The Experts below are selected from a list of 318651 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
Michael J. Kane - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Why does working memory capacity predict variation in reading comprehension? On the influence of mind wandering and executive Attention.
Journal of experimental psychology. General, 2011Co-Authors: Jennifer C. Mcvay, Michael J. KaneAbstract:Some people are better readers than others, and this variation in comprehension ability is predicted by measures of working memory capacity (WMC). The primary goal of this study was to investigate the mediating role of mind-wandering experiences in the association between WMC and normal individual differences in reading comprehension, as predicted by the executive-Attention Theory of WMC (e.g., Engle & Kane, 2004). We used a latent-variable, structural-equation-model approach, testing skilled adult readers on 3 WMC span tasks, 7 varied reading-comprehension tasks, and 3 Attention-control tasks. Mind wandering was assessed using experimenter-scheduled thought probes during 4 different tasks (2 reading, 2 Attention-control). The results support the executive-Attention Theory of WMC. Mind wandering across the 4 tasks loaded onto a single latent factor, reflecting a stable individual difference. Most important, mind wandering was a significant mediator in the relationship between WMC and reading comprehension, suggesting that the WMC–comprehension correlation is driven, in part, by Attention control over intruding thoughts. We discuss implications for theories of WMC, Attention control, and reading comprehension.
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conducting the train of thought working memory capacity goal neglect and mind wandering in an executive control task
Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning Memory and Cognition, 2009Co-Authors: Jennifer C. Mcvay, Michael J. KaneAbstract:On the basis of the executive-Attention Theory of working memory capacity (WMC; e.g., M. J. Kane, A. R. A. Conway, D. Z. Hambrick, & R. W. Engle, 2007), the authors tested the relations among WMC, mind wandering, and goal neglect in a sustained Attention to response task (SART; a go/no-go task). In 3 SART versions, making conceptual versus perceptual processing demands, subjects periodically indicated their thought content when probed following rare no-go targets. SART processing demands did not affect mind-wandering rates, but mind-wandering rates varied with WMC and predicted goal-neglect errors in the task; furthermore, mind-wandering rates partially mediated the WMC–SART relation, indicating that WMC-related differences in goal neglect were due, in part, to variation in the control of conscious thought.
Garriy Shteynberg - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Shared Attention
Perspectives on Psychological Science, 2015Co-Authors: Garriy ShteynbergAbstract:Shared Attention is extremely common. In stadiums, public squares, and private living rooms, people attend to the world with others. Humans do so across all sensory modalities-sharing the sights, sounds, tastes, smells, and textures of everyday life with one another. The potential for attending with others has grown considerably with the emergence of mass media technologies, which allow for the sharing of Attention in the absence of physical co-presence. In the last several years, studies have begun to outline the conditions under which attending together is consequential for human memory, motivation, judgment, emotion, and behavior. Here, I advance a psychological Theory of shared Attention, defining its properties as a mental state and outlining its cognitive, affective, and behavioral consequences. I review empirical findings that are uniquely predicted by shared-Attention Theory and discuss the possibility of integrating shared-Attention, social-facilitation, and social-loafing perspectives. Finally, I reflect on what shared-Attention Theory implies for living in the digital world.
Jennifer C. Mcvay - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Why does working memory capacity predict variation in reading comprehension? On the influence of mind wandering and executive Attention.
Journal of experimental psychology. General, 2011Co-Authors: Jennifer C. Mcvay, Michael J. KaneAbstract:Some people are better readers than others, and this variation in comprehension ability is predicted by measures of working memory capacity (WMC). The primary goal of this study was to investigate the mediating role of mind-wandering experiences in the association between WMC and normal individual differences in reading comprehension, as predicted by the executive-Attention Theory of WMC (e.g., Engle & Kane, 2004). We used a latent-variable, structural-equation-model approach, testing skilled adult readers on 3 WMC span tasks, 7 varied reading-comprehension tasks, and 3 Attention-control tasks. Mind wandering was assessed using experimenter-scheduled thought probes during 4 different tasks (2 reading, 2 Attention-control). The results support the executive-Attention Theory of WMC. Mind wandering across the 4 tasks loaded onto a single latent factor, reflecting a stable individual difference. Most important, mind wandering was a significant mediator in the relationship between WMC and reading comprehension, suggesting that the WMC–comprehension correlation is driven, in part, by Attention control over intruding thoughts. We discuss implications for theories of WMC, Attention control, and reading comprehension.
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The mediating role of mind wandering in the relationship between working memory capacity and reading comprehension.
