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Robie W. Macdonald - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • The Arctic Ocean Estuary
    Estuaries and Coasts, 2012
    Co-Authors: James W. Mcclelland, R. M. Holmes, K. H. Dunton, Robie W. Macdonald
    Abstract:

    Large freshwater contributions to the Arctic Ocean from a variety of sources combine in what is, by global standards, a remarkably small Ocean basin. Indeed, the Arctic Ocean receives ∼11% of global river discharge while accounting for only ∼1% of global Ocean volume. As a consequence, estuarine gradients are a defining feature not only near-shore, but throughout the Arctic Ocean. Sea-ice dynamics also play a pivotal role in the salinity regime, adding salt to the underlying water during ice formation and releasing fresh water during ice thaw. Our understanding of physical–chemical–biological interactions within this complex system is rapidly advancing. However, much of the estuarine research to date has focused on summer, open water conditions. Furthermore, our current conceptual model for Arctic estuaries is primarily based on studies of a few major river inflows. Future advancement of estuarine research in the Arctic requires concerted seasonal coverage as well as a commitment to working within a broader range of systems. With clear signals of climate change occurring in the Arctic and greater changes anticipated in the future, there is good reason to accelerate estuarine research efforts in the region. In particular, elucidating estuarine dynamics across the near-shore to Ocean-wide domains is vital for understanding potential climate impacts on local ecosystems as well as broader climate feedbacks associated with storage and release of fresh water and carbon.

  • the organic carbon cycle in the Arctic Ocean
    EPIC3Berlin [u.a.] : Springer 363 p. ISBN: 3-540-01153-6, 2004
    Co-Authors: Ruediger Stein, Robie W. Macdonald
    Abstract:

