The Experts below are selected from a list of 93 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
W. J. Edmunds - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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analyses of the 1957 Asian Influenza pandemic in the united kingdom and the impact of school closures
Epidemiology and Infection, 2008Co-Authors: Emilia Vynnycky, W. J. EdmundsAbstract:Many countries plan to close schools during a future Influenza pandemic, although the potential impact is poorly understood. We apply a model of the transmission dynamics of pandemic Influenza to consultation, serological and clinical data from the United Kingdom from the 1957 (Asian) Influenza pandemic, to estimate the basic reproduction number (R0), the proportion of infected individuals who experience clinical symptoms and the impact of school/nursery closures. The R0 for Asian Influenza was about 1.8 and 60-65% of infected individuals were estimated to have experienced clinical symptoms. During a future pandemic, closure of schools/nurseries could reduce the epidemic size only by a very small amount (<10%) if R0 is high (e.g. 2.5 or 3.5), and modest reductions, e.g. 22% might be possible if it is low (1.8) and schools are closed early, depending on assumptions about contact patterns. Further data on contact patterns and their dependence on school closures are needed.
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Analyses of the 1957 (Asian) Influenza pandemic in the United Kingdom and the impact of school closures
Epidemiology and infection, 2007Co-Authors: Emilia Vynnycky, W. J. EdmundsAbstract:Many countries plan to close schools during a future Influenza pandemic, although the potential impact is poorly understood. We apply a model of the transmission dynamics of pandemic Influenza to consultation, serological and clinical data from the United Kingdom from the 1957 (Asian) Influenza pandemic, to estimate the basic reproduction number (R0), the proportion of infected individuals who experience clinical symptoms and the impact of school/nursery closures. The R0 for Asian Influenza was about 1.8 and 60-65% of infected individuals were estimated to have experienced clinical symptoms. During a future pandemic, closure of schools/nurseries could reduce the epidemic size only by a very small amount (
Emilia Vynnycky - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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analyses of the 1957 Asian Influenza pandemic in the united kingdom and the impact of school closures
Epidemiology and Infection, 2008Co-Authors: Emilia Vynnycky, W. J. EdmundsAbstract:Many countries plan to close schools during a future Influenza pandemic, although the potential impact is poorly understood. We apply a model of the transmission dynamics of pandemic Influenza to consultation, serological and clinical data from the United Kingdom from the 1957 (Asian) Influenza pandemic, to estimate the basic reproduction number (R0), the proportion of infected individuals who experience clinical symptoms and the impact of school/nursery closures. The R0 for Asian Influenza was about 1.8 and 60-65% of infected individuals were estimated to have experienced clinical symptoms. During a future pandemic, closure of schools/nurseries could reduce the epidemic size only by a very small amount (<10%) if R0 is high (e.g. 2.5 or 3.5), and modest reductions, e.g. 22% might be possible if it is low (1.8) and schools are closed early, depending on assumptions about contact patterns. Further data on contact patterns and their dependence on school closures are needed.
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Analyses of the 1957 (Asian) Influenza pandemic in the United Kingdom and the impact of school closures
Epidemiology and infection, 2007Co-Authors: Emilia Vynnycky, W. J. EdmundsAbstract:Many countries plan to close schools during a future Influenza pandemic, although the potential impact is poorly understood. We apply a model of the transmission dynamics of pandemic Influenza to consultation, serological and clinical data from the United Kingdom from the 1957 (Asian) Influenza pandemic, to estimate the basic reproduction number (R0), the proportion of infected individuals who experience clinical symptoms and the impact of school/nursery closures. The R0 for Asian Influenza was about 1.8 and 60-65% of infected individuals were estimated to have experienced clinical symptoms. During a future pandemic, closure of schools/nurseries could reduce the epidemic size only by a very small amount (
John J. Skehel - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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structures of receptor complexes formed by hemagglutinins from the Asian Influenza pandemic of 1957
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2009Co-Authors: J Liu, D J Stevens, Lesley F Haire, Philip A Walker, P J Coombs, Rupert J Russell, Steven J Gamblin, John J. SkehelAbstract:The viruses that caused the three Influenza pandemics of the twentieth century in 1918, 1957, and 1968 had distinct hemagglutinin receptor binding glycoproteins that had evolved the capacity to recognize human cell receptors. We have determined the structure of the H2 hemagglutinin from the second pandemic, the “Asian Influenza” of 1957. We compare it with the 1918 “Spanish Influenza” hemagglutinin, H1, and the 1968 “Hong Kong Influenza” hemagglutinin, H3, and show that despite its close overall structural similarity to H1, and its more distant relationship to H3, the H2 receptor binding site is closely related to that of H3 hemagglutinin. By analyzing hemagglutinins of potential H2 avian precursors of the pandemic virus, we show that the human receptor can be bound by avian hemagglutinins that lack the human–specific mutations of H2 and H3 pandemic viruses, Gln-226Leu, and Gly-228Ser. We show how Gln-226 in the avian H2 receptor binding site, together with Asn-186, form hydrogen bond networks through bound water molecules to mediate binding to human receptor. We show that the human receptor adopts a very similar conformation in both human and avian hemagglutinin-receptor complexes. We also show that Leu-226 in the receptor binding site of human virus hemagglutinins creates a hydrophobic environment near the Sia-1-Gal-2 glycosidic linkage that favors binding of the human receptor and is unfavorable for avian receptor binding. We consider the significance for the development of pandemics, of the existence of avian viruses that can bind to both avian and human receptors.
