Auditory Memory

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Mortimer Mishkin - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • monkey s short term Auditory Memory nearly abolished by combined removal of the rostral superior temporal gyrus and rhinal cortices
    Brain Research, 2016
    Co-Authors: Jonathan B. Fritz, Mortimer Mishkin, Megan Malloy, Richard C. Saunders
    Abstract:

    While monkeys easily acquire the rules for performing visual and tactile delayed matching-to-sample, a method for testing recognition Memory, they have extraordinary difficulty acquiring a similar rule in audition. Another striking difference between the modalities is that whereas bilateral ablation of the rhinal cortex (RhC) leads to profound impairment in visual and tactile recognition, the same lesion has no detectable effect on Auditory recognition Memory (Fritz et al., 2005). In our previous study, a mild impairment in Auditory Memory was obtained following bilateral ablation of the entire medial temporal lobe (MTL), including the RhC, and an equally mild effect was observed after bilateral ablation of the Auditory cortical areas in the rostral superior temporal gyrus (rSTG). In order to test the hypothesis that each of these mild impairments was due to partial disconnection of acoustic input to a common target (e.g., the ventromedial prefrontal cortex), in the current study we examined the effects of a more complete Auditory disconnection of this common target by combining the removals of both the rSTG and the MTL. We found that the combined lesion led to forgetting thresholds (performance at 75% accuracy) that fell precipitously from the normal retention duration of ~30 to 40s to a duration of ~1 to 2s, thus nearly abolishing Auditory recognition Memory, and leaving behind only a residual echoic Memory. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled SI: Auditory working Memory.

  • Monkey׳s short-term Auditory Memory nearly abolished by combined removal of the rostral superior temporal gyrus and rhinal cortices.
    Brain research, 2015
    Co-Authors: Jonathan B. Fritz, Mortimer Mishkin, Megan Malloy, Richard C. Saunders
    Abstract:

    While monkeys easily acquire the rules for performing visual and tactile delayed matching-to-sample, a method for testing recognition Memory, they have extraordinary difficulty acquiring a similar rule in audition. Another striking difference between the modalities is that whereas bilateral ablation of the rhinal cortex (RhC) leads to profound impairment in visual and tactile recognition, the same lesion has no detectable effect on Auditory recognition Memory (Fritz et al., 2005). In our previous study, a mild impairment in Auditory Memory was obtained following bilateral ablation of the entire medial temporal lobe (MTL), including the RhC, and an equally mild effect was observed after bilateral ablation of the Auditory cortical areas in the rostral superior temporal gyrus (rSTG). In order to test the hypothesis that each of these mild impairments was due to partial disconnection of acoustic input to a common target (e.g., the ventromedial prefrontal cortex), in the current study we examined the effects of a more complete Auditory disconnection of this common target by combining the removals of both the rSTG and the MTL. We found that the combined lesion led to forgetting thresholds (performance at 75% accuracy) that fell precipitously from the normal retention duration of ~30 to 40s to a duration of ~1 to 2s, thus nearly abolishing Auditory recognition Memory, and leaving behind only a residual echoic Memory. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled SI: Auditory working Memory.

  • anatomical pathways for Auditory Memory ii information from rostral superior temporal gyrus to dorsolateral temporal pole and medial temporal cortex
    Frontiers in Neuroscience, 2015
    Co-Authors: M Munozlopez, Ricardo Insausti, Alicia Mohedanomoriano, Mortimer Mishkin, R C Saunders
    Abstract:

    Auditory recognition Memory in non-human primates differs from recognition Memory in other sensory systems. Monkeys learn the rule for visual and tactile delayed matching-to-sample within a few sessions, and then show one-trial recognition Memory lasting 10–20 min. In contrast, monkeys require hundreds of sessions to master the rule for Auditory recognition, and then show retention lasting no longer than 30–40 s. Moreover, unlike the severe effects of rhinal lesions on visual Memory, such lesions have no effect on the monkeys' Auditory Memory performance. The anatomical pathways for Auditory Memory may differ from those in vision. Long-term visual recognition Memory requires anatomical connections from the visual association area TE with areas 35 and 36 of the perirhinal cortex (PRC). We examined whether there is a similar anatomical route for Auditory processing, or that poor Auditory recognition Memory may reflect the lack of such a pathway. Our hypothesis is that an Auditory pathway for recognition Memory originates in the higher order processing areas of the rostral superior temporal gyrus (rSTG), and then connects via the dorsolateral temporal pole to access the rhinal cortex of the medial temporal lobe. To test this, we placed retrograde (3% FB and 2% DY) and anterograde (10% BDA 10,000 mW) tracer injections in rSTG and the dorsolateral area 38DL of the temporal pole. Results showed that area 38DL receives dense projections from Auditory association areas Ts1, TAa, TPO of the rSTG, from the rostral parabelt and, to a lesser extent, from areas Ts2-3 and PGa. In turn, area 38DL projects densely to area 35 of PRC, entorhinal cortex (EC), and to areas TH/TF of the posterior parahippocampal cortex. Significantly, this projection avoids most of area 36r/c of PRC. This anatomical arrangement may contribute to our understanding of the poor Auditory Memory of rhesus monkeys.