    1 The Arctic Ocean: Boundary Conditions and Background Information.- 1.1 Physiography and Bathymetry of the Arctic Ocean.- 1.1.1 Introduction.- 1.1.2 Definition of the Arctic Ocean and its Constituent Seas.- 1.1.3 Bathymetry and Physiography.- 1.1.4 Volumes, Areas and Mean Depths of the Arctic Ocean and its Constituent Seas.- 1.2 The Arctic Ocean: Modern Status and Recent Climate Change.- 1.2.1 Modern hydrography and Sea-ice Cover of the Arctic Ocean.- 1.2.2 The Arctic Ocean and Global Change.- 1.2.2.1 The distant past.- 1.2.2.2 Recent change and the Arctic Oscillation.- 1.2.2.3 The Future.- 1.3 The Tectonic Evolution of the Arctic Ocean: Overview and Perspectives.- 1.4 Geochemical Proxies Used for Organic Carbon Source Identification in Arctic Ocean Sediments.- 1.4.1 Introduction.- 1.4.2 Organic geochemical bulk parameters.- 1.4.3 Maceral composition.- 1.4.4 Biomarker composition.- 1.4.5 The application of redox markers to organic carbon sediment geochemistry.- 2 Modern Terrigenous Organic Carbon Input to the Arctic Ocean.- 2.1 General Introduction.- 2.2 River Input.- 2.2.1 Introduction.- 2.2.2 River water and suspended matter.- 2.2.3 Fluxes of organic carbon.- 2.3 Organic Carbon Input to the Artic Seas Through Coastal Erosion.- 2.3.1 Introduction.- 2.3.2 Methodology.- 2.3.3 Coastal organic carbon input.- 2.4 The Role of Arctic Sea Ice in Transporting and Cycling Terrestrial Organic Matter.- 2.4.1 Introduction.- 2.4.2 Methods.- 2.4.3 Sea ice transport in the Arctic Ocean and entrainment of particulate matter.- 2.4.4 Dissolved organic carbon in sea ice.- 2.4.5 Particulate organic carbon in sea ice.- 2.4.6 Conclusions.- 2.5 Aeolian Input.- 2.6 Summary and Concluding Remarks.- 3 Primary and Secondary Production in the Arctic Seas.- 3.1 Introduction.- 3.2 Major Algal Groups and Their Distribution.- 3.2.1 Distribution of species.- 3.2.2 Nutritional and chemical properties.- 3.3 Limitation and Control of Primary Production.- 3.3.1 Light.- 3.3.2 Nutrients.- 3.4 Primary Production and Growth Rate.- 3.4.1 New vs. regenerative primary production.- 3.4.2 Chla: C ratio, light saturation index, photoacclimation.- 3.4.3 Growth rate.- 3.4.4 Growth strategies.- 3.5 Seasonality.- 3.5.1 Pre-bloom, winter and survial.- 3.5.2 Spring blooms, vertical mixing and ice-edge blooms.- 3.5.3 The post bloom.- 3.6 Distribution of Primary Production.- 3.6.1 The deep Arctic Ocean Basin.- 3.6.2 Polynyas.- 3.6.3 Arctic Shelf Seas.- 3.6.4 The Atlantic sector: The Nordic Seas, Baffin Bay, Hudson Bay and Labrador Sea.- 3.6.5 Bering Shelf.- 3.6.6 Oceanic Bering Sea.- 3.6.7 Sea of Okhotsk.- 3.7 Mesozooplankton.- 3.7.1 Mesozooplankton biomass.- 3.7.2 Grazing and mesozooplankton production.- 3.7.3 Match-mismatch.- 3.8 Primary Production - Impact of Climate Change.- 3.9 Summary and Concluding Remarks.- 4 The Role of Dissolved Organic Matter for the Organic Carbon Cycle in the Arctic Ocean.- 4.1 Introduction.- 4.2 Riverine DOM on Arctic Shelves and Beyond.- 4.2.1 Estuarine Mixing.- 4.2.2 Chemical characteristics and origin of DOM on the Eurasian shelf.- 4.2.3 The role of bacteria and photochemical processes on the Eurasian shelf.- 4.2.4 The role of sea ice formation on DOM on the Eurasian shelf.- 4.2.5 The distribution of terrestrial DOM in the central Arctic Ocean and the GIN Sea.- 4.3 Distribution, Chemical Composition, and Fluxes of Marine DOM in the Central Arctic Ocean.- 4.3.1 Primary production and bacterial utilization of DOM.- 4.3.2 DOM distribution and chemical composition.- 4.3.3 DOC exchanges between the Arctic Ocean and adjacent Ocean basins.- 4.3.4 Vertical export of DOC in the Arctic Ocean.- 4.4 Summary and Concluding Remarks.- 5 Particulate Organic Carbon Flux to the Arctic Ocean Sea Floor.- 5.1 Introduction.- 5.2 What do we Know About Vertical Carbon Flux from the Arctic Ocean.- 5.3 Case Studies.- 5.3.1 North Water Polynya (B. Hargrave).- 5.3.2 North East Water Polynya (E. Bauerfeind).- 5.3.3 Greenland Sea (R. Peinert, T. Noji).- 5.3.4 Central Barents Sea and Northern Spitsbergen.- 5.3.5 Eastern Barents Sea and Kara Sea (V. Shevchenko).- 5.3.6 Laptev Sea and Lomonosov Ridge (E.-M. Nothig, V. Shevchenko).- 5.3.7 Northern Bering Sea (H. Sasaki, M. Fukuchi).- 5.3.8 Canadian Ice Island (B. Hargrave).- 5.3.9 Canadian Archipelago: Barrow Strait (M. Fortier).- 5.4 Regional Variability in POC Export Flux in the Arctic Ocean Determined Using 234Th as a Tracer.- 5.4.1 Introduction and Background.- 5.4.2 Uncertainties in 234Th-derived POC Export Fluxes.- 5.4.3 Regional Variability in Arctic POC Export Fluxes.- 5.4.4 Conclusions.- 5.5 Particulate Organic Carbon Flux to the Seafloor of the Arctic Ocean: Quantity, Seasonality and Processes.- 5.5.1 Seasonal and Annual Estimates of Vertical Carbon Export.- 5.5.2 Ice, Light, Stratification, and Vertical Carbon Export.- 5.5.3 River Run-off, Resuspension, and Vertical Carbon Export.- 5.5.4 High Retention of Vertical Carbon Export in the Twilight Zone of the Arctic Ocean.- 5.5.5 Global Warming and Vertical Carbon Export.- 5.6 Summary and Concluding Remarks.- 6 The Benthos of Arctic Seas and its Role for the Organic Carbon Cycle at the Seafloor.- 6.1 Introduction.- 6.2 Origin and Evolution of Arctic Habitats and Species.- 6.3 Food Supply of the Arctic Benthos: Sources and Pathways.- 6.4 Benthic Communities of the Arctic Seas.- 6.4.1 Arctic Shelves and Margins.- 6.4.2 Central Arctic.- 6.5 Organic Carbon Utilization by the Arctic Benthos.- 6.5.1 Arctic Continental Shelves.- 6.5.2 Central Arctic Ocean.- 6.6 Summary and Concluding Remarks.- 7 Organic Carbon in Arctic Ocean Sediments: Sources, Variability, Burial, and Paleoenvironmental Significance.- 7.1 Organic Carbon in Arctic Ocean Sediments: A General Introduction.- 7.1.1 Pre-Quaternary (Jurassic-Cretaceous) Organic Carbon Records.- 7.1.2 Modern and Late Quaternary Organic Carbon Records.- 7.2 The Beaufort Sea: Distribution, Sources, Fluxes, and Burial Rates of Organic Carbon.- 7.2.1 Introduction.- 7.2.2 Data Base.- 7.2.3 Distribution and Sources of Organic Carbon in Surface Sediments.- 7.2.4 The Effect of Sea-level Rise During the Holocene.- 7.2.5 Burial Rates of Organic Carbon and Budget.- 7.2.6 Summary and Concluding Remarks.- 7.3 The Continental Margin of the North Bering-Chukchi Sea: Distribution, Sources, Fluxes, and Burial Rates of Organic Carbon.- 7.3.1 Introduction.- 7.3.2 Data Base, Material and Methods.- 7.3.3 Distribution and Sources of Organic Carbon in Surface Sediments.- 7.3.4 Fluxes, Accumulation, Burial Rates, and Remineralization of OC, and Benthic Oxygen Uptake Rates.- 7.3.5 Summary and Concluding Remarks.- 7.4 The East Siberian Sea: Distribution, Sources, and Burial of Organic Carbon.- 7.4.1 Introduction.- 7.4.2 Data base, Material and Methods.- 7.4.3 Distribution and Sources of Organic Carbon in Surface Sediments.- 7.4.4 Burial Rates of Organic Carbon.- 7.4.5 Summary and Concluding Remarks.- 7.5 The Laptev Sea: Distribution, Sources,Variability and Burial of Organic Carbon.- 7.5.1 Introduction.- 7.5.2 Data base, Material and Methods.- 7.5.3 Distribution and Sources of Organic Carbon in Surface Sediments.- 7.5.4 Late Quaternary Organic Carbon Records and Paleoenvironment.- 7.5.5 Accumulation Rates and Budget of Total Sediment and Organic Carbon.- 7.5.6 Summary and Concluding Remarks.- 7.6 The Kara Sea: Distribution, Sources,Variability and Burial of Organic Carbon.- 7.6.1 Introduction.- 7.6.2 Data base, Material and Methods.- 7.6.3 Distribution and Sources of Organic Carbon in Surface Sediments.- 7.6.4 Late Quaternary Organic Carbon Records and Paleoenvironment.- 7.6.5 Budget of Total Sediment and Organic Carbon.- 7.6.6 Summary and Concluding Remarks.- 7.7 The Barents Sea: Distribution, Sources,Variability and Burial of Organic Carbon.- 7.7.1 Introduction.- 7.7.2 Data base, Material and Methods.- 7.7.3 Distribution and Sources of Organic Carbon in Surface Sediments.- 7.7.4 Late Quaternary Organic Carbon Records and Paleoenvironment.- 7.7.5 Burial Rates and Organic Carbon Budget.- 7.7.6 Summary and Concluding Remarks.- 7.8 Northern Fram Strait und Yermak Plateau: Distribution,Variability and Burial of Organic Carbon and Paleoenvironmental Implications.- 7.8.1 Introduction.- 7.8.2 Data base, Material and Methods.- 7.8.3 Distribution and Sources of Organic Carbon in Surface Sediments.- 7.8.4 Late Quaternary Organic Carbon Records and Paleoenvironment.- 7.8.5 Accumulation Rates and Organic Carbon Budget.- 7.8.6 Summary and Concluding Remarks.- 7.9 The Central Arctic Ocean: Distribution, Sources, Variability and Burial of Organic Carbon.- 7.9.1 Introduction.- 7.9.2 Data base, Material and Methods.- 7.9.3 Distribution and Sources of Organic Carbon in Surface Sediments.- 7.9.4 Late Quaternary Organic Carbon Records and Paleoenvironment.- 7.9.5 Accumulation Rates and Budget of Total Sediment and Organic Carbon.- 7.9.6 Summary and Concluding Remarks.- 8 Organic Carbon Budget: Arctic Ocean vs. Global Ocean.- 8.1 Introduction.- 8.2 Global Organic Carbon Fluxes: Sources and Sinks.- 8.3 Arctic Ocean Organic Carbon Fluxes: Sources and Sinks.- 8.4 Summary and Concluding Remarks.- 9 References.

