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Toshio Tanaka - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Behavioral changes in laying hens after introduction to Battery Cages, furnished Cages and an aviary
Animal Science Journal, 2006Co-Authors: Tsuyoshi Shinmura, Yusuke Eguchi, Katsuji Uetake, Toshio TanakaAbstract:A variety of investigations into alternative systems and furnished Cages for laying hens have been conducted, mainly in the European Union. However, comparative studies about the behavior of laying hens just after introduction to these housing systems are few. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the changes of location and behavior of laying hens just after introduction to three housing systems. In total, 181 White Leghorns were used. Thirty-six birds were allocated to 12 Battery Cages with three birds per cage (613 cm2/bird); 36 birds were allocated to nine furnished Cages with four birds per cage (1170 cm2/bird); and 109 birds were allocated to an aviary (1130 cm2/bird). Direct observations using scanning techniques were conducted over 2 weeks for 4 h/day from the day following the introduction. Scan samples of location and behavior were taken at 10 min intervals. The proportion of birds that stayed at each location in the furnished Cages was stable during the observation period. In the aviary, 78% of birds were observed on the floor on the first day, and thereafter the proportion linearly decreased (P
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behavioral changes in laying hens after introduction to Battery Cages furnished Cages and an aviary
Animal Science Journal, 2006Co-Authors: Tsuyoshi Shinmura, Yusuke Eguchi, Katsuji Uetake, Toshio TanakaAbstract:A variety of investigations into alternative systems and furnished Cages for laying hens have been conducted, mainly in the European Union. However, comparative studies about the behavior of laying hens just after introduction to these housing systems are few. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the changes of location and behavior of laying hens just after introduction to three housing systems. In total, 181 White Leghorns were used. Thirty-six birds were allocated to 12 Battery Cages with three birds per cage (613 cm2/bird); 36 birds were allocated to nine furnished Cages with four birds per cage (1170 cm2/bird); and 109 birds were allocated to an aviary (1130 cm2/bird). Direct observations using scanning techniques were conducted over 2 weeks for 4 h/day from the day following the introduction. Scan samples of location and behavior were taken at 10 min intervals. The proportion of birds that stayed at each location in the furnished Cages was stable during the observation period. In the aviary, 78% of birds were observed on the floor on the first day, and thereafter the proportion linearly decreased (P < 0.01). The proportions of birds eating in both the Battery and furnished Cages were stable, indicating that the caged birds would adjust to these environments within a short period. Display of aggression was lower in both the Cages (both 0.3 ± 0.1%) than in the aviary (3.5 ± 1.0%, P < 0.001), which indicates the early establishment of social order in both cage systems. In the aviary, the birds were observed eating less frequently than in both the Cages on the first day, and the proportion thereafter linearly increased (P < 0.01), and the use of tiered wire floors with feeders accompanied this (P < 0.01). Comfort behaviors, including dust bathing, were noted less in the aviary than in the furnished Cages throughout the observation period (both P < 0.05). These results suggest that adjustment of aviary birds to their new environment had been delayed compared with caged birds because of the prerearing conditions and the environmental complexity of the aviary.
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Comparison of behavior and performance of laying hens housed in Battery Cages and an aviary.
Poultry science, 1992Co-Authors: Toshio Tanaka, J. F. HurnikAbstract:Abstract Experiments were carried out to study the behavior and production performance of hens housed in Battery Cages (3 birds × 112 Cages) and an aviary (437 birds). Direct visual observations and videotapings of hen behavior were collected at 24 to 25, 36 to 37, 49 to 50, and 61 to 62 wk of age. Production data were collected daily. Stereotyped behaviors were much more frequent (P
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Research Note: The Behavior of Young Layers During the First Two Weeks in Aviary and Battery Cages
Poultry science, 1991Co-Authors: Toshio Tanaka, J. F. HurnikAbstract:Abstract Observations were collected from young layers housed in an aviary (437 birds) and in Battery Cages (8 out of 112 Cages per day, 3 birds in each). Direct visual observations using scanning techniques were conducted for the first 2 wk, 2 h/day (1000 to 1200 h or 1300 to 1500 h on alternate days). In the aviary, a significant positive correlation was detected between the number of birds occupying the central part of the pen equipped with feeders and waterers, and number of birds engaged in eating and drinking (P
H W Cheng - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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comparative effects of furnished and Battery Cages on egg production and physiological parameters in white leghorn hens