  • Test of a motor theory of long-term Auditory Memory.
    Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2012
    Co-Authors: Katrin Schulze, Faraneh Vargha-khadem, Mortimer Mishkin
    Abstract:

    Monkeys can easily form lasting central representations of visual and tactile stimuli, yet they seem unable to do the same with sounds. Humans, by contrast, are highly proficient in Auditory long-term Memory (LTM). These mnemonic differences within and between species raise the question of whether the human ability is supported in some way by speech and language, e.g., through subvocal reproduction of speech sounds and by covert verbal labeling of environmental stimuli. If so, the explanation could be that storing rapidly fluctuating acoustic signals requires assistance from the motor system, which is uniquely organized to chain-link rapid sequences. To test this hypothesis, we compared the ability of normal participants to recognize lists of stimuli that can be easily reproduced, labeled, or both (pseudowords, nonverbal sounds, and words, respectively) versus their ability to recognize a list of stimuli that can be reproduced or labeled only with great difficulty (reversed words, i.e., words played backward). Recognition scores after 5-min delays filled with articulatory-suppression tasks were relatively high (75–80% correct) for all sound types except reversed words; the latter yielded scores that were not far above chance (58% correct), even though these stimuli were discriminated nearly perfectly when presented as reversed-word pairs at short intrapair intervals. The combined results provide preliminary support for the hypothesis that participation of the oromotor system may be essential for laying down the Memory of speech sounds and, indeed, that speech and Auditory Memory may be so critically dependent on each other that they had to coevolve.

Richard C. Saunders - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • monkey s short term Auditory Memory nearly abolished by combined removal of the rostral superior temporal gyrus and rhinal cortices
    Brain Research, 2016
    Co-Authors: Jonathan B. Fritz, Mortimer Mishkin, Megan Malloy, Richard C. Saunders
    Abstract:

    While monkeys easily acquire the rules for performing visual and tactile delayed matching-to-sample, a method for testing recognition Memory, they have extraordinary difficulty acquiring a similar rule in audition. Another striking difference between the modalities is that whereas bilateral ablation of the rhinal cortex (RhC) leads to profound impairment in visual and tactile recognition, the same lesion has no detectable effect on Auditory recognition Memory (Fritz et al., 2005). In our previous study, a mild impairment in Auditory Memory was obtained following bilateral ablation of the entire medial temporal lobe (MTL), including the RhC, and an equally mild effect was observed after bilateral ablation of the Auditory cortical areas in the rostral superior temporal gyrus (rSTG). In order to test the hypothesis that each of these mild impairments was due to partial disconnection of acoustic input to a common target (e.g., the ventromedial prefrontal cortex), in the current study we examined the effects of a more complete Auditory disconnection of this common target by combining the removals of both the rSTG and the MTL. We found that the combined lesion led to forgetting thresholds (performance at 75% accuracy) that fell precipitously from the normal retention duration of ~30 to 40s to a duration of ~1 to 2s, thus nearly abolishing Auditory recognition Memory, and leaving behind only a residual echoic Memory. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled SI: Auditory working Memory.

  • Monkey׳s short-term Auditory Memory nearly abolished by combined removal of the rostral superior temporal gyrus and rhinal cortices.
    Brain research, 2015
    Co-Authors: Jonathan B. Fritz, Mortimer Mishkin, Megan Malloy, Richard C. Saunders
    Abstract:

    While monkeys easily acquire the rules for performing visual and tactile delayed matching-to-sample, a method for testing recognition Memory, they have extraordinary difficulty acquiring a similar rule in audition. Another striking difference between the modalities is that whereas bilateral ablation of the rhinal cortex (RhC) leads to profound impairment in visual and tactile recognition, the same lesion has no detectable effect on Auditory recognition Memory (Fritz et al., 2005). In our previous study, a mild impairment in Auditory Memory was obtained following bilateral ablation of the entire medial temporal lobe (MTL), including the RhC, and an equally mild effect was observed after bilateral ablation of the Auditory cortical areas in the rostral superior temporal gyrus (rSTG). In order to test the hypothesis that each of these mild impairments was due to partial disconnection of acoustic input to a common target (e.g., the ventromedial prefrontal cortex), in the current study we examined the effects of a more complete Auditory disconnection of this common target by combining the removals of both the rSTG and the MTL. We found that the combined lesion led to forgetting thresholds (performance at 75% accuracy) that fell precipitously from the normal retention duration of ~30 to 40s to a duration of ~1 to 2s, thus nearly abolishing Auditory recognition Memory, and leaving behind only a residual echoic Memory. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled SI: Auditory working Memory.

