6 mm Hg), and atenolol (1.4 mm Hg); reduction with prazosin (3.9 mm Hg) was similar to all but clonidine. After 1 year, pulse pressure was reduced significantly more ( P <0.001) with hydrochlorothiazide (8.6 mm Hg) than with captopril and atenolol (4.1 mm Hg with both); clonidine (6.3 mm Hg), diltiazem (5.5 mm Hg), and prazosin (5.0 mm Hg) were intermediate. These data show that classes of Antihypertensive Agents differ in their ability to reduce pulse pressure. Whether these differences affect rates of cardiovascular events remains to be determined.
Daniel D Maki - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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long term effects of Antihypertensive Agents on proteinuria and renal function
JAMA Internal Medicine, 1995Co-Authors: Daniel D Maki, Jennie Z, Thomas A Louis, Bertram L KasiskeAbstract:Background: Although many studies have examined the effects of Antihypertensive Agents on proteinuria and glomerular filtration rate in patients with kidney disease, many questions remain unresolved. These questions include whether the effects of Agents differ, whether their effects are similar in diabetic and nondiabetic patients with renal disease, and whether the effects of any Agents are independent of blood pressure reductions. Methods: We conducted a meta-analysis of studies obtained with MEDLINE and bibliographies from comprehensive reviews but included only investigations with follow-up times of at least 6 months. We combined data (1) in an analysis of randomized controlled trials, (2) in a separate univariate analysis of controlled and uncontrolled trials, and (3) using weighted multiple linear regression. Results: In 14 randomized controlled trials, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors caused a greater decrease in proteinuria (pooled mean [95% confidence intervals], -0.51 [-0.68 to -0.35],In [treatment/control]), improvement in glomerular filtration rate (0.13 mL/min per month [0.10 to 0.16 mL/min per month]), and decline in mean arterial pressure (-4.0 mm Hg [-4.9 to -3.0 mm Hg]) compared with controls. In a multivariate analysis of controlled and uncontrolled trials, each 10—mm Hg reduction in blood pressure decreased proteinuria (regression coefficient [95% confidence interval] -0.14 [-0.22 to -0.06] In [after/before]), but angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (-0.45 [-0.58 to -0.32]) and nondihydropyridine calcium antagonists (-0.38 [-0.70 to -0.06]) were associated with additional declines in proteinuria that were independent of blood pressure changes and diabetes. Each 10—mm Hg reduction in blood pressure caused a relative improvement in glomerular filtration rate (0.18 mL/min per month [0.04 to 0.31 mL/min per month]), but among diabetic patients there was a tendency for dihydropyridine calcium antagonists to cause a relative reduction in glomerular filtration rate (-0.68 mL/min per month [-1.31 to -0.04 mL/min per month]). Conclusions: Long-term beneficial effects of Antihypertensive Agents on proteinuria and glomerular filtration rate are proportional to blood pressure reductions and are similar in diabetic and nondiabetic patients with renal disease. In addition, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, and possibly nondihydropyridine calcium antagonists, have additional beneficial effects on proteinuria that are independent of blood pressure reductions. (Arch Intern Med. 1995;155:1073-1080)
G F M Strippoli - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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role of blood pressure targets and specific Antihypertensive Agents used to prevent diabetic nephropathy and delay its progression
Journal of The American Society of Nephrology, 2006Co-Authors: G F M Strippoli, M Craig, F P Schena, J C CraigAbstract:This study evaluated the comparative effects of Antihypertensive Agents in patients with diabetes and normoalbuminuria and the evidence supporting equivalent use of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEi) and angiotensin receptor blockers (ARB) in patients with diabetes and micro- or macroalbuminuria. A systematic review was conducted by searching for randomized controlled trials (RCT) of Antihypertensive agent versus placebo or another agent in hypertensive or normotensive patients with diabetes and no nephropathy and RCT of ACEi or ARB in patients with diabetic nephropathy. Medline, Embase, the Cochrane Controlled Trials Register, conference proceedings, and contact with investigators were used to identify available evidence. Two investigators independently extracted data and assessed quality of trials. Sixteen RCT (7603 patients) of Antihypertensive Agents conducted in patients with diabetes and no nephropathy and 43 (7739 patients) of ACEi or ARB in patients with diabetic nephropathy were identified. A significant reduction in the risk for developing microalbuminuria in patients who had diabetes with no nephropathy was demonstrated for ACEi only (six trials, 3840 patients; relative risk [RR] 0.60; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.43 to 0.84), and in patients with diabetic nephropathy, existing RCT have shown a survival benefit of ACEi (20 trials, 2383 patients; RR 0.79; 95% CI 0.63 to 0.99; P = 0.04) but not ARB (four trials, 3329 patients; RR 0.99; 95% CI 0.85 to 1.17). On the basis of available RCT evidence, ACEi are the only Agents with proven renal benefit in patients who have diabetes with no nephropathy and the only Agents with proven survival benefit in patients who have diabetes with nephropathy.