  • The Organic Carbon Cycle in the Arctic Ocean - The organic carbon cycle in the Arctic Ocean
    2004
    Co-Authors: Ruediger Stein, Robie W. Macdonald
    Abstract:

    1 The Arctic Ocean: Boundary Conditions and Background Information.- 1.1 Physiography and Bathymetry of the Arctic Ocean.- 1.1.1 Introduction.- 1.1.2 Definition of the Arctic Ocean and its Constituent Seas.- 1.1.3 Bathymetry and Physiography.- 1.1.4 Volumes, Areas and Mean Depths of the Arctic Ocean and its Constituent Seas.- 1.2 The Arctic Ocean: Modern Status and Recent Climate Change.- 1.2.1 Modern hydrography and Sea-ice Cover of the Arctic Ocean.- 1.2.2 The Arctic Ocean and Global Change.- 1.2.2.1 The distant past.- 1.2.2.2 Recent change and the Arctic Oscillation.- 1.2.2.3 The Future.- 1.3 The Tectonic Evolution of the Arctic Ocean: Overview and Perspectives.- 1.4 Geochemical Proxies Used for Organic Carbon Source Identification in Arctic Ocean Sediments.- 1.4.1 Introduction.- 1.4.2 Organic geochemical bulk parameters.- 1.4.3 Maceral composition.- 1.4.4 Biomarker composition.- 1.4.5 The application of redox markers to organic carbon sediment geochemistry.- 2 Modern Terrigenous Organic Carbon Input to the Arctic Ocean.- 2.1 General Introduction.- 2.2 River Input.- 2.2.1 Introduction.- 2.2.2 River water and suspended matter.- 2.2.3 Fluxes of organic carbon.- 2.3 Organic Carbon Input to the Artic Seas Through Coastal Erosion.- 2.3.1 Introduction.- 2.3.2 Methodology.- 2.3.3 Coastal organic carbon input.- 2.4 The Role of Arctic Sea Ice in Transporting and Cycling Terrestrial Organic Matter.- 2.4.1 Introduction.- 2.4.2 Methods.- 2.4.3 Sea ice transport in the Arctic Ocean and entrainment of particulate matter.- 2.4.4 Dissolved organic carbon in sea ice.- 2.4.5 Particulate organic carbon in sea ice.- 2.4.6 Conclusions.- 2.5 Aeolian Input.- 2.6 Summary and Concluding Remarks.- 3 Primary and Secondary Production in the Arctic Seas.- 3.1 Introduction.- 3.2 Major Algal Groups and Their Distribution.- 3.2.1 Distribution of species.- 3.2.2 Nutritional and chemical properties.- 3.3 Limitation and Control of Primary Production.- 3.3.1 Light.- 3.3.2 Nutrients.- 3.4 Primary Production and Growth Rate.- 3.4.1 New vs. regenerative primary production.- 3.4.2 Chla: C ratio, light saturation index, photoacclimation.- 3.4.3 Growth rate.- 3.4.4 Growth strategies.- 3.5 Seasonality.- 3.5.1 Pre-bloom, winter and survial.- 3.5.2 Spring blooms, vertical mixing and ice-edge blooms.- 3.5.3 The post bloom.- 3.6 Distribution of Primary Production.- 3.6.1 The deep Arctic Ocean Basin.- 3.6.2 Polynyas.- 3.6.3 Arctic Shelf Seas.- 3.6.4 The Atlantic sector: The Nordic Seas, Baffin Bay, Hudson Bay and Labrador Sea.- 3.6.5 Bering Shelf.- 3.6.6 Oceanic Bering Sea.- 3.6.7 Sea of Okhotsk.- 3.7 Mesozooplankton.- 3.7.1 Mesozooplankton biomass.- 3.7.2 Grazing and mesozooplankton production.- 3.7.3 Match-mismatch.- 3.8 Primary Production - Impact of Climate Change.- 3.9 Summary and Concluding Remarks.- 4 The Role of Dissolved Organic Matter for the Organic Carbon Cycle in the Arctic Ocean.- 4.1 Introduction.- 4.2 Riverine DOM on Arctic Shelves and Beyond.- 4.2.1 Estuarine Mixing.- 4.2.2 Chemical characteristics and origin of DOM on the Eurasian shelf.- 4.2.3 The role of bacteria and photochemical processes on the Eurasian shelf.- 4.2.4 The role of sea ice formation on DOM on the Eurasian shelf.- 4.2.5 The distribution of terrestrial DOM in the central Arctic Ocean and the GIN Sea.- 4.3 Distribution, Chemical Composition, and Fluxes of Marine DOM in the Central Arctic Ocean.- 4.3.1 Primary production and bacterial utilization of DOM.- 4.3.2 DOM distribution and chemical composition.- 4.3.3 DOC exchanges between the Arctic Ocean and adjacent Ocean basins.- 4.3.4 Vertical export of DOC in the Arctic Ocean.- 4.4 Summary and Concluding Remarks.- 5 Particulate Organic Carbon Flux to the Arctic Ocean Sea Floor.- 5.1 Introduction.- 5.2 What do we Know About Vertical Carbon Flux from the Arctic Ocean.- 5.3 Case Studies.- 5.3.1 North Water Polynya (B. Hargrave).- 5.3.2 North East Water Polynya (E. Bauerfeind).- 5.3.3 Greenland Sea (R. Peinert, T. Noji).- 5.3.4 Central Barents Sea and Northern Spitsbergen.- 5.3.5 Eastern Barents Sea and Kara Sea (V. Shevchenko).- 5.3.6 Laptev Sea and Lomonosov Ridge (E.-M. Nothig, V. Shevchenko).- 5.3.7 Northern Bering Sea (H. Sasaki, M. Fukuchi).- 5.3.8 Canadian Ice Island (B. Hargrave).- 5.3.9 Canadian Archipelago: Barrow Strait (M. Fortier).- 5.4 Regional Variability in POC Export Flux in the Arctic Ocean Determined Using 234Th as a Tracer.- 5.4.1 Introduction and Background.- 5.4.2 Uncertainties in 234Th-derived POC Export Fluxes.