J Liu - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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structures of receptor complexes formed by hemagglutinins from the Asian Influenza pandemic of 1957
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2009Co-Authors: J Liu, D J Stevens, Lesley F Haire, Philip A Walker, P J Coombs, Rupert J Russell, Steven J Gamblin, John J. SkehelAbstract:The viruses that caused the three Influenza pandemics of the twentieth century in 1918, 1957, and 1968 had distinct hemagglutinin receptor binding glycoproteins that had evolved the capacity to recognize human cell receptors. We have determined the structure of the H2 hemagglutinin from the second pandemic, the “Asian Influenza” of 1957. We compare it with the 1918 “Spanish Influenza” hemagglutinin, H1, and the 1968 “Hong Kong Influenza” hemagglutinin, H3, and show that despite its close overall structural similarity to H1, and its more distant relationship to H3, the H2 receptor binding site is closely related to that of H3 hemagglutinin. By analyzing hemagglutinins of potential H2 avian precursors of the pandemic virus, we show that the human receptor can be bound by avian hemagglutinins that lack the human–specific mutations of H2 and H3 pandemic viruses, Gln-226Leu, and Gly-228Ser. We show how Gln-226 in the avian H2 receptor binding site, together with Asn-186, form hydrogen bond networks through bound water molecules to mediate binding to human receptor. We show that the human receptor adopts a very similar conformation in both human and avian hemagglutinin-receptor complexes. We also show that Leu-226 in the receptor binding site of human virus hemagglutinins creates a hydrophobic environment near the Sia-1-Gal-2 glycosidic linkage that favors binding of the human receptor and is unfavorable for avian receptor binding. We consider the significance for the development of pandemics, of the existence of avian viruses that can bind to both avian and human receptors.
Jeremy Farrar - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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The Southeast Asian Influenza Clinical Research Network: development and challenges for a new multilateral research endeavor.
Antiviral research, 2007Co-Authors: Elizabeth S. Higgs, Frederick G. Hayden, Tawee Chotpitayasunondh, James A. G. Whitworth, Jeremy FarrarAbstract:The Southeast Asia Influenza Clinical Research Network (SEA ICRN) (www.seaclinicalresearch.org) is a recently developed multilateral, collaborative partnership that aims to advance scientific knowledge and management of human Influenza through integrated clinical investigation. The partnership of hospitals and institutions in Indonesia, Thailand, United Kingdom, United States, and Viet Nam was established in late 2005 after agreement on the general principles and mission of the initiative and after securing initial financial support. The establishment of the SEA ICRN was both a response to the re-emergence of the highly pathogenic avian Influenza A(H5N1) virus in Southeast Asia in late 2003 and an acknowledgment that clinical trials on emerging infectious diseases require prepared and coordinated research capacity. The objectives of the Network also include building sustainable research capacity in the region, compliance with international standards, and prompt dissemination of information and sharing of samples. The scope of research includes diagnosis, pathogenesis, treatment and prevention of human Influenza due to seasonal or novel viruses. The Network has overcome numerous logistical and scientific challenges but has now successfully initiated several clinical trials. The establishment of a clinical research network is a vital part of preparedness and an important element during an initial response phase to a pandemic.
