The Experts below are selected from a list of 318 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
Weien Yuan - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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development of recombinant human growth hormone rhgh sustained release microspheres by a low temperature Aqueous Phase Aqueous Phase emulsion method
European Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2014Co-Authors: Jian Kang, Yunpeng Cai, Weien YuanAbstract:Abstract A novel method has been developed to protect Recombinant Human Growth Hormone (rhGH) in poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) microspheres using an Aqueous Phase/Aqueous Phase emulsion and S/O/W multi-emulsion method. This method develops a novel rhGH sustained-release system, which is based on the combination of rhGH-loaded dextran microparticles and PLGA microspheres. The process to fabricate rhGH-loaded dextran microparticles involves an Aqueous Phase/Aqueous Phase emulsion system formed at the reduced temperature. RhGH was first dissolved in water together with dextran and polyethylene glycol, followed by stirring at the speed of 2000 rpm for 20–30 s at 0 °C, and then a freezing process could enable the dextran Phase to separate from the continuous PEG Phase and rhGH could preferentially be loaded with dextran. The sample after freezing and Phase separation was then lyophilized to powder and washed with dichloromethane to remove the PEG. Once loaded in the dextran microparticles (1–4 μm in diameter), rhGH gained resistance to interface tensions and was encapsulated into PLGA microspheres without aggregation thereafter. RhGH released from PLGA microspheres was in a sustained manner with minimal burst and maximally reduced incomplete release in vitro . Single subcutaneous injection of rhGH-loaded PLGA microspheres to rats resulted in a stable plasma concentration for 30 days avoiding the drug concentration fluctuations after multiple injections of protein solutions. In a hypophysectomized rat model, the IGF-1 and bodyweight results showed that there were higher than the levels obtained for the sustained release formulation by W/O/W for 40 days. These results suggest that the microsphere delivery system had the potential to be an injectable depot for sustained-release of the biocompatible protein of rhGH.
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Development of Recombinant Human Growth Hormone (rhGH) sustained-release microspheres by a low temperature Aqueous Phase/Aqueous Phase emulsion method.
European journal of pharmaceutical sciences : official journal of the European Federation for Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2014Co-Authors: Jian Kang, Yunpeng Cai, Weien YuanAbstract:Abstract A novel method has been developed to protect Recombinant Human Growth Hormone (rhGH) in poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) microspheres using an Aqueous Phase/Aqueous Phase emulsion and S/O/W multi-emulsion method. This method develops a novel rhGH sustained-release system, which is based on the combination of rhGH-loaded dextran microparticles and PLGA microspheres. The process to fabricate rhGH-loaded dextran microparticles involves an Aqueous Phase/Aqueous Phase emulsion system formed at the reduced temperature. RhGH was first dissolved in water together with dextran and polyethylene glycol, followed by stirring at the speed of 2000 rpm for 20–30 s at 0 °C, and then a freezing process could enable the dextran Phase to separate from the continuous PEG Phase and rhGH could preferentially be loaded with dextran. The sample after freezing and Phase separation was then lyophilized to powder and washed with dichloromethane to remove the PEG. Once loaded in the dextran microparticles (1–4 μm in diameter), rhGH gained resistance to interface tensions and was encapsulated into PLGA microspheres without aggregation thereafter. RhGH released from PLGA microspheres was in a sustained manner with minimal burst and maximally reduced incomplete release in vitro . Single subcutaneous injection of rhGH-loaded PLGA microspheres to rats resulted in a stable plasma concentration for 30 days avoiding the drug concentration fluctuations after multiple injections of protein solutions. In a hypophysectomized rat model, the IGF-1 and bodyweight results showed that there were higher than the levels obtained for the sustained release formulation by W/O/W for 40 days. These results suggest that the microsphere delivery system had the potential to be an injectable depot for sustained-release of the biocompatible protein of rhGH.