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Antihypertensive Agents for preventing diabetic kidney disease.
The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2005Co-Authors: G F M Strippoli, M Craig, J C CraigAbstract:Twenty to sixty percent of diabetic patients are affected by hypertension and Antihypertensive Agents are used to treat this condition. These Agents are also used to prevent the onset of kidney disease both in normotensive and hypertensive diabetics. To evaluate the comparative effects of Antihypertensive Agents in patients with diabetes and normoalbuminuria. MEDLINE, EMBASE, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, conference proceedings, and contact with investigators were used to identify relevant trials. Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) comparing any Antihypertensive agent with placebo or another agent in hypertensive or normotensive patients with diabetes and no kidney disease (albumin excretion rate < 30 mg/d) were included. Two investigators independently extracted data on renal outcomes and other patient relevant outcomes (all-cause mortality, serious cardiovascular events), and assessed quality of trials. Analysis was by a random effects model and results expressed as relative risk (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). Sixteen trials (7603 patients) were identified, six of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEi) versus placebo, six of ACEi versus calcium channel blockers (CCBs), one of ACEi versus CCBs or combined ACEi and CCBs and three of ACEi versus other Agents. Compared to placebo, ACEi significantly reduced the development of microalbuminuria (six trials, 3840 patients: RR 0.60, 95% CI 0.43 to 0.84) but not doubling of creatinine (three trials, 2683 patients: RR 0.81, 95% CI 0.24 to 2.71) or all-cause mortality (four trials, 3284 patients: RR 0.81, 95% CI 0.64 to 1.03). Compared to CCBs, ACEi significantly reduced progression to microalbuminuria (four trials, 1210 patients: RR 0.58, 95% CI 0.40 to 0.84). A significant reduction in the risk of developing microalbuminuria in normoalbuminuric patients with diabetes has been demonstrated for ACEi only. It appears that the effect of ACEi is independent of baseline blood pressure, renal function and type of diabetes, but data is too sparse to be confident that these are not important effect modifiers and an individual patient data meta-analysis is required.
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Antihypertensive Agents for primary prevention of diabetic nephropathy
Journal of The American Society of Nephrology, 2005Co-Authors: G F M Strippoli, F P Schena, Maria E Craig, J C CraigAbstract:The objective of this study was to evaluate the comparative effects of Antihypertensive Agents in patients with diabetes and normoalbuminuria. Randomized, controlled trials that compared any Antihypertensive agent with placebo or another agent in hypertensive or normotensive patients with diabetes and normoalbuminuria (albumin excretion rate <30 mg/d) were identified on Medline, in Embase, on the Cochrane Controlled Trials Register, in conference proceedings, and by contacting investigators. Two authors independently extracted data on renal outcomes and other patient-relevant outcomes (e.g., mortality, serious cardiovascular events) and assessed quality of trials. Analysis was by a random-effects model, and results were expressed as relative risk (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). Sixteen trials (7603 patients) were identified, six of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEi) versus placebo, six of ACEi versus calcium antagonists, one of ACEi versus calcium antagonists or combined ACEi and calcium antagonist, and three of ACEi versus other Agents. Compared with placebo, ACEi significantly reduced the development of microalbuminuria (six trials, 3840 patients; RR 0.60; 95% CI 0.43 to 0.84) but not doubling of creatinine (three trials, 2683 patients; RR 0.81; 95% CI 0.24 to 2.71) or all-cause mortality (four trials, 3284 patients; RR 0.81; 95% CI 0.64 to 1.03). Compared with calcium antagonists, ACEi significantly reduced progression to microalbuminuria (four trials, 1210 patients; RR 0.58; 95% CI 0.40 to 0.84). A significant reduction in the risk for developing microalbuminuria in normoalbuminuric patients with diabetes has been demonstrated for ACEi only. It seems that the effect of ACEi is independent of baseline BP, renal function, and type of diabetes, but data are too sparse to be confident that these are not important effect modifiers, and an individual patient data meta-analysis is required.