- 5.4.3 Regional Variability in Arctic POC Export Fluxes.- 5.4.4 Conclusions.- 5.5 Particulate Organic Carbon Flux to the Seafloor of the Arctic Ocean: Quantity, Seasonality and Processes.- 5.5.1 Seasonal and Annual Estimates of Vertical Carbon Export.- 5.5.2 Ice, Light, Stratification, and Vertical Carbon Export.- 5.5.3 River Run-off, Resuspension, and Vertical Carbon Export.- 5.5.4 High Retention of Vertical Carbon Export in the Twilight Zone of the Arctic Ocean.- 5.5.5 Global Warming and Vertical Carbon Export.- 5.6 Summary and Concluding Remarks.- 6 The Benthos of Arctic Seas and its Role for the Organic Carbon Cycle at the Seafloor.- 6.1 Introduction.- 6.2 Origin and Evolution of Arctic Habitats and Species.- 6.3 Food Supply of the Arctic Benthos: Sources and Pathways.- 6.4 Benthic Communities of the Arctic Seas.- 6.4.1 Arctic Shelves and Margins.- 6.4.2 Central Arctic.- 6.5 Organic Carbon Utilization by the Arctic Benthos.- 6.5.1 Arctic Continental Shelves.- 6.5.2 Central Arctic Ocean.- 6.6 Summary and Concluding Remarks.- 7 Organic Carbon in Arctic Ocean Sediments: Sources, Variability, Burial, and Paleoenvironmental Significance.- 7.1 Organic Carbon in Arctic Ocean Sediments: A General Introduction.- 7.1.1 Pre-Quaternary (Jurassic-Cretaceous) Organic Carbon Records.- 7.1.2 Modern and Late Quaternary Organic Carbon Records.- 7.2 The Beaufort Sea: Distribution, Sources, Fluxes, and Burial Rates of Organic Carbon.- 7.2.1 Introduction.- 7.2.2 Data Base.- 7.2.3 Distribution and Sources of Organic Carbon in Surface Sediments.- 7.2.4 The Effect of Sea-level Rise During the Holocene.- 7.2.5 Burial Rates of Organic Carbon and Budget.- 7.2.6 Summary and Concluding Remarks.- 7.3 The Continental Margin of the North Bering-Chukchi Sea: Distribution, Sources, Fluxes, and Burial Rates of Organic Carbon.- 7.3.1 Introduction.- 7.3.2 Data Base, Material and Methods.- 7.3.3 Distribution and Sources of Organic Carbon in Surface Sediments.- 7.3.4 Fluxes, Accumulation, Burial Rates, and Remineralization of OC, and Benthic Oxygen Uptake Rates.- 7.3.5 Summary and Concluding Remarks.- 7.4 The East Siberian Sea: Distribution, Sources, and Burial of Organic Carbon.- 7.4.1 Introduction.- 7.4.2 Data base, Material and Methods.- 7.4.3 Distribution and Sources of Organic Carbon in Surface Sediments.- 7.4.4 Burial Rates of Organic Carbon.- 7.4.5 Summary and Concluding Remarks.- 7.5 The Laptev Sea: Distribution, Sources,Variability and Burial of Organic Carbon.- 7.5.1 Introduction.- 7.5.2 Data base, Material and Methods.- 7.5.3 Distribution and Sources of Organic Carbon in Surface Sediments.- 7.5.4 Late Quaternary Organic Carbon Records and Paleoenvironment.- 7.5.5 Accumulation Rates and Budget of Total Sediment and Organic Carbon.- 7.5.6 Summary and Concluding Remarks.- 7.6 The Kara Sea: Distribution, Sources,Variability and Burial of Organic Carbon.- 7.6.1 Introduction.- 7.6.2 Data base, Material and Methods.- 7.6.3 Distribution and Sources of Organic Carbon in Surface Sediments.- 7.6.4 Late Quaternary Organic Carbon Records and Paleoenvironment.- 7.6.5 Budget of Total Sediment and Organic Carbon.- 7.6.6 Summary and Concluding Remarks.- 7.7 The Barents Sea: Distribution, Sources,Variability and Burial of Organic Carbon.- 7.7.1 Introduction.- 7.7.2 Data base, Material and Methods.- 7.7.3 Distribution and Sources of Organic Carbon in Surface Sediments.- 7.7.4 Late Quaternary Organic Carbon Records and Paleoenvironment.- 7.7.5 Burial Rates and Organic Carbon Budget.- 7.7.6 Summary and Concluding Remarks.- 7.8 Northern Fram Strait und Yermak Plateau: Distribution,Variability and Burial of Organic Carbon and Paleoenvironmental Implications.- 7.8.1 Introduction.- 7.8.2 Data base, Material and Methods.- 7.8.3 Distribution and Sources of Organic Carbon in Surface Sediments.- 7.8.4 Late Quaternary Organic Carbon Records and Paleoenvironment.- 7.8.5 Accumulation Rates and Organic Carbon Budget.- 7.8.6 Summary and Concluding Remarks.- 7.9 The Central Arctic Ocean: Distribution, Sources, Variability and Burial of Organic Carbon.- 7.9.1 Introduction.- 7.9.2 Data base, Material and Methods.- 7.9.3 Distribution and Sources of Organic Carbon in Surface Sediments.- 7.9.4 Late Quaternary Organic Carbon Records and Paleoenvironment.- 7.9.5 Accumulation Rates and Budget of Total Sediment and Organic Carbon.- 7.9.6 Summary and Concluding Remarks.- 8 Organic Carbon Budget: Arctic Ocean vs. Global Ocean.- 8.1 Introduction.- 8.2 Global Organic Carbon Fluxes: Sources and Sinks.- 8.3 Arctic Ocean Organic Carbon Fluxes: Sources and Sinks.- 8.4 Summary and Concluding Remarks.- 9 References.

