The Experts below are selected from a list of 360 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
Dermot Barnesholmes - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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training and testing for a transformation of fear and avoidance functions via combinatorial entailment using the implicit relational Assessment Procedure irap further exploratory analyses
Behavioural Processes, 2020Co-Authors: Aileen Leech, Dermot BarnesholmesAbstract:Experiment 1 of the current research attempted to establish fear and avoidance functions for arbitrary stimuli via combinatorial entailment using training and testing versions of the Implicit Relational Assessment Procedure (IRAP). The critical tests for the transformation of functions involved exposure to two separate Test-IRAPs (one for fear and one for avoidance), but both failed to yield any evidence for the transformation of functions. The findings of Experiment 1 contrast with the clear evidence of a transformation of functions via mutually entailed relations that was reported by Leech et al. (2018), thus suggesting a potential boundary condition for the IRAP as a training and testing context (i.e., derived transformation occurs for mutual but not combinatorial entailing). In Experiment 2, we sought to manipulate two of the dimensions of the multi-dimensional multi-level (MDML) framework to determine if they would alter the apparent boundary condition suggested by the results of Experiment 1. Results indicate that levels of derivation and an opportunity to respond to the derived relations play an important role in the transformation of fear and avoidance functions via combinatorial entailment within the IRAP context.
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combining the implicit relational Assessment Procedure and the recording of event related potentials in the analysis of racial bias a preliminary study
Psychological Record, 2017Co-Authors: Patricia M Power, Dermot Barnesholmes, Colin Harte, Yvonne BarnesholmesAbstract:The current study examined racial bias among White individuals residing in Ireland using the Implicit Relational Assessment Procedure (IRAP). In addition, neural activity, measured with electroencephalograms (EEGs), was recorded while participants completed the IRAP. On some blocks of trials, participants were required to respond quickly and accurately in a pro-White and anti-Black manner, whereas on other blocks they were required to respond in the opposite manner (anti-White or pro-Black). The difference in response latencies between these two types of trials provided an index of racial bias, and event-related potentials (ERPs), derived from the EEG signals, provided a simultaneous measure of brain activity during these responses. Results revealed anti-Black and pro-White biased responding on the IRAP in terms of differential response latencies. In addition, greater positivity in the ERP signals located in the frontal sites was recorded when participants responded in a pro-Black or anti-White pattern relative to a pro-White or anti-Black pattern. These results are broadly consistent with those of previous literature in the area and suggest that the IRAP is a potentially useful methodology for research in the field of affective neuroscience.
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exploring the behavioral dynamics of the implicit relational Assessment Procedure the role of relational contextual cues versus relational coherence indicators as response options
Psychological Record, 2016Co-Authors: Emma Maloney, Dermot BarnesholmesAbstract:The current study examined the role of relational contextual cues (Crels) versus relational coherence indicators (RCIs) as response options in the implicit relational Assessment Procedure (IRAP). Fifty-two university undergraduate participants successfully completed two consecutive IRAPs. Both IRAPs were similar except for the response options employed. The Crels similar and different served as response options for one IRAP with the RCIs true and false as response options for the other. The order in which the two different IRAPs were completed was counterbalanced across participants. Although the two types of response options yielded similar effects for the participants’ first exposures to the IRAPs, differences emerged during the second exposures. In addition, one of the four trial types from the IRAP appeared to be particularly sensitive to the Crel–RCI manipulation and the order in which the two types of IRAP blocks were presented (consistent-first versus inconsistent-first with natural verbal relations). The findings highlight the complex behavioral dynamics that may be involved in IRAP performances and suggest that even seemingly trivial components of the Procedure require systematic analysis.
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the implicit relational Assessment Procedure irap as a measure of spider fear avoidance and approach
Psychological Record, 2016Co-Authors: Aileen Leech, Dermot Barnesholmes, Lara MaddenAbstract:The current study examined the use of the Implicit Relational Assessment Procedure (IRAP) as a measure of spider fear, approach, and avoidance. Participants were drawn from a normative sample of university undergraduates. Experiment 1employed two IRAPs, one targeting spider fear, the other targeting spider approach/avoidance. The Fear of Spiders Questionnaire (FSQ) and a Behavioral Approach Task (BAT) using a spider moult were also employed. Negative response biases for spider fear and avoidance, but not for approach, were recorded. The bias for fear was significantly stronger than for avoidance and approach. Both IRAP’s failed to provide evidence for the predicative validity of the IRAP in terms of the BAT. Experiment 2 was a partial replication of Experiment 1 but using a live house spider instead of a moult for the BAT. A similar pattern of results was obtained across the two IRAPs, but one specific trial-type (Spider-Approach) predicted approach responses on the BAT. The research, thus, replicated a previously published study by Nicholson and Barnes-Holmes (2012), thus supporting the predictive validity of the IRAP but at a level of precision not provided in the earlier study. Implications for applied research are considered.
