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David Lavallee - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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a qualitative investigation of the motivational climate in elite sport
Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 2014Co-Authors: Richard Keegan, Chris G Harwood, Christopher M Spray, David LavalleeAbstract:Abstract Objectives This study examined the construction of the motivational climate surrounding elite sports performers by investigating the behaviours of coaches, peers and pArents that were perceived to be motivationally relevant by elite athletes. Design Qualitative – inductive. Method Twenty-eight national, international and world-class athletes (15–29 years old) took part in semi-structured focus groups and interviews investigating how they believe coaches, pArents, and peers influence their motivation. Results An inductive content analysis indicated that elite athletes perceived a multitude of motivationally-relevant social cues. Coaches and peers were reported to be focal influences, whilst the role of pArents appeared to be limited to emotional and moral support. Themes of feedback/evaluation, and pre-performance motivating behaviours were common to all social agents, whereas only the coach–athlete and peer–athlete relationships appeared to be important in moderating and directly influencing motivation towards sport. The influences of social agents related to the specific roles they performed in the athlete's life: instruction and leadership for coaches; emotional support, collaborative and/or competitive behaviours for peers, and for pArents, a diminished role relative to when the athletes were younger. Conclusions A central finding of the paper is that there was no discernible one-to-one correspondence between specific behaviours and their impact on motivation. Instead, the findings suggest complex contextual interactions between the immediate behaviours of social agents and the impact on the athlete's motivation. If supported, this finding would necessitate new and novel approaches in future research in order to facilitate a more advanced understanding of athlete motivation in elite sport.
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the motivational atmosphere in youth sport coach parent and peer influences on motivation in specializing sport participants
Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 2010Co-Authors: Richard Keegan, Chris G Harwood, Christopher M Spray, David LavalleeAbstract:This study qualitatively examined the motivationally relevant behaviors of key social agents in specializing sport participants. Seventy-nine participants (9–18 years old) from 26 sports participated in semi-structured focus groups investigating how coaches, pArents, and peers may influence motivation. Using a critical-realist perspective, an inductive content analysis indicated that specializing athletes perceived a multitude of motivationally relevant social cues. Coaches’ and pArents’ influences were related to their specific roles: instruction/assessment for coaches, support-and-facilitation for pArents. Peers influenced motivation through competitive behaviors, collaborative behaviors, evaluative communications, and through their social relationships. The results help to delineate different roles for social agents in influencing athletes’ motivation.
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a qualitative investigation exploring the motivational climate in early career sports participants coach parent and peer influences on sport motivation
Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 2009Co-Authors: Richard Keegan, Chris G Harwood, Christopher M Spray, David LavalleeAbstract:Abstract Objectives The objectives of this research were a) to explore the applicability of ‘motivational climate’ research to early career athletes under the age of twelve, b) to re-examine the concept of ‘motivational climate’ in the light of recent scientific developments, and c) to concurrently study the influences of coaches, pArents and peers on athletic motivation. Design and Method Using a qualitative design, 40 participants (7–11 years of age) from various sports were interviewed in focus groups, using a semi-structured format to investigate the roles played by coaches, pArents, and peers in influencing athlete motivation. An inductive content analysis was conducted to determine which behaviours among these social agents influenced key motivational outcomes. Findings The analysis indicated that young athletes experience a motivational climate which shows consistencies with existing models of motivation; suggesting this population is worthy of further study. The influences of coaches related most strongly to the manner in which they perform their roles of instruction and assessment, whereas pArents' influences were most salient in terms of the way they support the child's participation and learning. Both pArents and coaches exerted influences through their leadership styles, affective responses and pre-performance behaviours. Peers influenced participants' motivation through competitive behaviours, collaborative behaviours, evaluative communications and through their social relationships. Conclusions This study provides an insight into the motivational climate experienced by young athletes and helps to delineate the different roles of social agents in influencing their motivation at this early stage of development.
Nelson C Mark - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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demographic patterns and household saving in china
American Economic Journal: Macroeconomics, 2015Co-Authors: Chadwick C Curtis, Steven Lugauer, Nelson C MarkAbstract:AbstractThis paper studies the effect that changing demographic patterns have had on the house-hold saving rate in China. We undertake a quantitative investigation using an overlappinggenerations (OLG) model where agents live for 85 years. Consumers begin to exercise deci-sion making when they are 18. From age 18 to 60, they work and raise children. Dependentchildren’s utility enter into parent’s utility where pArents choose the consumption level of theyoung until they leave the household. Working agents give a portion of their labor income totheir retired pArents and save for their own retirement while the aged live on their accumulatedassets and support from their children. Remaining assets are bequeathed to the living upondeath. We parameterize the model and take future demographic changes, labor income andinterest rates as exogenously given from the data. We then run the model from 1963 to 2009and find that the model accounts for nearly all the observed increase in the household savingrate.Keywords: Saving, Life-Cycle, China, Demographics, Overlapping GenerationsJEL: E2, J1
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demographic patterns and household saving in china
Social Science Research Network, 2011Co-Authors: Chadwick C Curtis, Steven Lugauer, Nelson C MarkAbstract:This paper studies the effect that changing demographic patterns have had on the household saving rate in China. We undertake a quantitative investigation using an overlapping generations (OLG) model where agents live for 85 years. Consumers begin to exercise decision making when they are 18. From age 18 to 60, they work and raise children. Dependent children's utility enter into parent's utility where pArents choose the consumption level of the young until they leave the household. Working agents give a portion of their labor income to their retired pArents and save for their own retirement while the aged live on their accumulated assets and support from their children. Remaining assets are bequeathed to the living upon death. We parameterize the model and take future demographic changes, labor income and interest rates as exogenously given from the data. We then run the model from 1963 to 2009 and find that the model accounts for nearly all the observed increase in the household saving rate.