Jian Kang - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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development of recombinant human growth hormone rhgh sustained release microspheres by a low temperature Aqueous Phase Aqueous Phase emulsion method
European Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2014Co-Authors: Jian Kang, Yunpeng Cai, Weien YuanAbstract:Abstract A novel method has been developed to protect Recombinant Human Growth Hormone (rhGH) in poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) microspheres using an Aqueous Phase/Aqueous Phase emulsion and S/O/W multi-emulsion method. This method develops a novel rhGH sustained-release system, which is based on the combination of rhGH-loaded dextran microparticles and PLGA microspheres. The process to fabricate rhGH-loaded dextran microparticles involves an Aqueous Phase/Aqueous Phase emulsion system formed at the reduced temperature. RhGH was first dissolved in water together with dextran and polyethylene glycol, followed by stirring at the speed of 2000 rpm for 20–30 s at 0 °C, and then a freezing process could enable the dextran Phase to separate from the continuous PEG Phase and rhGH could preferentially be loaded with dextran. The sample after freezing and Phase separation was then lyophilized to powder and washed with dichloromethane to remove the PEG. Once loaded in the dextran microparticles (1–4 μm in diameter), rhGH gained resistance to interface tensions and was encapsulated into PLGA microspheres without aggregation thereafter. RhGH released from PLGA microspheres was in a sustained manner with minimal burst and maximally reduced incomplete release in vitro . Single subcutaneous injection of rhGH-loaded PLGA microspheres to rats resulted in a stable plasma concentration for 30 days avoiding the drug concentration fluctuations after multiple injections of protein solutions. In a hypophysectomized rat model, the IGF-1 and bodyweight results showed that there were higher than the levels obtained for the sustained release formulation by W/O/W for 40 days. These results suggest that the microsphere delivery system had the potential to be an injectable depot for sustained-release of the biocompatible protein of rhGH.
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Development of Recombinant Human Growth Hormone (rhGH) sustained-release microspheres by a low temperature Aqueous Phase/Aqueous Phase emulsion method.
European journal of pharmaceutical sciences : official journal of the European Federation for Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2014Co-Authors: Jian Kang, Yunpeng Cai, Weien YuanAbstract:Abstract A novel method has been developed to protect Recombinant Human Growth Hormone (rhGH) in poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) microspheres using an Aqueous Phase/Aqueous Phase emulsion and S/O/W multi-emulsion method. This method develops a novel rhGH sustained-release system, which is based on the combination of rhGH-loaded dextran microparticles and PLGA microspheres. The process to fabricate rhGH-loaded dextran microparticles involves an Aqueous Phase/Aqueous Phase emulsion system formed at the reduced temperature. RhGH was first dissolved in water together with dextran and polyethylene glycol, followed by stirring at the speed of 2000 rpm for 20–30 s at 0 °C, and then a freezing process could enable the dextran Phase to separate from the continuous PEG Phase and rhGH could preferentially be loaded with dextran. The sample after freezing and Phase separation was then lyophilized to powder and washed with dichloromethane to remove the PEG. Once loaded in the dextran microparticles (1–4 μm in diameter), rhGH gained resistance to interface tensions and was encapsulated into PLGA microspheres without aggregation thereafter. RhGH released from PLGA microspheres was in a sustained manner with minimal burst and maximally reduced incomplete release in vitro . Single subcutaneous injection of rhGH-loaded PLGA microspheres to rats resulted in a stable plasma concentration for 30 days avoiding the drug concentration fluctuations after multiple injections of protein solutions. In a hypophysectomized rat model, the IGF-1 and bodyweight results showed that there were higher than the levels obtained for the sustained release formulation by W/O/W for 40 days. These results suggest that the microsphere delivery system had the potential to be an injectable depot for sustained-release of the biocompatible protein of rhGH.