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a meta analysis of criterion effects for the implicit relational Assessment Procedure irap in the clinical domain
Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 2015Co-Authors: Nigel Vahey, Emma Nicholson, Dermot BarnesholmesAbstract:Abstract Background and objectives The Implicit Relational Assessment Procedure (IRAP) is a technique that is attracting a substantial body of research literature, particularly within the clinical domain. Method In response, the present paper outlines a meta-analysis of clinically-focused IRAP effects (N = 494) to provide the first estimate of how well such effects validate against their respective criterion variables in general. Results The meta-analysis incorporated clinically-focused IRAP effects from 15 studies yielding a large effect size, r ¯ = .45, with a desirably narrow 95% credibility interval (.23, .67). The funnel plot and subsequent sensitivity analyses indicated that this meta-effect was not subject to publication bias. Limitations The present meta-effect is an estimate based upon an IRAP literature that is still evolving rapidly in the clinical domain, and so as per its accompanying credibility interval, all conclusions that follow are necessarily provisional even if bounded. Apart from the fact that the current meta-effect might be subject to inadvertent under- and/or over-estimations of the current literature, the present meta-effect might strengthen with further refinements of the IRAP. Conclusions The current meta-effect provides the means to calculate what sample size would be required to achieve a statistical power of .80 when testing the criterion validity of clinically-focused IRAP effects using a given parametric statistic. For example, first-order Pearson correlations would hypothetically require an N of 29–37 for such purposes depending upon how conservatively over-estimation of the present meta-effect is controlled for. Overall, the IRAP compares favourably with alternative implicit measures in clinical psychology.
Janghyun Lee - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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simplified vulnerability Assessment Procedure for a warship based on the vulnerable area approach
Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology, 2012Co-Authors: Kwangsik Kim, Janghyun LeeAbstract:The vulnerability of a warship is defined as its inability to withstand a man-made hostile environment, and can be estimated by the conditional probability of being killed by a hit. We describe ship vulnerability given a penetration hit, and propose a vulnerability as- sessment Procedure that incorporates a vulnerable area approach to naval ship survivability. Measures of vulnerability indicate the killa- bility of critical components with respect to the effectiveness of hostile weapons. In the proposed methodology, a warship is considered to be an assembly of critical components representing an entire vulnerability. We evaluated the vulnerability of a warship subjected to penetration effects using hypothetical models because of the paucity of available data and information, and the effectiveness of such as- sessment methods during initial warship design. The proposed approach introduces critical component redundancy and overlap, the ef- fects of single hits and multiple hits, and attempts to directly apply the vulnerability Assessment technique to vulnerability reduction. The kill tree method, Markov chain method, and Poisson method are applied to multiple hits on critical components. Examples show that the proposed method can provide the vulnerability parameters of a warship under the threat of being hit by a vulnerable area approach, thereby enabling an Assessment of vulnerability.
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vulnerability Assessment Procedure for the warship including the effect of shotline and penetration of fragments
Journal of The Society of Naval Architects of Korea, 2012Co-Authors: Kwangsik Kim, Janghyun LeeAbstract:2,† Abstract The survivability of warship is assessed by susceptibility, vulnerability and recoverability. Essentially, a vulnerability Assessment is a measure of the effectiveness of a warship to resist hostile weapon effects. Considering the shot line and its penetration effect on the warship, present study introduces the procedural aspects of vulnerability Assessments of warship. Present study also considers the prediction of penetration damage to a target caused by the impact of projectiles. It reflects the interaction between the weapon and the target from a perspective of vulnerable area method and COVART model. The shotline and tracing calculation have been directly integrated into the vulnerability Assessment method based on the penetration equation empirically obtained. A simplified geometric description of the desired target and specification of a threat type is incorporated with the penetration effect. This study describes how to expand the vulnerable area Assessment method to the penetration effect. Finally, an example shows that the proposed method can provide the vulnerability parameters of the warship or its component under threat being hit through tracing the shotline path thereby enabling the vulnerability calculation. In addition, the proposed Procedure enabling the calculation of the component's multi-hit vulnerability introduces a propulsion system in dealing with redundant Non-overlapping components.