Richard Keegan - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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a qualitative investigation of the motivational climate in elite sport
Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 2014Co-Authors: Richard Keegan, Chris G Harwood, Christopher M Spray, David LavalleeAbstract:Abstract Objectives This study examined the construction of the motivational climate surrounding elite sports performers by investigating the behaviours of coaches, peers and pArents that were perceived to be motivationally relevant by elite athletes. Design Qualitative – inductive. Method Twenty-eight national, international and world-class athletes (15–29 years old) took part in semi-structured focus groups and interviews investigating how they believe coaches, pArents, and peers influence their motivation. Results An inductive content analysis indicated that elite athletes perceived a multitude of motivationally-relevant social cues. Coaches and peers were reported to be focal influences, whilst the role of pArents appeared to be limited to emotional and moral support. Themes of feedback/evaluation, and pre-performance motivating behaviours were common to all social agents, whereas only the coach–athlete and peer–athlete relationships appeared to be important in moderating and directly influencing motivation towards sport. The influences of social agents related to the specific roles they performed in the athlete's life: instruction and leadership for coaches; emotional support, collaborative and/or competitive behaviours for peers, and for pArents, a diminished role relative to when the athletes were younger. Conclusions A central finding of the paper is that there was no discernible one-to-one correspondence between specific behaviours and their impact on motivation. Instead, the findings suggest complex contextual interactions between the immediate behaviours of social agents and the impact on the athlete's motivation. If supported, this finding would necessitate new and novel approaches in future research in order to facilitate a more advanced understanding of athlete motivation in elite sport.
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the motivational atmosphere in youth sport coach parent and peer influences on motivation in specializing sport participants
Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 2010Co-Authors: Richard Keegan, Chris G Harwood, Christopher M Spray, David LavalleeAbstract:This study qualitatively examined the motivationally relevant behaviors of key social agents in specializing sport participants. Seventy-nine participants (9–18 years old) from 26 sports participated in semi-structured focus groups investigating how coaches, pArents, and peers may influence motivation. Using a critical-realist perspective, an inductive content analysis indicated that specializing athletes perceived a multitude of motivationally relevant social cues. Coaches’ and pArents’ influences were related to their specific roles: instruction/assessment for coaches, support-and-facilitation for pArents. Peers influenced motivation through competitive behaviors, collaborative behaviors, evaluative communications, and through their social relationships. The results help to delineate different roles for social agents in influencing athletes’ motivation.
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a qualitative investigation exploring the motivational climate in early career sports participants coach parent and peer influences on sport motivation
Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 2009Co-Authors: Richard Keegan, Chris G Harwood, Christopher M Spray, David LavalleeAbstract:Abstract Objectives The objectives of this research were a) to explore the applicability of ‘motivational climate’ research to early career athletes under the age of twelve, b) to re-examine the concept of ‘motivational climate’ in the light of recent scientific developments, and c) to concurrently study the influences of coaches, pArents and peers on athletic motivation. Design and Method Using a qualitative design, 40 participants (7–11 years of age) from various sports were interviewed in focus groups, using a semi-structured format to investigate the roles played by coaches, pArents, and peers in influencing athlete motivation. An inductive content analysis was conducted to determine which behaviours among these social agents influenced key motivational outcomes. Findings The analysis indicated that young athletes experience a motivational climate which shows consistencies with existing models of motivation; suggesting this population is worthy of further study. The influences of coaches related most strongly to the manner in which they perform their roles of instruction and assessment, whereas pArents' influences were most salient in terms of the way they support the child's participation and learning. Both pArents and coaches exerted influences through their leadership styles, affective responses and pre-performance behaviours. Peers influenced participants' motivation through competitive behaviours, collaborative behaviours, evaluative communications and through their social relationships. Conclusions This study provides an insight into the motivational climate experienced by young athletes and helps to delineate the different roles of social agents in influencing their motivation at this early stage of development.
Nicolas Ris - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Intraspecific variability in the parasitoid wasp Trichogramma chilonis: can we predict the outcome of hybridization?