James A. Dumesic - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Aqueous-Phase Reforming of Ethylene Glycol Over Supported Platinum Catalysts
Catalysis Letters, 2003Co-Authors: John W. Shabaker, R. R. Davda, Randy D. Cortright, George W. Huber, James A. DumesicAbstract:Aqueous-Phase reforming of 10 wt% ethylene glycol solutions was studied at temperatures of 483 and 498 K over Pt-black and Pt supported on TiO_2, Al_2O_3, carbon, SiO_2, SiO_2-Al_2O_3, ZrO_2, CeO_2, and ZnO. High activity for the production of H_2 by Aqueous-Phase reforming was observed over Pt-black and over Pt supported on TiO_2, carbon, and Al_2O_3 (i.e., turnover frequencies near 8-15 min^-1 at 498 K); moderate catalytic activity for the production of hydrogen is demonstrated by Pt supported on SiO_2-Al_2O_3 and ZrO_2 (turnover frequencies near 5 min^-1); and lower catalytic activity is exhibited by Pt supported on CeO_2, ZnO, and SiO_2 (H_2 turnover frequencies lower than about 2 min^-1). Pt supported on Al_2O_3, and to a lesser extent ZrO_2, exhibits high selectivity for production of H_2 and CO_2 from Aqueous-Phase reforming of ethylene glycol. In contrast, Pt supported on carbon, TiO_2, SiO_2-Al_2O_3 and Pt-black produce measurable amounts of gaseous alkanes and liquid-Phase compounds that would lead to alkanes at higher conversions (e.g., ethanol, acetic acid, acetaldehyde). The total rate of formation of these byproducts is about 1-3 min^-1 at 498 K. An important bifunctional route for the formation of liquid-Phase alkane-precursor compounds over less selective catalysts involves dehydration reactions on the catalyst support (or in the Aqueous reforming solution) followed by hydrogenation reactions on Pt.
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Aqueous Phase reforming of methanol and ethylene glycol over alumina supported platinum catalysts
Journal of Catalysis, 2003Co-Authors: J W Shabake, R. R. Davda, George W Hube, Randy D Cortrigh, James A. DumesicAbstract:The rates of Aqueous-Phase reforming of methanol and ethylene glycol to form H2 and CO2 were measured under kinetically controlled reaction conditions at temperatures of 483 and 498 K over alumina-supported platinum catalysts. Results show that the rates of formation of H2 from Aqueous solutions of methanol (from 1 to 10 wt%) are similar to the rates of conversion of ethylene glycol, suggesting that CC bond cleavage is not rate limiting for ethylene glycol reforming. Aqueous-Phase reforming of both oxygenated hydrocarbons over Pt/Al2O3 leads to nearly 100% selectivity for the formation of H2 (compared to the formation of alkanes), suggesting that methanation or Fischer–Tropsch reactions involving CO/CO2 and H2 do not appear to be important over platinum-based catalysts under the conditions of the present study. The rate of production of hydrogen is higher order in methanol (0.8) compared to ethylene glycol (0.3–0.5), and the reaction is weakly inhibited by hydrogen (−0.5 order) for both feedstocks. The rates of Aqueous-Phase reforming of methanol and ethylene glycol show apparent activation barriers of 140 and 100 kJ/mol, respectively, from 483 K and 22.4 bar total pressure to 498 K and 29.3 bar total pressure. Low levels of CO (<300 ppm) are detected in the gaseous effluents from Aqueous-Phase reforming of methanol and ethylene glycol over alumina-supported Pt catalysts, suggesting that water–gas shift processes are operative under the Aqueous-Phase reforming conditions of this study. The observed reaction kinetics for ethylene glycol of this study can be explained by a reaction scheme involving quasi-equilibrated adsorption of ethylene glycol, water, H2, and CO2, combined with irreversible steps involving dehydrogenation of adsorbed ethylene glycol to form adsorbed C2O2 species, cleavage of the CC bond to form adsorbed CO species, further dehydrogenation leading to adsorbed CO∗, and removal of adsorbed CO∗ by water-gas shift. Aqueous-Phase reforming of methanol may take place by a similar reaction scheme, without the step involving cleavage of the CC bond. The nearly first-order reaction kinetics with respect to methanol can be explained by weaker adsorption of methanol compared to molecular adsorption of ethylene glycol.