Poultry Science, 2009Co-Authors: K Pohle, H W ChengAbstract:Laboratory animal well-being can be improved by housing the animals in species-specific natural or near-to-natural environments. An enriched environment may have a similar effect on chickens. The purpose of this study was to examine if housing environment (furnished Cages vs. Battery Cages) effects the well-being of laying hens. One hundred ninety-two 1-d-old non-beak-trimmed White Leghorn W-36 chicks were reared and randomly assigned into Battery Cages or furnished Cages at 19 wk of age. The furnished Cages had wire floors and solid metal walls, with perches, a dustbathing area, scratch pads, and a nestbox area with concealment curtain. Ten hens were housed per cage, providing a stocking density of 610 cm2 of floor space per hen. The Battery Cages were commercial wire Cages containing 6 birds per cage, providing 645 cm2 of floor space per hen. Body weight and egg production were calculated from 25 to 60 wk of age. The peripheral concentrations of dopamine, epinephrine, norepinephrine, serotonin, corticosterone, and IgG were analyzed at 30, 40, 50, and 60 wk of age. Compared with the hens housed in the Battery Cages, the hens housed in the furnished Cages were significantly heavier from 30 to 60 wk of age (P 0.05). The concentrations of serotonin were reduced, whereas corticosterone was increased from 50 to 60 wk of age in the hens housed in the Battery Cages (P<0.05) but not in those housed in the furnished Cages, which may indicate that the hens housed in the Battery Cages were stressed. Although further studies remain to be completed, the present results suggest that furnished Cages may be a favorable alternative for housing laying hens.
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Comparative effects of furnished and Battery Cages on egg production and physiological parameters in White Leghorn hens
Poultry science, 2009Co-Authors: K Pohle, H W ChengAbstract:Laboratory animal well-being can be improved by housing the animals in species-specific natural or near-to-natural environments. An enriched environment may have a similar effect on chickens. The purpose of this study was to examine if housing environment (furnished Cages vs. Battery Cages) effects the well-being of laying hens. One hundred ninety-two 1-d-old non-beak-trimmed White Leghorn W-36 chicks were reared and randomly assigned into Battery Cages or furnished Cages at 19 wk of age. The furnished Cages had wire floors and solid metal walls, with perches, a dustbathing area, scratch pads, and a nestbox area with concealment curtain. Ten hens were housed per cage, providing a stocking density of 610 cm2 of floor space per hen. The Battery Cages were commercial wire Cages containing 6 birds per cage, providing 645 cm2 of floor space per hen. Body weight and egg production were calculated from 25 to 60 wk of age. The peripheral concentrations of dopamine, epinephrine, norepinephrine, serotonin, corticosterone, and IgG were analyzed at 30, 40, 50, and 60 wk of age. Compared with the hens housed in the Battery Cages, the hens housed in the furnished Cages were significantly heavier from 30 to 60 wk of age (P 0.05). The concentrations of serotonin were reduced, whereas corticosterone was increased from 50 to 60 wk of age in the hens housed in the Battery Cages (P
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Furnished cage system and hen well-being: Comparative effects of furnished Cages and Battery Cages on behavioral exhibitions in White Leghorn chickens.
Poultry science, 2009Co-Authors: K Pohle, H W ChengAbstract:Abstract The Battery cage system is being banned in the European Union before or by 2012, and the furnished cage system will be the only cage system allowed after 2012. This study was conducted to examine the different effects of caging systems, furnished Cages vs. Battery Cages, on bird behaviors. One hundred ninety-two 1-d-old non-beak-trimmed Hy-Line W-36 White Leghorn chicks were reared using standard management practices in raised wire Cages. At 19 wk of age, the birds were randomly assigned into Battery Cages or furnished Cages. The Battery Cages were commercial wire Cages containing 6 birds per cage, providing 645 cm2 of floor space per birds. The furnished Cages had wire floors and solid metal walls, with perches, a dustbathing area, scratch pads, and a nestbox area with a concealment curtain. Based on the company recommendations, 10 birds were housed per cage, providing a stocking density of 610 cm2 of floor space per bird. Behavioral observations were conducted using the Noldus Observer software package. The birds were observed at 5-min intervals for the entire light period. The birds housed in Battery Cages had higher posture and behavioral transitions and increased time spent walking and performing exploratory behavior (P
K Pohle - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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comparative effects of furnished and Battery Cages on egg production and physiological parameters in white leghorn hens
Poultry Science, 2009Co-Authors: K Pohle, H W ChengAbstract:Laboratory animal well-being can be improved by housing the animals in species-specific natural or near-to-natural environments. An enriched environment may have a similar effect on chickens. The purpose of this study was to examine if housing environment (furnished Cages vs. Battery Cages) effects the well-being of laying hens. One hundred ninety-two 1-d-old non-beak-trimmed White Leghorn W-36 chicks were reared and randomly assigned into Battery Cages or furnished Cages at 19 wk of age. The furnished Cages had wire floors and solid metal walls, with perches, a dustbathing area, scratch pads, and a nestbox area with concealment curtain. Ten hens were housed per cage, providing a stocking density of 610 cm2 of floor space per hen. The Battery Cages were commercial wire Cages containing 6 birds per cage, providing 645 cm2 of floor space per hen. Body weight and egg production were calculated from 25 to 60 wk of age. The peripheral concentrations of dopamine, epinephrine, norepinephrine, serotonin, corticosterone, and IgG were analyzed at 30, 40, 50, and 60 wk of age. Compared with the hens housed in the Battery Cages, the hens housed in the furnished Cages were significantly heavier from 30 to 60 wk of age (P 0.05). The concentrations of serotonin were reduced, whereas corticosterone was increased from 50 to 60 wk of age in the hens housed in the Battery Cages (P<0.05) but not in those housed in the furnished Cages, which may indicate that the hens housed in the Battery Cages were stressed. Although further studies remain to be completed, the present results suggest that furnished Cages may be a favorable alternative for housing laying hens.