M Munozlopez - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • anatomical pathways for Auditory Memory ii information from rostral superior temporal gyrus to dorsolateral temporal pole and medial temporal cortex
    Frontiers in Neuroscience, 2015
    Co-Authors: M Munozlopez, Ricardo Insausti, Alicia Mohedanomoriano, Mortimer Mishkin, R C Saunders
    Abstract:

    Auditory recognition Memory in non-human primates differs from recognition Memory in other sensory systems. Monkeys learn the rule for visual and tactile delayed matching-to-sample within a few sessions, and then show one-trial recognition Memory lasting 10–20 min. In contrast, monkeys require hundreds of sessions to master the rule for Auditory recognition, and then show retention lasting no longer than 30–40 s. Moreover, unlike the severe effects of rhinal lesions on visual Memory, such lesions have no effect on the monkeys' Auditory Memory performance. The anatomical pathways for Auditory Memory may differ from those in vision. Long-term visual recognition Memory requires anatomical connections from the visual association area TE with areas 35 and 36 of the perirhinal cortex (PRC). We examined whether there is a similar anatomical route for Auditory processing, or that poor Auditory recognition Memory may reflect the lack of such a pathway. Our hypothesis is that an Auditory pathway for recognition Memory originates in the higher order processing areas of the rostral superior temporal gyrus (rSTG), and then connects via the dorsolateral temporal pole to access the rhinal cortex of the medial temporal lobe. To test this, we placed retrograde (3% FB and 2% DY) and anterograde (10% BDA 10,000 mW) tracer injections in rSTG and the dorsolateral area 38DL of the temporal pole. Results showed that area 38DL receives dense projections from Auditory association areas Ts1, TAa, TPO of the rSTG, from the rostral parabelt and, to a lesser extent, from areas Ts2-3 and PGa. In turn, area 38DL projects densely to area 35 of PRC, entorhinal cortex (EC), and to areas TH/TF of the posterior parahippocampal cortex. Significantly, this projection avoids most of area 36r/c of PRC. This anatomical arrangement may contribute to our understanding of the poor Auditory Memory of rhesus monkeys.

Jonathan B. Fritz - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • monkey s short term Auditory Memory nearly abolished by combined removal of the rostral superior temporal gyrus and rhinal cortices
    Brain Research, 2016
    Co-Authors: Jonathan B. Fritz, Mortimer Mishkin, Megan Malloy, Richard C. Saunders
    Abstract:

    While monkeys easily acquire the rules for performing visual and tactile delayed matching-to-sample, a method for testing recognition Memory, they have extraordinary difficulty acquiring a similar rule in audition. Another striking difference between the modalities is that whereas bilateral ablation of the rhinal cortex (RhC) leads to profound impairment in visual and tactile recognition, the same lesion has no detectable effect on Auditory recognition Memory (Fritz et al., 2005). In our previous study, a mild impairment in Auditory Memory was obtained following bilateral ablation of the entire medial temporal lobe (MTL), including the RhC, and an equally mild effect was observed after bilateral ablation of the Auditory cortical areas in the rostral superior temporal gyrus (rSTG). In order to test the hypothesis that each of these mild impairments was due to partial disconnection of acoustic input to a common target (e.g., the ventromedial prefrontal cortex), in the current study we examined the effects of a more complete Auditory disconnection of this common target by combining the removals of both the rSTG and the MTL. We found that the combined lesion led to forgetting thresholds (performance at 75% accuracy) that fell precipitously from the normal retention duration of ~30 to 40s to a duration of ~1 to 2s, thus nearly abolishing Auditory recognition Memory, and leaving behind only a residual echoic Memory. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled SI: Auditory working Memory.