Yunpeng Cai - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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development of recombinant human growth hormone rhgh sustained release microspheres by a low temperature Aqueous Phase Aqueous Phase emulsion method
European Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2014Co-Authors: Jian Kang, Yunpeng Cai, Weien YuanAbstract:Abstract A novel method has been developed to protect Recombinant Human Growth Hormone (rhGH) in poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) microspheres using an Aqueous Phase/Aqueous Phase emulsion and S/O/W multi-emulsion method. This method develops a novel rhGH sustained-release system, which is based on the combination of rhGH-loaded dextran microparticles and PLGA microspheres. The process to fabricate rhGH-loaded dextran microparticles involves an Aqueous Phase/Aqueous Phase emulsion system formed at the reduced temperature. RhGH was first dissolved in water together with dextran and polyethylene glycol, followed by stirring at the speed of 2000 rpm for 20–30 s at 0 °C, and then a freezing process could enable the dextran Phase to separate from the continuous PEG Phase and rhGH could preferentially be loaded with dextran. The sample after freezing and Phase separation was then lyophilized to powder and washed with dichloromethane to remove the PEG. Once loaded in the dextran microparticles (1–4 μm in diameter), rhGH gained resistance to interface tensions and was encapsulated into PLGA microspheres without aggregation thereafter. RhGH released from PLGA microspheres was in a sustained manner with minimal burst and maximally reduced incomplete release in vitro . Single subcutaneous injection of rhGH-loaded PLGA microspheres to rats resulted in a stable plasma concentration for 30 days avoiding the drug concentration fluctuations after multiple injections of protein solutions. In a hypophysectomized rat model, the IGF-1 and bodyweight results showed that there were higher than the levels obtained for the sustained release formulation by W/O/W for 40 days. These results suggest that the microsphere delivery system had the potential to be an injectable depot for sustained-release of the biocompatible protein of rhGH.
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Development of Recombinant Human Growth Hormone (rhGH) sustained-release microspheres by a low temperature Aqueous Phase/Aqueous Phase emulsion method.
European journal of pharmaceutical sciences : official journal of the European Federation for Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2014Co-Authors: Jian Kang, Yunpeng Cai, Weien YuanAbstract:Abstract A novel method has been developed to protect Recombinant Human Growth Hormone (rhGH) in poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) microspheres using an Aqueous Phase/Aqueous Phase emulsion and S/O/W multi-emulsion method. This method develops a novel rhGH sustained-release system, which is based on the combination of rhGH-loaded dextran microparticles and PLGA microspheres. The process to fabricate rhGH-loaded dextran microparticles involves an Aqueous Phase/Aqueous Phase emulsion system formed at the reduced temperature. RhGH was first dissolved in water together with dextran and polyethylene glycol, followed by stirring at the speed of 2000 rpm for 20–30 s at 0 °C, and then a freezing process could enable the dextran Phase to separate from the continuous PEG Phase and rhGH could preferentially be loaded with dextran. The sample after freezing and Phase separation was then lyophilized to powder and washed with dichloromethane to remove the PEG. Once loaded in the dextran microparticles (1–4 μm in diameter), rhGH gained resistance to interface tensions and was encapsulated into PLGA microspheres without aggregation thereafter. RhGH released from PLGA microspheres was in a sustained manner with minimal burst and maximally reduced incomplete release in vitro . Single subcutaneous injection of rhGH-loaded PLGA microspheres to rats resulted in a stable plasma concentration for 30 days avoiding the drug concentration fluctuations after multiple injections of protein solutions. In a hypophysectomized rat model, the IGF-1 and bodyweight results showed that there were higher than the levels obtained for the sustained release formulation by W/O/W for 40 days. These results suggest that the microsphere delivery system had the potential to be an injectable depot for sustained-release of the biocompatible protein of rhGH.
Anne Monod - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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CLEPS 1.0: A new protocol for cloud Aqueous Phase oxidation of VOC mechanisms
Geoscientific Model Development, 2017Co-Authors: Camille Mouchel-vallon, Anne Monod, Laurent Deguillaume, Hélène Perroux, Clémence Rose, Giovanni Ghigo, Yoann Long, Maud Leriche, Bernard Aumont, Luc PatrylAbstract:A new detailed Aqueous Phase mechanism named the Cloud Explicit Physico-chemical Scheme (CLEPS 1.0) is proposed to describe the oxidation of water soluble organic compounds resulting from isoprene oxidation. It is based on structure activity relationships (SARs) which provide global rate constants together with branching ratios for HO · abstraction and addition on atmospheric organic compounds. The GROMHE SAR allows the evaluation of Henry's law constants for undocumented organic compounds. This new Aqueous Phase mechanism is coupled with the MCM v3.3.1 gas Phase mechanism through a mass transfer scheme between gas Phase and Aqueous Phase. The resulting multiPhase mechanism has then been implemented in a model based on the Dynamically Simple Model for Atmospheric Chemical Complexity (DSMACC) using the Kinetic PreProcessor (KPP) that can serve to analyze data from cloud chamber experiments and field campaigns. The simulation of permanent cloud under low-NO x conditions describes the formation of oxidized monoacids and diacids in the Aqueous Phase as well as a significant influence on the gas Phase chemistry and composition and shows that the Aqueous Phase reactivity leads to an efficient fragmentation and functionalization of organic compounds.