2010Co-Authors: Jennifer C. McvayAbstract:The primary goal of this study was to investigate the mediating role of mind wandering in the relationship between working memory capacity (WMC) and reading comprehension as predicted by the executive-Attention Theory of WMC (e.g., Kane & Engle, 2003). I used a latent-variable, structural-equation-model approach with three WMC span tasks, seven reading comprehension tasks, and three Attention-restraint tasks. Mind wandering was assessed using experimenter-scheduled thought probes during four different tasks. The results support the executive-Attention Theory of WMC. Mind wandering is a significant mediator in the relationship between WMC and reading comprehension, suggesting that the relationship is driven, in part, by Attention control over intruding thoughts. I discuss implications for theories of WMC, Attention control, and reading comprehension.
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conducting the train of thought working memory capacity goal neglect and mind wandering in an executive control task
Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning Memory and Cognition, 2009Co-Authors: Jennifer C. Mcvay, Michael J. KaneAbstract:On the basis of the executive-Attention Theory of working memory capacity (WMC; e.g., M. J. Kane, A. R. A. Conway, D. Z. Hambrick, & R. W. Engle, 2007), the authors tested the relations among WMC, mind wandering, and goal neglect in a sustained Attention to response task (SART; a go/no-go task). In 3 SART versions, making conceptual versus perceptual processing demands, subjects periodically indicated their thought content when probed following rare no-go targets. SART processing demands did not affect mind-wandering rates, but mind-wandering rates varied with WMC and predicted goal-neglect errors in the task; furthermore, mind-wandering rates partially mediated the WMC–SART relation, indicating that WMC-related differences in goal neglect were due, in part, to variation in the control of conscious thought.
Thomas S. Redick - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Cognitive control in context: Working memory capacity and proactive control
Acta psychologica, 2013Co-Authors: Thomas S. RedickAbstract:Working memory is important for maintaining critical information in an active state to guide future behavior. The executive-Attention Theory of working memory capacity (WMC; Engle & Kane, 2004) argues that goal maintenance is important for response selection when stimuli are associated with competing responses. Braver, Burgess, and Gray (2007) have labeled this type of preparatory activity proactive control. Previous WMC studies have not allowed individuals to use goal information to prepare a specific response in advance of the stimulus. The current experiment used different versions of a cue-probe task to examine the relationship between individual differences in WMC and proactive control. Across three versions of the AX version of the Continuous Performance Test, the proportion of targets was manipulated to affect both the predictive validity of the A cue and the prepotency of the target response to X probes. The results indicated that the high-WMC individuals used the cue information to prepare responses in advance only when a specific probe was likely to occur. In contrast, the performance of the low-WMC individuals was less dependent upon the cue and more contingent upon overall response frequencies. The results indicate that individual differences in WMC are related to proactive control and anticipation, and important for translating cognition into action.
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variation in working memory capacity and cognitive control goal maintenance and microadjustments of control
Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 2012Co-Authors: Nash Unsworth, Thomas S. Redick, Gregory J Spillers, Gene A BrewerAbstract:Variation in working memory capacity (WMC) and cognitive control was examined in four experiments. In the experiments high- and low-WMC individuals performed a choice reaction time task (Experiment 1), a version of the antisaccade task (Experiment 2), a version of the Stroop task (Experiment 3), and an arrow version of the flanker task (Experiment 4). An examination of response time distributions suggested that high- and low-WMC individuals primarily differed in the slowest responses in each experiment, consistent with the notion that WMC is related to active maintenance abilities. Examination of two indicators of microadjustments of control (posterror slowing and conflict adaptation effects) suggested no differences between high- and low-WMC individuals. Collectively these results suggest that variation in WMC is related to some, but not all, cognitive control operations. The results are interpreted within the executive Attention Theory of WMC.
Michael C Schmid - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Reward-Related Suppression of Neural Activity in Macaque Visual Area V4
Cerebral Cortex, 2020Co-Authors: Katharine A. Shapcott, Joscha T. Schmiedt, Kleopatra Kouroupaki, Ricardo Kienitz, Andreea Lazar, Wolf Singer, Michael C SchmidAbstract:In order for organisms to survive, they need to detect rewarding stimuli, for example, food or a mate, in a complex environment with many competing stimuli. These rewarding stimuli should be detected even if they are nonsalient or irrelevant to the current goal. The value-driven Theory of Attentional selection proposes that this detection takes place through reward-associated stimuli automatically engaging Attentional mechanisms. But how this is achieved in the brain is not very well understood. Here, we investigate the effect of differential reward on the multiunit activity in visual area V4 of monkeys performing a perceptual judgment task. Surprisingly, instead of finding reward-related increases in neural responses to the perceptual target, we observed a large suppression at the onset of the reward indicating cues. Therefore, while previous research showed that reward increases neural activity, here we report a decrease. More suppression was caused by cues associated with higher reward than with lower reward, although neither cue was informative about the perceptually correct choice. This finding of reward-associated neural suppression further highlights normalization as a general cortical mechanism and is consistent with predictions of the value-driven Attention Theory.