  • Changes in temperature and tracer distributions within the Arctic Ocean: results from the 1994 Arctic Ocean section
    Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography, 1997
    Co-Authors: Eddy C. Carmack, Robie W. Macdonald, Knut Aagaard, James H. Swift, Fiona A. Mclaughlin, E. Peter Jones, Ronald G. Perkin, John N. Smith, Katherine M. Ellis, Linus R. Killius
    Abstract:

    Abstract Major changes in temperature and tracer properties within the Arctic Ocean are evident in a comparison of data obtained during the 1994 Arctic Ocean Section to earlier measurements. (1) Anomalously warm and well-ventilated waters are now found in the Nansen, Amundsen and Makarov basins, with the largest temperature differences, as much as 1 °C, in the core of the Atlantic layer (200–400 m). Thus thermohaline transition appears to follow from two distinct mechanisms: narrow (order 100 km), topographically-steered cyclonic flows that rapidly carry new water around the perimeters of the basins; and multiple intrusions, 40–60 m thick, which extend laterally into the basin interiors. (2) Altered nutrient distributions that within the halocline distinguish water masses of Pacific and Atlantic origins likewise point to a basin-wide redistribution of properties. (3) Distributions of CFCs associated with inflows from adjacent shelf regions and from the Atlantic demonstrate recent ventilation to depths exceeding 1800 m. (4) Concentrations of the pesticide HCH in the surface and halocline layers are supersaturated with respect to present atmospheric concentrations and show that the ice-capped Arctic Ocean is now a source to the global atmosphere of this contaminant. (5) The radionuclide 129I is now widespread throughout the Arctic Ocean. Although the current level of 129I level poses no significant radiological threat, its rapid arrival and wide distribution illustrate the speed and extent to which waterborne contaminants are dispersed within the Arctic Ocean on pathways along which other contaminants can travel from western European or Russian sources.

  • U.S., Canadian researchers explore Arctic Ocean
    Eos Transactions American Geophysical Union, 1996
    Co-Authors: Knut Aagaard, Robie W. Macdonald, E. P. Jones, L. A. Barrie, Eddy C. Carmack, Caren Garrity, Dan Lubin, James H. Swift, W. B. Tucker, Patricia A. Wheeler
    Abstract:

    During July–September 1994, two Canadian and U.S. ice breakers crossed the Arctic Ocean (Figure 1) to investigate the biological, chemical, and physical systems that define the role of the Arctic in global change. The results are changing our perceptions of the Arctic Ocean as a static environment with low biological productivity to a dynamic and productive system. The experiment was called the Arctic Ocean Section (AOS) and the ships were the Canadian Coast Guard ship Louis S. St.-Laurent and the U.S. Coast Guard cutter Polar Sea.

Ruediger Stein - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Arctic Ocean PaleOceanography and Future IODP Drilling
    The EGU General Assembly, 2015
    Co-Authors: Ruediger Stein
    Abstract:

    Although the Arctic Ocean is a major player in the global climate/earth system, this region is one of the last major physiographic provinces on Earth where the shortand long-term geological history is still poorly known. This lack in knowledge is mainly due to the major technological/logistical problems in operating within the permanently ice-covered Arctic region which makes it difficult to retrieve long and undisturbed sediment cores. Prior to 2004, in the central Arctic Ocean piston and gravity coring was mainly restricted to obtaining near-surface sediments, i.e. only the upper 15 m could be sampled. Thus, all studies were restricted to the late Pliocene/Quaternary time interval, with a few exceptions. These include the four short cores obtained by gravity coring from drifting ice floes over the Alpha Ridge, where older pre-Neogene organic-carbon-rich muds and laminated biosiliceous oozes were sampled. Continuous central Arctic Ocean sedimentary records, allowing a development of chronologic sequences of climate and environmental change through Cenozoic times and a comparison with global climate records, however, were missing prior to the IODP Expedition 302 (Arctic Ocean Coring Expedition – ACEX), the first scientific drilling in the central Arctic Ocean. By studying the unique ACEX sequence, a large number of scientific discoveries that describe previously unknown Arctic paleoenvironments, were obtained during the last decade (for most recent review and references see Stein et al., 2014). While these results from ACEX were unprecedented, key questions related to the climate history of the Arctic Ocean remain unanswered, in part because of poor core recovery, and in part because of the possible presence of a major mid-Cenozoic hiatus or interval of starved sedimentation within the ACEX record. In order to fill this gap in knowledge, international, multidisciplinary expeditions and projects for scientific drilling/coring in the Arctic Ocean are needed. Key areas and approaches for drilling and recovering undisturbed and complete sedimentary sequences are depth transects across the major Ocean ridge systems, such as the Lomonosov Ridge. These new detailed climate records spanning time intervals from the (late Cretaceous/)Paleogene Greenhouse world to the Neogene-Quaternary Icehouse world will give new insights into our understanding of the Arctic Ocean within the global climate system and provide an opportunity to test the performance of climate models used to predict future climate change. During the Polarstern Expedition PS87 in August-September 2014, new site survey data including detailed multibeam bathymetry, multi-channel seismic and Parasound profiling as well as geological coring, were obtained on Lomonosov Ridge (Stein, 2015), being the basis for a more precise planning and update for a future IODP drilling campaign.

  • Challenges in selecting sites for Arctic Ocean drilling
    Eos Transactions American Geophysical Union, 2012
    Co-Authors: Naja Mikkelsen, Bernard Coakley, Ruediger Stein
    Abstract:

    Overcoming Barriers to Arctic Ocean Drilling: The Site Survey Challenge; Copenhagen, Denmark, 1–3 November 2011 The climate of the high Arctic appears to be changing faster than any other region on Earth. To place contemporary change in context, it is necessary to use scientific Ocean drilling to sample the climate history stored in the sediments of the Arctic Ocean. The focus of the November 2011 workshop was to define site survey investigations for drilling campaigns based on existing proposals and preproposals; to identify themes and areas for developing new and innovative science proposals; and to discuss opportunities, technical needs, and limitations for drilling in the Arctic Ocean.

  • The great challenges in Arctic Ocean paleOceanography
    IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 2011
    Co-Authors: Ruediger Stein
    Abstract:

    Despite the importance of the Arctic in the climate system, the data base we have from this area is still very weak, and large parts of the climate history have not been recovered at all in sedimentary sections. In order to fill this gap in knowledge, international, multidisciplinary expeditions and projects for scientific drilling/coring in the Arctic Ocean are needed. Key areas and approaches for drilling and recovering undisturbed and complete sedimentary sequences are depth transects across the major Ocean ridge systems, i.e., the Lomonosov Ridge, the Alpha-Mendeleev Ridge, and the Chukchi Plateau/Northwind Ridge, the Beaufort, Kara and Laptev sea continental margins, as well as the major Arctic gateways towards the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. The new detailed climate records from the Arctic Ocean spanning time intervals from the Late Cretaceous/Paleogene Greenhouse world to the Neogene-Quaternary Icehouse world and representing short- and long-term climate variability on scales from 10 to 10 6 years, will give new insights into our understanding of the Arctic Ocean within the global climate system and provide an opportunity to test the performance of climate models used to predict future climate change. With this, studying the Arctic Ocean is certainly one of the major challenges in climate research for the coming decades.