  • Monkey׳s short-term Auditory Memory nearly abolished by combined removal of the rostral superior temporal gyrus and rhinal cortices.
    Brain research, 2015
    Co-Authors: Jonathan B. Fritz, Mortimer Mishkin, Megan Malloy, Richard C. Saunders
    Abstract:

    While monkeys easily acquire the rules for performing visual and tactile delayed matching-to-sample, a method for testing recognition Memory, they have extraordinary difficulty acquiring a similar rule in audition. Another striking difference between the modalities is that whereas bilateral ablation of the rhinal cortex (RhC) leads to profound impairment in visual and tactile recognition, the same lesion has no detectable effect on Auditory recognition Memory (Fritz et al., 2005). In our previous study, a mild impairment in Auditory Memory was obtained following bilateral ablation of the entire medial temporal lobe (MTL), including the RhC, and an equally mild effect was observed after bilateral ablation of the Auditory cortical areas in the rostral superior temporal gyrus (rSTG). In order to test the hypothesis that each of these mild impairments was due to partial disconnection of acoustic input to a common target (e.g., the ventromedial prefrontal cortex), in the current study we examined the effects of a more complete Auditory disconnection of this common target by combining the removals of both the rSTG and the MTL. We found that the combined lesion led to forgetting thresholds (performance at 75% accuracy) that fell precipitously from the normal retention duration of ~30 to 40s to a duration of ~1 to 2s, thus nearly abolishing Auditory recognition Memory, and leaving behind only a residual echoic Memory. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled SI: Auditory working Memory.

Ricardo Insausti - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • anatomical pathways for Auditory Memory ii information from rostral superior temporal gyrus to dorsolateral temporal pole and medial temporal cortex
    Frontiers in Neuroscience, 2015
    Co-Authors: M Munozlopez, Ricardo Insausti, Alicia Mohedanomoriano, Mortimer Mishkin, R C Saunders
    Abstract:

    Auditory recognition Memory in non-human primates differs from recognition Memory in other sensory systems. Monkeys learn the rule for visual and tactile delayed matching-to-sample within a few sessions, and then show one-trial recognition Memory lasting 10–20 min. In contrast, monkeys require hundreds of sessions to master the rule for Auditory recognition, and then show retention lasting no longer than 30–40 s. Moreover, unlike the severe effects of rhinal lesions on visual Memory, such lesions have no effect on the monkeys' Auditory Memory performance. The anatomical pathways for Auditory Memory may differ from those in vision. Long-term visual recognition Memory requires anatomical connections from the visual association area TE with areas 35 and 36 of the perirhinal cortex (PRC). We examined whether there is a similar anatomical route for Auditory processing, or that poor Auditory recognition Memory may reflect the lack of such a pathway. Our hypothesis is that an Auditory pathway for recognition Memory originates in the higher order processing areas of the rostral superior temporal gyrus (rSTG), and then connects via the dorsolateral temporal pole to access the rhinal cortex of the medial temporal lobe. To test this, we placed retrograde (3% FB and 2% DY) and anterograde (10% BDA 10,000 mW) tracer injections in rSTG and the dorsolateral area 38DL of the temporal pole. Results showed that area 38DL receives dense projections from Auditory association areas Ts1, TAa, TPO of the rSTG, from the rostral parabelt and, to a lesser extent, from areas Ts2-3 and PGa. In turn, area 38DL projects densely to area 35 of PRC, entorhinal cortex (EC), and to areas TH/TF of the posterior parahippocampal cortex. Significantly, this projection avoids most of area 36r/c of PRC. This anatomical arrangement may contribute to our understanding of the poor Auditory Memory of rhesus monkeys.

  • Anatomical pathways for Auditory Memory in primates.
    Frontiers in neuroanatomy, 2010
    Co-Authors: Mónica Muñoz-lópez, Alicia Mohedano-moriano, Ricardo Insausti
    Abstract:

    Episodic Memory or the ability to store context-rich information about everyday events depends on the hippocampal formation (entorhinal cortex, subiculum, presubiculum, parasubiculum, hippocampus proper, and dentate gyrus). A substantial amount of behavioral-lesion and anatomical studies have contributed to our understanding of the organization of how visual stimuli are retained in episodic Memory. However, whether Auditory Memory is organized similarly is still unclear. One hypothesis is that, like the “visual ventral stream” for which the connections of the inferior temporal gyrus with the perirhinal cortex are necessary for visual recognition in monkeys, direct connections between the Auditory association areas of the superior temporal gyrus and the hippocampal formation and with the parahippocampal region (temporal pole, perhirinal, and posterior parahippocampal cortices) might also underlie recognition Memory for sounds. Alternatively, the anatomical organization of Memory could be different in audition. This alternative “indirect stream” hypothesis posits that, unlike the visual association cortex, the majority of Auditory information makes one or more synapses in intermediate, polymodal areas, where they may integrate information from other sensory modalities, before reaching the medial temporal Memory system. This review considers anatomical studies that can support either one or both hypotheses – focusing on anatomical studies on the primate brain, primarily in macaque monkeys, that have reported not only direct Auditory association connections with medial temporal areas, but, importantly, also possible indirect pathways for Auditory information to reach the medial temporal lobe Memory system.