Evolutionary Applications, 2012Co-Authors: Chiara Benvenuto, Xavier Fauvergue, Elisabeth Tabone, Elodie Vercken, Nathalie Sorbier, Etty Colombel, Sylvie Warot, Nicolas RisAbstract:In the framework of biological control, the selection of effective natural enemies determines the final pest control. Thus, the genetic improvement of biocontrol agents could enhance the efficiency of biocontrol programs. Although promising, this approach has rarely been applied in this field. At the intraspecific level, hybridization between divergent populations of biocontrol agents is expected to promote hybrid vigor (heterosis), but it is not clear to what extent. An even more difficult task is the ability to predict the fitness of hybrids from the biological characteristics of their pArents. We investigated these general questions by crossing seven populations of the parasitoid wasp Trichogramma chilonis (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae). Our results show different levels of mating compatibilities among populations, including asymmetric or almost complete reproductive isolation. Hybrids' performance (fitness of the F 1 generation) ranges from inbreeding depression to heterosis. It was possible, to some extent, to predict hybrid fitness from pairwise genetic and phenotypic distances among pArents, in accordance with the dominance hypothesis. This may provide general guidelines for the genetic improvement of biological control agents.
Chris G Harwood - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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a qualitative investigation of the motivational climate in elite sport
Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 2014Co-Authors: Richard Keegan, Chris G Harwood, Christopher M Spray, David LavalleeAbstract:Abstract Objectives This study examined the construction of the motivational climate surrounding elite sports performers by investigating the behaviours of coaches, peers and pArents that were perceived to be motivationally relevant by elite athletes. Design Qualitative – inductive. Method Twenty-eight national, international and world-class athletes (15–29 years old) took part in semi-structured focus groups and interviews investigating how they believe coaches, pArents, and peers influence their motivation. Results An inductive content analysis indicated that elite athletes perceived a multitude of motivationally-relevant social cues. Coaches and peers were reported to be focal influences, whilst the role of pArents appeared to be limited to emotional and moral support. Themes of feedback/evaluation, and pre-performance motivating behaviours were common to all social agents, whereas only the coach–athlete and peer–athlete relationships appeared to be important in moderating and directly influencing motivation towards sport. The influences of social agents related to the specific roles they performed in the athlete's life: instruction and leadership for coaches; emotional support, collaborative and/or competitive behaviours for peers, and for pArents, a diminished role relative to when the athletes were younger. Conclusions A central finding of the paper is that there was no discernible one-to-one correspondence between specific behaviours and their impact on motivation. Instead, the findings suggest complex contextual interactions between the immediate behaviours of social agents and the impact on the athlete's motivation. If supported, this finding would necessitate new and novel approaches in future research in order to facilitate a more advanced understanding of athlete motivation in elite sport.
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the motivational atmosphere in youth sport coach parent and peer influences on motivation in specializing sport participants
Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 2010Co-Authors: Richard Keegan, Chris G Harwood, Christopher M Spray, David LavalleeAbstract:This study qualitatively examined the motivationally relevant behaviors of key social agents in specializing sport participants. Seventy-nine participants (9–18 years old) from 26 sports participated in semi-structured focus groups investigating how coaches, pArents, and peers may influence motivation. Using a critical-realist perspective, an inductive content analysis indicated that specializing athletes perceived a multitude of motivationally relevant social cues. Coaches’ and pArents’ influences were related to their specific roles: instruction/assessment for coaches, support-and-facilitation for pArents. Peers influenced motivation through competitive behaviors, collaborative behaviors, evaluative communications, and through their social relationships. The results help to delineate different roles for social agents in influencing athletes’ motivation.
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a qualitative investigation exploring the motivational climate in early career sports participants coach parent and peer influences on sport motivation
Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 2009Co-Authors: Richard Keegan, Chris G Harwood, Christopher M Spray, David LavalleeAbstract:Abstract Objectives The objectives of this research were a) to explore the applicability of ‘motivational climate’ research to early career athletes under the age of twelve, b) to re-examine the concept of ‘motivational climate’ in the light of recent scientific developments, and c) to concurrently study the influences of coaches, pArents and peers on athletic motivation. Design and Method Using a qualitative design, 40 participants (7–11 years of age) from various sports were interviewed in focus groups, using a semi-structured format to investigate the roles played by coaches, pArents, and peers in influencing athlete motivation. An inductive content analysis was conducted to determine which behaviours among these social agents influenced key motivational outcomes. Findings The analysis indicated that young athletes experience a motivational climate which shows consistencies with existing models of motivation; suggesting this population is worthy of further study. The influences of coaches related most strongly to the manner in which they perform their roles of instruction and assessment, whereas pArents' influences were most salient in terms of the way they support the child's participation and learning. Both pArents and coaches exerted influences through their leadership styles, affective responses and pre-performance behaviours. Peers influenced participants' motivation through competitive behaviours, collaborative behaviours, evaluative communications and through their social relationships. Conclusions This study provides an insight into the motivational climate experienced by young athletes and helps to delineate the different roles of social agents in influencing their motivation at this early stage of development.