  • Investigating Arctic Ocean History: From Speculation to Reality: A Workshop to Prepare for Arctic Ocean Scientific Drilling; Bremerhaven, Germany, 3–5 November 2008
    Eos Transactions American Geophysical Union, 2009
    Co-Authors: Bernard Coakley, Ruediger Stein
    Abstract:

    The modern Arctic Ocean appears to be changing faster than any other region. To understand the potential extent of high-latitude climate change, it is necessary to sample the history stored in the sediments filling the basins and covering the ridges of the Arctic Ocean. These sediments have been imaged with seismic reflection data, but except for the superficial record, which has been piston cored, they have been sampled only in a few locations. In November 2008 a meeting was held at the Alfred Wegener Institute, in Germany, to plan the future of scientific drilling in the Arctic Ocean.

  • Pliocene palaeOceanography of the Arctic Ocean and subArctic seas
    Philosophical transactions. Series A Mathematical physical and engineering sciences, 2008
    Co-Authors: Jens Matthießen, Jochen Knies, Christoph Vogt, Ruediger Stein
    Abstract:

    The Pliocene is important in the geological evolution of the high northern latitudes. It marks the transition from restricted local- to extensive regional-scale glaciations on the circum-Arctic continents between 3.6 and 2.4 Ma. Since the Arctic Ocean is an almost land-locked basin, tectonic activity and sea-level fluctuations controlled the geometry of Ocean gateways and continental drainage systems, and exerted a major influence on the formation of continental ice sheets, the distribution of river run-off, and the circulation and water mass characteristics in the Arctic Ocean. The effect of a water mass exchange restricted to the Bering and Fram Straits on the Oceanography is unknown, but modelling experiments suggest that this must have influenced the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation. Cold conditions associated with perennial sea-ice cover might have prevailed in the central Arctic Ocean throughout the Pliocene, whereas colder periods alternated with warmer seasonally ice-free periods in the marginal areas. The most pronounced Oceanographic change occurred in the Mid-Pliocene when the circulation through the Bering Strait reversed and low-salinity waters increasingly flowed from the North Pacific into the Arctic Ocean. The excess freshwater supply might have facilitated sea-ice formation and contributed to a decrease in the Atlantic overturning circulation.

Andrey Proshutinsky - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Recent advances in Arctic Ocean studies employing models from the Arctic Ocean model intercomparison project
    Oceanography, 2011
    Co-Authors: Andrey Proshutinsky, Yevgeny Aksenov, Jaclyn Clement Kinney, Rüdiger Gerdes, Elena Golubeva, David M. Holland, Greg Holloway, Alexandra Jahn, Mark A. Johnson, Ekaterina Popova
    Abstract:

    Observational data show that the Arctic Ocean has significantly and rapidly changed over the last few decades, which is unprecedented in the observational record. Air and water temperatures have increased, sea ice volume and extent have decreased, permafrost has thawed, storminess has increased, sea level has risen, coastal erosion has progressed, and biological processes have become more complex and diverse. In addition, there are socio-economic impacts of Arctic environmental change on Arctic residents and the world, associated with tourism, oil and gas exploration, navigation, military operations, trade, and industry. This paper discusses important results of the Arctic Ocean Model Intercomparison Project, which is advancing the role of numerical modeling in Arctic Ocean and sea ice research by stimulating national and international synergies for high-latitude research.

  • Freshwater content variability in the Arctic Ocean
    Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 2004
    Co-Authors: Sirpa Häkkinen, Andrey Proshutinsky
    Abstract:

    [1] Arctic Ocean model simulations have revealed that the Arctic Ocean has a basin-wide oscillation with cyclonic and anticyclonic circulation anomalies (Arctic Ocean Oscillation (AOO)) that has a prominent decadal variability [Proshutinsky and Johnson, 1997]. This study explores how the simulated AOO affects the Arctic Ocean stratification and its relationship to the sea ice cover variations. The simulation uses the Princeton Ocean Model coupled to sea ice [Hakkinen and Mellor, 1992; Hakkinen, 1999]. The surface forcing is based on National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research Reanalysis and its climatology, of which the latter is used to force the model spin-up phase. Our focus is to investigate the competition between Ocean dynamics and ice formation/melt on the Arctic basin-wide freshwater balance. We find that changes in the Atlantic water inflow can explain almost all of the simulated freshwater anomalies in the main Arctic basin. The Atlantic water inflow anomalies are an essential part of AOO, which is the wind driven barotropic response to the Arctic Oscillation (AO). The baroclinic response to AO, such as Ekman pumping in the Beaufort Gyre, and ice melt/freeze anomalies in response to AO are less significant considering the whole Arctic freshwater balance.

  • Sea level rise in the Arctic Ocean
    Geophysical Research Letters, 2001
    Co-Authors: Andrey Proshutinsky, Vladimir Pavlov, Robert H. Bourke
    Abstract:

    About 60 tide-gauge stations in the Kara, Laptev, East-Siberian and Chukchi Seas have recorded the sea level change from the 1950s through 1990s. Over this 40-year period, most of these stations show a significant sea level rise (SLR). In light of global change, this SLR could be a manifestation of warming in the Arctic coupled with a decrease of sea ice extent, warming of Atlantic waters, changes in the Arctic Ocean circulation, and an increase in coastal erosion and thawing of permafrost. We have analyzed monthly mean sea level data and assessed the role that different factors may play in influencing the process of sea level change in the Arctic Ocean. Analysis of the observational data and model results shows that changes in the patterns of wind-driven and thermohaline circulation may account for most of the increase of sea level in the Arctic Ocean and their cumulative action can explain more than 80% of the sea level variability during 1950–1990.