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simplified vulnerability Assessment Procedure for the warship based on the vulnerable area approach
Journal of The Society of Naval Architects of Korea, 2011Co-Authors: Kwangsik Kim, Janghyun Lee, Seyun HwangAbstract:It is important to assess and improve the warship survivability for the weapon threats which have a critical effect on warship. The survivability of the warship is defined as the capability of a warship to avoid or withstand a man-made hostile environment. The survivability of the warship consists of three categories (Susceptibility, Vulnerability and Recoverability). Firstly, the susceptibility is defined as the inability of a warship to avoid radars, guns, missiles and etc. Secondly, the vulnerability is defined as the inability of a warship to withstand the man-made hostile environment. Finally, the recoverability is defined as the ability of a warship to recover the damaged components and systems. Among them, this paper has described the vulnerability Assessment for the hypothetical system which is composed of critical components. Also, the Procedure which is suggested to calculate the vulnerable probability of the damaged warship is based on the Vulnerable Area Method.
Kwangsik Kim - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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simplified vulnerability Assessment Procedure for a warship based on the vulnerable area approach
Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology, 2012Co-Authors: Kwangsik Kim, Janghyun LeeAbstract:The vulnerability of a warship is defined as its inability to withstand a man-made hostile environment, and can be estimated by the conditional probability of being killed by a hit. We describe ship vulnerability given a penetration hit, and propose a vulnerability as- sessment Procedure that incorporates a vulnerable area approach to naval ship survivability. Measures of vulnerability indicate the killa- bility of critical components with respect to the effectiveness of hostile weapons. In the proposed methodology, a warship is considered to be an assembly of critical components representing an entire vulnerability. We evaluated the vulnerability of a warship subjected to penetration effects using hypothetical models because of the paucity of available data and information, and the effectiveness of such as- sessment methods during initial warship design. The proposed approach introduces critical component redundancy and overlap, the ef- fects of single hits and multiple hits, and attempts to directly apply the vulnerability Assessment technique to vulnerability reduction. The kill tree method, Markov chain method, and Poisson method are applied to multiple hits on critical components. Examples show that the proposed method can provide the vulnerability parameters of a warship under the threat of being hit by a vulnerable area approach, thereby enabling an Assessment of vulnerability.
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vulnerability Assessment Procedure for the warship including the effect of shotline and penetration of fragments
Journal of The Society of Naval Architects of Korea, 2012Co-Authors: Kwangsik Kim, Janghyun LeeAbstract:2,† Abstract The survivability of warship is assessed by susceptibility, vulnerability and recoverability. Essentially, a vulnerability Assessment is a measure of the effectiveness of a warship to resist hostile weapon effects. Considering the shot line and its penetration effect on the warship, present study introduces the procedural aspects of vulnerability Assessments of warship. Present study also considers the prediction of penetration damage to a target caused by the impact of projectiles. It reflects the interaction between the weapon and the target from a perspective of vulnerable area method and COVART model. The shotline and tracing calculation have been directly integrated into the vulnerability Assessment method based on the penetration equation empirically obtained. A simplified geometric description of the desired target and specification of a threat type is incorporated with the penetration effect. This study describes how to expand the vulnerable area Assessment method to the penetration effect. Finally, an example shows that the proposed method can provide the vulnerability parameters of the warship or its component under threat being hit through tracing the shotline path thereby enabling the vulnerability calculation. In addition, the proposed Procedure enabling the calculation of the component's multi-hit vulnerability introduces a propulsion system in dealing with redundant Non-overlapping components.
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simplified vulnerability Assessment Procedure for the warship based on the vulnerable area approach
Journal of The Society of Naval Architects of Korea, 2011Co-Authors: Kwangsik Kim, Janghyun Lee, Seyun HwangAbstract:It is important to assess and improve the warship survivability for the weapon threats which have a critical effect on warship. The survivability of the warship is defined as the capability of a warship to avoid or withstand a man-made hostile environment. The survivability of the warship consists of three categories (Susceptibility, Vulnerability and Recoverability). Firstly, the susceptibility is defined as the inability of a warship to avoid radars, guns, missiles and etc. Secondly, the vulnerability is defined as the inability of a warship to withstand the man-made hostile environment. Finally, the recoverability is defined as the ability of a warship to recover the damaged components and systems. Among them, this paper has described the vulnerability Assessment for the hypothetical system which is composed of critical components. Also, the Procedure which is suggested to calculate the vulnerable probability of the damaged warship is based on the Vulnerable Area Method.