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Comparative effects of furnished and Battery Cages on egg production and physiological parameters in White Leghorn hens
Poultry science, 2009Co-Authors: K Pohle, H W ChengAbstract:Laboratory animal well-being can be improved by housing the animals in species-specific natural or near-to-natural environments. An enriched environment may have a similar effect on chickens. The purpose of this study was to examine if housing environment (furnished Cages vs. Battery Cages) effects the well-being of laying hens. One hundred ninety-two 1-d-old non-beak-trimmed White Leghorn W-36 chicks were reared and randomly assigned into Battery Cages or furnished Cages at 19 wk of age. The furnished Cages had wire floors and solid metal walls, with perches, a dustbathing area, scratch pads, and a nestbox area with concealment curtain. Ten hens were housed per cage, providing a stocking density of 610 cm2 of floor space per hen. The Battery Cages were commercial wire Cages containing 6 birds per cage, providing 645 cm2 of floor space per hen. Body weight and egg production were calculated from 25 to 60 wk of age. The peripheral concentrations of dopamine, epinephrine, norepinephrine, serotonin, corticosterone, and IgG were analyzed at 30, 40, 50, and 60 wk of age. Compared with the hens housed in the Battery Cages, the hens housed in the furnished Cages were significantly heavier from 30 to 60 wk of age (P 0.05). The concentrations of serotonin were reduced, whereas corticosterone was increased from 50 to 60 wk of age in the hens housed in the Battery Cages (P
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Furnished cage system and hen well-being: Comparative effects of furnished Cages and Battery Cages on behavioral exhibitions in White Leghorn chickens.
Poultry science, 2009Co-Authors: K Pohle, H W ChengAbstract:Abstract The Battery cage system is being banned in the European Union before or by 2012, and the furnished cage system will be the only cage system allowed after 2012. This study was conducted to examine the different effects of caging systems, furnished Cages vs. Battery Cages, on bird behaviors. One hundred ninety-two 1-d-old non-beak-trimmed Hy-Line W-36 White Leghorn chicks were reared using standard management practices in raised wire Cages. At 19 wk of age, the birds were randomly assigned into Battery Cages or furnished Cages. The Battery Cages were commercial wire Cages containing 6 birds per cage, providing 645 cm2 of floor space per birds. The furnished Cages had wire floors and solid metal walls, with perches, a dustbathing area, scratch pads, and a nestbox area with a concealment curtain. Based on the company recommendations, 10 birds were housed per cage, providing a stocking density of 610 cm2 of floor space per bird. Behavioral observations were conducted using the Noldus Observer software package. The birds were observed at 5-min intervals for the entire light period. The birds housed in Battery Cages had higher posture and behavioral transitions and increased time spent walking and performing exploratory behavior (P
J. F. Hurnik - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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The Long-Term Productivity of Hens Housed in Battery Cages and an Aviary
Poultry Science, 1996Co-Authors: Allison A. Taylor, J. F. HurnikAbstract:: This study examined the long-term effects of housing system on several aspects of laying hen production. At 19 wks of age, 336 White Leghorn hens were placed, 3 birds per cage, into Battery Cages; 437 birds were assigned to an aviary with communal nests, ambulation areas, and three raised tiers with feeders and drinkers. Family groups were split between the two housing systems. The hens were housed in such a manner for over 3 yr (until the end of the 168th wk of age), with forced molts between 66 and 74 and between 119 and 125 wk of age. Feed consumption and conversion, egg weight, eggshell deformation, and hen-day productivity were assessed monthly in both systems. Although feed consumption and conversion tended to be higher in the aviary throughout the study, these variables differed significantly due to housing system only in Year 2 (P = 0.04). There were no differences in egg weight (P = 0.7), eggshell deformation (P = 0.85), egg cracking during shaking (P = 0.34), total hen-day productivity (P = 0.55), or egg mass produced per hen per month (P = 0.4). Although aviary systems have been criticized for egg losses due to floor laying, only 2.5% of eggs in the current study were laid on the floor in Year 1, and 0.3% in Years 2 and 3; 1.7% across all years. Hen mortality was variable across production and molt periods, and did not differ due to housing system (P > 0.05). The results of this study confirm that hen productivity in well-managed alternative housing systems can compare favorably with that in Battery Cages.