  • Multinational effort studies differences among Arctic Ocean models
    Eos Transactions American Geophysical Union, 2001
    Co-Authors: Andrey Proshutinsky, David M. Holland, Michael Steele, Jinlun Zhang, Gregory Holloway, Nadja Steiner, Sirpa Häkkinen, Ruediger Gerdes, Cornelia Koeberle, Michael Karcher
    Abstract:

    The Arctic Ocean is an important component of the global climate system. The processes occurring in the Arctic Ocean affect the rate of deep and bottom water formation in the convective regions of the high North Atlantic and influence Ocean circulation across the globe. This fact is highlighted by global climate modeling studies that consistently show the Arctic to be one of the most sensitive regions to climate change. But an identification of the differences among models and model systematic errors in the Arctic Ocean remains unchecked, despite being essential to interpreting the simulation results and their implications for climate variability. For this reason, the Arctic Ocean Model Intercomparison Project (AOMIP), an international effort, was recently established to carry out a thorough analysis of model differences and errors. The geographical focus of this effort is shown in Figure 1.

  • Angular momentum of Arctic Ocean tides
    Journal of Geodesy, 1997
    Co-Authors: Richard D. Ray, Benjamin F. Chao, Zygmunt Kowalik, Andrey Proshutinsky
    Abstract:

    Oceanic tidal angular momentum (OTAM) is calculated for the four major tides of the Arctic Ocean, based on the tidal elevations and current velocities from a recent two-dimensional numerical hydrodynamic model. The presented OTAM tables are meant to be complementary to other modeling studies that use satellite altimetry (which cannot observe Arctic Ocean tides because of ice cover and limited satellite inclinations). Although the Arctic Ocean's influence on earth rotation is, as may be expected, relatively small, the rapid advancement of the subject now calls for such small contributions to be explicitly accounted for.

Leif G. Anderson - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Increase in acidifying water in the western Arctic Ocean
    Nature Climate Change, 2017
    Co-Authors: Liqi Chen, Leif G. Anderson, Baoshan Chen, Zhongyong Gao, Wenli Zhong, Richard A. Feely, Heng Sun, Jianfang Chen, Min Chen
    Abstract:

    Ocean acidification has expanded in the western Arctic Ocean. Observations from the 1990s to 2010 show that aragonite saturation levels have decreased, with low saturation water deepening to 250 m and increasing in area more rapidly than seen in other Oceans. The uptake of anthropogenic CO2 by the Ocean decreases seawater pH and carbonate mineral aragonite saturation state (Ωarag), a process known as Ocean Acidification (OA). This can be detrimental to marine organisms and ecosystems1,2. The Arctic Ocean is particularly sensitive to climate change3 and aragonite is expected to become undersaturated (Ωarag < 1) there sooner than in other Oceans4. However, the extent and expansion rate of OA in this region are still unknown. Here we show that, between the 1990s and 2010, low Ωarag waters have expanded northwards at least 5°, to 85° N, and deepened 100 m, to 250 m depth. Data from trans-western Arctic Ocean cruises show that Ωarag < 1 water has increased in the upper 250 m from 5% to 31% of the total area north of 70° N. Tracer data and model simulations suggest that increased Pacific Winter Water transport, driven by an anomalous circulation pattern and sea-ice retreat, is primarily responsible for the expansion, although local carbon recycling and anthropogenic CO2 uptake have also contributed. These results indicate more rapid acidification is occurring in the Arctic Ocean than the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans5,6,7,8, with the western Arctic Ocean the first open-Ocean region with large-scale expansion of ‘acidified’ water directly observed in the upper water column.

  • DOM in the Arctic Ocean
    Biogeochemistry of Marine Dissolved Organic Matter, 2015
    Co-Authors: Leif G. Anderson, Rainer M. W. Amon
    Abstract:

    Abstract There are several sources of dissolved organic matter (DOM) to the Arctic Ocean, input from surrounding seas, input from river runoff and internal production by biological activity. The input from the surrounding seas is around 250 × 1012 g C year− 1, but is accompanied by an outflow of nearly the same magnitude. No significant net transport of DOM can be deduced with the present data, indicating that the input by rivers and from surrounding seas as well as by biological production is balanced by the consumption by microbial degradation. Terrigenous DOM has been considered as relatively stable, but more recent studies show that at least part of it is degradable. The large input of terrigenous DOM makes the Arctic Ocean unique and offers us an additional Oceanographic tracer for this Ocean basin. In this chapter we use the chemical characteristics of Arctic DOM, including the elemental, isotopic, molecular level, and optical properties, to better describe the factors responsible for DOM distribution, transport, and fate.

  • The saturation of calcite and aragonite in the Arctic Ocean
    Marine Chemistry, 2004
    Co-Authors: Sara Jutterström, Leif G. Anderson
    Abstract:

    Abstract We report on the chemical saturation of CaCO 3 in the waters of the Arctic Ocean calculated from total alkalinity ( A T ) and total dissolved inorganic carbon (C T ). Data based on four different expeditions are presented: International Arctic Ocean Expedition (IAOE-91), Arctic Ocean Section 94 (AOS94), Polarstern Arctic '96 expedition (ACSYS 96), and Joint Ocean Ice Study 97 (JOIS 97). The results show a lysocline at around 3500 m for aragonite and that most of the Arctic Ocean sea floor lies above the lysocline for calcite. The only anomaly is the low degree of saturation at the shelf break depth in the Canadian Basin seen in the sections of the AOS94 and JOIS 97 cruises, correlated with nutrient maxima and very low O 2 concentration, suggesting decomposition of organic matter. The insignificant variability in degree of saturation between the deep waters of the different basins in the Arctic Ocean indicates a very low sedimentation/remineralisation of organic soft matter.

  • tracers of near surface halocline and deep waters in the Arctic Ocean implications for circulation
    Journal of Marine Systems, 1991
    Co-Authors: E. P. Jones, Leif G. Anderson, Douglas W R Wallace
    Abstract:

    Chemical tracers, natural and antropogenic, together with the traditional measurements of salinity and temperature have been used with considerable success to begin to piece together a picture of the origin and circulation patterns of the waters in the Arctic Ocean Basins. Until recently, most such measurements in the central Arctic Ocean were carried out from ice camps that provided a few isolated data sets. In 1987, the German icebreaker, F.S. Polarstern, completed the first Oceanographic section across a major Arctic Ocean Basin. Tracer data collected on this expedition, together with data from ice camps and expeditions to peripheral seas, have shown that the large continental shelves of the Arctic Ocean have a considerable influence on the distribution of chemicals in Arctic Ocean waters and these chemicals used as tracers can disclose the origin and circulation of Arctic Ocean water masses. This paper is intended as a review and synthesis of published and some previously unpublished data to provide as complete a picture as possible of the large-scale circulation of the Arctic Ocean.