Julian J Bommer - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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a probabilistic displacement based vulnerability Assessment Procedure for earthquake loss estimation
Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering, 2004Co-Authors: Helen Crowley, Rui Pinho, Julian J BommerAbstract:Earthquake loss estimation studies require predictions to be made of the proportion of a building class falling within discrete damage bands from a specified earthquake demand. These predictions should be made using methods that incorporate both computational efficiency and accuracy such that studies on regional or national levels can be effectively carried out, even when the triggering of multiple earthquake scenarios, as opposed to the use of probabilistic hazard maps and uniform hazard spectra, is employed to realistically assess seismic demand and its consequences on the built environment. Earthquake actions should be represented by a parameter that shows good correlation to damage and that accounts for the relationship between the frequency content of the ground motion and the fundamental period of the building; hence recent proposals to use displacement response spectra. A rational method is proposed herein that defines the capacity of a building class by relating its deformation potential to its fundamental period of vibration at different limit states and comparing this with a displacement response spectrum. The uncertainty in the geometrical, material and limit state properties of a building class is considered and the first-order reliability method, FORM, is used to produce an approximate joint probability density function (JPDF) of displacement capacity and period. The JPDF of capacity may be used in conjunction with the lognormal cumulative distribution function of demand in the classical reliability formula to calculate the probability of failing a given limit state. Vulnerability curves may be produced which, although not directly used in the methodology, serve to illustrate the conceptual soundness of the method and make comparisons with other methods.
Emma Nicholson - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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a meta analysis of criterion effects for the implicit relational Assessment Procedure irap in the clinical domain
Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 2015Co-Authors: Nigel Vahey, Emma Nicholson, Dermot BarnesholmesAbstract:Abstract Background and objectives The Implicit Relational Assessment Procedure (IRAP) is a technique that is attracting a substantial body of research literature, particularly within the clinical domain. Method In response, the present paper outlines a meta-analysis of clinically-focused IRAP effects (N = 494) to provide the first estimate of how well such effects validate against their respective criterion variables in general. Results The meta-analysis incorporated clinically-focused IRAP effects from 15 studies yielding a large effect size, r ¯ = .45, with a desirably narrow 95% credibility interval (.23, .67). The funnel plot and subsequent sensitivity analyses indicated that this meta-effect was not subject to publication bias. Limitations The present meta-effect is an estimate based upon an IRAP literature that is still evolving rapidly in the clinical domain, and so as per its accompanying credibility interval, all conclusions that follow are necessarily provisional even if bounded. Apart from the fact that the current meta-effect might be subject to inadvertent under- and/or over-estimations of the current literature, the present meta-effect might strengthen with further refinements of the IRAP. Conclusions The current meta-effect provides the means to calculate what sample size would be required to achieve a statistical power of .80 when testing the criterion validity of clinically-focused IRAP effects using a given parametric statistic. For example, first-order Pearson correlations would hypothetically require an N of 29–37 for such purposes depending upon how conservatively over-estimation of the present meta-effect is controlled for. Overall, the IRAP compares favourably with alternative implicit measures in clinical psychology.
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the implicit relational Assessment Procedure irap as a measure of obsessive beliefs in relation to disgust
Journal of contextual behavioral science, 2013Co-Authors: Emma Nicholson, Angela Mccourt, Dermot BarnesholmesAbstract:Abstract The Implicit Relational Assessment Procedure (IRAP) was utilized as a means of interpreting disgust in terms of the six domains of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder as defined by the Obsessive Compulsive Cognitions Working Group; excessive responsibility, overestimation of threat, perfectionism, intolerance for uncertainty, over importance of thoughts and need to control thoughts. A non-clinical sample (N=44 undergraduate students) completed an IRAP designed to assess appraisals of disgust-inducing pictorial stimuli based on the six belief domains at the implicit level. A series of self-report measures including the Obsessive-Beliefs Questionnaire, the Padua Inventory and the STAI were also implemented. Results indicated that a greater bias toward appraising disgusting stimuli as being negative was related to excessive responsibility and overestimation of threat along with perfectionism and intolerance for uncertainty. Critically, these effects were found to be independent of anxiety supporting the influence of disgust responding in the etiology of OC tendencies.
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the implicit relational Assessment Procedure irap as a measure of spider fear
Psychological Record, 2012Co-Authors: Emma Nicholson, Dermot BarnesholmesAbstract:A greater understanding of implicit cognition can provide important information regarding the etiology and maintenance of psychological disorders. The current study sought to determine the utility of the Implicit Relational Assessment Procedure (IRAP) as a measure of implicit aversive bias toward spiders in two groups of known variation, high fear and low fear. The study also endeavored to ascertain the predictive validity of the IRAP in terms of real-life behavior by means of a Behavioral Approach Task (BAT). Results demonstrated that the IRAP can differentiate between two groups with known differences in relation to spider fear. Furthermore, these distinctions act as predictors for overt avoidance behavior with a live spider.