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CLEPS: A new protocol for cloud Aqueous Phase oxidation of VOC mechanisms
2016Co-Authors: Camille Mouchel-vallon, Anne Monod, Laurent Deguillaume, Hélène Perroux, Clémence Rose, Giovanni Ghigo, Yoann Long, Maud Leriche, Bernard Aumont, Luc PatrylAbstract:Abstract. Organic compounds of both anthropogenic and natural origin are ubiquitous in the multiphasic atmospheric medium. Their transformation in the atmosphere affects air quality and the global climate. Modelling provides a useful tool to investigate the chemistry of organic compounds in the tropospheric multiPhase system. While several comprehensive explicit mechanisms exist in the gas Phase, explicit mechanisms are much more limited in the Aqueous Phase. Recently, new empirical methods have been developed to estimate HO• reaction rates in the Aqueous Phase: structure-activity relationships (SARs) provide global rate constants and branching ratios for HO• abstraction from and addition to atmospheric organic compounds. Based on these SARs, a new detailed Aqueous-Phase mechanism, named the cloud explicit physico-chemical scheme (CLEPS), to describe the oxidation of hydrosoluble organic compounds resulting from isoprene oxidation is proposed. In this paper, a protocol based on reviewed experimental data and evaluated prediction methods is described in detail. The current version of the mechanism includes approximately 850 Aqueous reactions and 465 equilibria. Inorganic reactivity is described for 67 chemical species (e.g., transition metal ions, HxOy, sulphur species, nitrogen species, and chlorine). For organic compounds, 87 chemical species are considered in the mechanism, corresponding to 657 chemical forms that are individually followed (e.g., hydrated forms, anionic forms). This new Aqueous-Phase mechanism is coupled with the detailed gas Phase mechanism MCM v3.3.1 through mass transfer parameterization for the exchange between the gas Phase and Aqueous Phase. The GROMHE SAR enables the evaluation of the Henry's law constants for undocumented organic compounds. The resulting multiPhase mechanism is implemented in a model based on the Dynamically Simple Model for Atmospheric Chemical Complexity (DSMACC) using the Kinetic PreProcessor (KPP). This model allows simulation of the time evolution of the concentrations of each individual chemical species in addition to detailed time-resolved flux analyses. The variable photolysis in both Phases is calculated using the TUV 4.5 radiative transfer model. To evaluate our chemical mechanism, an idealized cloud event with fixed microphysical cloud parameters is simulated. The simulation is performed for a low-NOx situation. The results indicate the formation of oxidized mono- and diacids in the Aqueous Phase, as well as a significant influence on the gas Phase chemistry and composition. For this particular simulation, the Aqueous Phase mechanism is responsible for the efficient fragmentation and functionalization of organic compounds. This new cloud chemistry model allows for the analysis of individual Aqueous sub systems and can be used to analyze the results from cloud chamber experiments and field campaigns.