Michael Karcher - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Pacific Water Pathways through the Arctic Ocean
    2020
    Co-Authors: Paul A. Dodd, Michael Karcher, Frank Kauker, Tore Hattermann, Colin A. Stedmon
    Abstract:

    &lt;p&gt;The volume, characteristics and sources of freshwater circulating in the Arctic Ocean vary in time and are expected to change under a declining sea ice cover, influencing the physical environment and Arctic ecosystem. Relatively fresh (S = 32) Pacific Water, which enters the Arctic Ocean via the Bering Strait makes up a significant part of the liquid freshwater exiting the Arctic Ocean through Fram Strait. If transported to the Nordic Seas and North Atlantic via the East- and West Greenland Currents freshwater from the Pacific could have an effect on convection and dense water formation in those regions.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;More than 30 repeated sections of nutrient measurements have been collected across Fram Strait between 1980 and 2019. The fraction of Pacific Water along these repeated sections can be estimated from the ratio of nitrate to phosphate. The time-series of repeated Fram Strait sections indicates that the fraction of Pacific Water passing out of the Arctic Ocean has changed significantly over the last 30 years. Pacific water fractions remained high from 1980 to 1998, but in 1999 Pacific water almost disappeared from Fram Strait, reappearing from 2011 to 2012, when there was a peak in freshwater export though Fram Strait.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Several hypotheses suggest how variations in the large-scale atmospheric circulation over the Arctic Ocean may influence the transport and pathways of Pacific Water. We show how anomalies in reanalysis wind fields are associated with the reappearance of Pacific Water in Fram Strait in recent years. Repeated sections across Fram Strait are compared with sea ice back-trajectories in the Polar Pathfinder 4 product and a simulated Pacific Water tracer in the NAOSIM numerical model to investigate likely Pacific water pathways through the Arctic Ocean and upstream drivers of changes observed in Fram Strait.&lt;/p&gt;

  • Arctic Ocean basin liquid freshwater storage trend 1992 2012
    Geophysical Research Letters, 2014
    Co-Authors: Benjamin Rabe, Richard A. Krishfield, John M. Toole, Michael Karcher, Frank Kauker, Ursula Schauer, Sergey Pisarev, Takashi Kikuchi
    Abstract:

    Freshwater in the Arctic Ocean plays an important role in the regional Ocean circulation, sea ice, and global climate. From salinity observed by a variety of platforms, we are able, for the first time, to estimate a statistically reliable liquid freshwater trend from monthly gridded fields over all upper Arctic Ocean basins. From 1992 to 2012 this trend was 600±300 km3 yr−1. A numerical model agrees very well with the observed freshwater changes. A decrease in salinity made up about two thirds of the freshwater trend and a thickening of the upper layer up to one third. The Arctic Ocean Oscillation index, a measure for the regional wind stress curl, correlated well with our freshwater time series. No clear relation to Arctic Oscillation or Arctic Dipole indices could be found. Following other observational studies, an increased Bering Strait freshwater import to the Arctic Ocean, a decreased Davis Strait export, and enhanced net sea ice melt could have played an important role in the freshwater trend we observed.

  • Arctic Ocean warming and its consequences for the Denmark Strait overflow
    Journal of Geophysical Research, 2011
    Co-Authors: Michael Karcher, Bert Rudels, Rüdiger Gerdes, Frank Kauker, Agnieszka Beszczynska-möller, Soenke Heyen, Ursula Schauer
    Abstract:

    [1] Two anomalously warm inflow pulses into the Atlantic Water Layer of the Arctic Ocean have occurred since the late 1980s. As a consequence temperatures of the Arctic basins at 200–800 m depth have increased considerably in comparison to earlier decades. The warm inflow pulses also had a low density. Owing to the decadal time scale of the circulation in the Atlantic Water Layer large pools of anomalously light water have thereby formed in the Arctic Ocean. These will slowly drain back south into the Nordic Seas. We submit that they will be able to influence the overflows into the Atlantic across the Greenland-Scotland ridges. The Atlantic meridional overturning is fed by these overflows. Our model experiments indicate that the low-density anomalies from the Arctic Ocean may be able to reduce the Denmark Strait overflow 15–25 years after the entrance of the original signal through Fram Strait into the Arctic Ocean. The actual size of the reduction depends on the exact path and speed of the anomalies inside the Arctic proper and on local processes in the Arctic Ocean and the Nordic Sea.

  • Arctic Ocean change heralds North Atlantic freshening
    Geophysical Research Letters, 2005
    Co-Authors: Michael Karcher, Rüdiger Gerdes, Frank Kauker, Cornelia Köberle, Igor Yashayaev
    Abstract:

    [1] A large pool of freshwater formed of ice and runoff is hosted by the Arctic Ocean. It exits through the Canadian Archipelago and Fram Strait to enter the North Atlantic deep water production regions. Using a numerical model and observations we trace a strong freshwater release to subpolar waters in the mid-1990s. In contrast to the ice export driven 1970's ‘Great Salinity Anomaly’ its source was a large additional liquid freshwater release from the Arctic Ocean. In fact it was a consequence of a change of the Arctic Ocean's thermohaline structure in response to the very intense North Atlantic Oscillation in the early 1990s. Our results show a strong link of large-scale Arctic Ocean changes with the freshwater flux to subpolar waters.

  • Multinational effort studies differences among Arctic Ocean models
    Eos Transactions American Geophysical Union, 2001
    Co-Authors: Andrey Proshutinsky, David M. Holland, Michael Steele, Jinlun Zhang, Gregory Holloway, Nadja Steiner, Sirpa Häkkinen, Ruediger Gerdes, Cornelia Koeberle, Michael Karcher
    Abstract:

    The Arctic Ocean is an important component of the global climate system. The processes occurring in the Arctic Ocean affect the rate of deep and bottom water formation in the convective regions of the high North Atlantic and influence Ocean circulation across the globe. This fact is highlighted by global climate modeling studies that consistently show the Arctic to be one of the most sensitive regions to climate change. But an identification of the differences among models and model systematic errors in the Arctic Ocean remains unchecked, despite being essential to interpreting the simulation results and their implications for climate variability. For this reason, the Arctic Ocean Model Intercomparison Project (AOMIP), an international effort, was recently established to carry out a thorough analysis of model differences and errors. The geographical focus of this effort is shown in Figure 1.

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