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Aqueous Phase processing of secondary organic aerosol from isoprene photooxidation
Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 2012Co-Authors: Yao Liu, Torsten Tritscher, Arnaud P. Praplan, Peter F. Decarlo, Brice Temime-roussel, Etienne Quivet, N. Marchand, J. Dommen, Anne Monod, Urs BaltenspergerAbstract:Transport of reactive air masses into humid and wet areas is highly frequent in the atmosphere, making the study of Aqueous Phase processing of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) very relevant. We have investigated the aque-ous Phase processing of SOA generated from gas-Phase pho-tooxidation of isoprene using a smog chamber. The SOA collected on filters was extracted by water and subsequently oxidized in the Aqueous Phase either by H 2 O 2 under dark conditions or by OH radicals in the presence of light, using a pho-tochemical reactor. Online and offline analytical techniques including SMPS, HR-AMS, H-TDMA, TD-API-AMS, were employed for physical and chemical characterization of the chamber SOA and nebulized filter extracts. After Aqueous Phase processing, the particles were significantly more hy-groscopic, and HR-AMS data showed higher signal intensity at m/z 44 and a lower signal intensity at m/z 43, thus showing the impact of Aqueous Phase processing on SOA aging, in good agreement with a few previous studies. Additional offline measurement techniques (IC-MS, APCI-MS 2 and HPLC-APCI-MS) permitted the identification and quantifi-cation of sixteen individual chemical compounds before and after Aqueous Phase processing. Among these compounds, small organic acids (including formic, glyoxylic, glycolic, butyric, oxalic and 2,3-dihydroxymethacrylic acid (i.e. 2-methylglyceric acid)) were detected, and their concentrations significantly increased after Aqueous Phase processing. In particular, the Aqueous Phase formation of 2-methylglyceric acid and trihydroxy-3-methylbutanal was correlated with the consumption of 2,3-dihydroxy-2-methyl-propanal, and 2-methylbutane-1,2,3,4-tetrol, respectively, and an Aqueous Phase mechanism was proposed accordingly. Overall, the aging effect observed here was rather small compared to previous studies, and this limited effect could possibly be explained by the lower liquid Phase OH concentrations employed here, and/or the development of oligomers observed during Aqueous Phase processing.
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Aqueous Phase processing of secondary organic aerosols
2011Co-Authors: Yao Liu, Torsten Tritscher, Arnaud P. Praplan, Peter F. Decarlo, Brice Temime-roussel, Etienne Quivet, N. Marchand, J. Dommen, Urs Baltensperger, Anne MonodAbstract:Abstract. The aging of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) by photooxidation in the Aqueous Phase was experimentally investigated. To simulate multiPhase processes, the following experiments were sequentially performed in a smog chamber and in an Aqueous Phase photoreactor: (1) Gas-Phase photooxidation of three different volatile organic compounds (VOC): isoprene, α-pinene, and 1,3,5-trimethylbenzene (TMB) in the presence of NOx, leading to the formation of SOA which was subjected to on-line physical and chemical analysis; (2) particle-to-liquid transfer of water soluble species of SOA using filter sampling and Aqueous extraction; (3) Aqueous-Phase photooxidation of the obtained water extracts; and (4) nebulization of the solutions for a repetition of the on-line characterization. SOA concentrations in the chamber measured with a scanning mobility particle sizer (SMPS) were higher than 200 μg m−3, as the experiments were conducted under high initial concentrations of volatile organic compounds (VOC) and NOx. The aging of SOA through Aqueous Phase processing was investigated by measuring the physical and chemical properties of the particles online before and after processing using a high resolution time-of-flight aerosol mass spectrometer (AMS) and a hygroscopicity tandem differential mobility analyzer (H-TDMA). It was shown that, after Aqueous Phase processing, the particles were significantly more hygroscopic, and contained more fragmentation ions at m/z = 44 and less ions at m/z = 43, thus showing a significant impact on SOA aging for the three different precursors. Additionally, the particles were analyzed with a thermal desorption atmospheric pressure ionization aerosol mass spectrometer (TD-API-AMS). Comparing the smog chamber SOA composition and non processed nebulized Aqueous extracts with this technique revealed that sampling, extraction and/or nebulization did not significantly impact the chemical composition of SOA formed from isoprene and α-pinene, whereas it affected that formed from TMB. For the two first precursors, the Aqueous Phase chemical composition of SOA was further investigated using offline measurements, i.e. ion chromatography coupled to a mass spectrometer (IC-MS) and an atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometer (APCI-MS) equipped with high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC-MS). These analyses showed that Aqueous Phase processing enhanced the formation of some compounds already present in the SOA, thus confirming the aging effect of Aqueous Phase processes. For isoprene experiments, additional new compounds, likely oligomers, were formed through Aqueous Phase photooxidation, and their possible origins are discussed.