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Synchronization of behavior among laying hens in Battery Cages
Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 1994Co-Authors: A.b. Webster, J. F. HurnikAbstract:An investigation was carried out to assess synchronization of behavior among hens in Battery Cages. Two genetic stocks of pullets were raised in Battery Cages and housed as pairs in laying Cages at 21 weeks of age (96 Cages per stock). Hens of the same genetic stock occupied adjacent pairs of Cages. The laying phase was divided into 28-day periods, and in Periods 1, 3, 5, 7, 9 and 11, time-lapse videorecordings were made of four pairs of Cages per day over a sequence of 4 days. Each pair of Cages was viewed by one camera, allowing simultaneous recording of the behavior of the hens in each cage. For each tape, 60 records of the behavior of each hen were obtained at equal intervals over 8 h. Behavioral dyads were defined as the concurrent behavioral states of a pair of hens at each point of observation. The frequency of occurrence of each dyad was compared with that expected given random manifestation of the behavior of hens relative to other hens. Cagemates showed a decided tendency to synchronize behavior. Six of eleven possible dyads of the same behavior occurred more than expected, many of them with a very high degree of statistical significance. Behavioral dyad differences from expected occurrence (DFEs) were consistently greater within Cages than between Cages for dyads of the same behavior, suggesting that social factors promoted synchronization of behavior in Cages. Nonetheless, some degree of behavioral synchronization was apparent between Cages as well. The potential effects of a desire to synchronize behavior are considered with regard to egg production and well-being in a Battery cage environment.
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Comparison of behavior and performance of laying hens housed in Battery Cages and an aviary.
Poultry science, 1992Co-Authors: Toshio Tanaka, J. F. HurnikAbstract:Abstract Experiments were carried out to study the behavior and production performance of hens housed in Battery Cages (3 birds × 112 Cages) and an aviary (437 birds). Direct visual observations and videotapings of hen behavior were collected at 24 to 25, 36 to 37, 49 to 50, and 61 to 62 wk of age. Production data were collected daily. Stereotyped behaviors were much more frequent (P
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Research Note: The Behavior of Young Layers During the First Two Weeks in Aviary and Battery Cages
Poultry science, 1991Co-Authors: Toshio Tanaka, J. F. HurnikAbstract:Abstract Observations were collected from young layers housed in an aviary (437 birds) and in Battery Cages (8 out of 112 Cages per day, 3 birds in each). Direct visual observations using scanning techniques were conducted for the first 2 wk, 2 h/day (1000 to 1200 h or 1300 to 1500 h on alternate days). In the aviary, a significant positive correlation was detected between the number of birds occupying the central part of the pen equipped with feeders and waterers, and number of birds engaged in eating and drinking (P
Giovanni Lercker - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Effects of Different Rearing and Feeding Systems on Lipid Oxidation and Antioxidant Capacity of Freeze-Dried Egg Yolks
Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 2009Co-Authors: Giovanni Pignoli, Maria Teresa Rodriguez-estrada, Mara Mandrioli, Lorenzo Barbanti, Laura Rizzi, Giovanni LerckerAbstract:Lipid oxidation and antioxidant capacity of freeze-dried egg yolks produced with two rearing systems (Battery Cages and free-range) and two types of feedings (conventional and organic) were studied. Nine fresh egg yolks of each crossed treatment were pooled, frozen for a month, freeze-dried, vacuum-packed, and kept at −18 °C until analysis. No significant differences were observed in the lipid (58.0−62.1%) and total sterol contents (33.0−35.5 g/kg of lipids) of the freeze-dried egg yolks. Free rearing and conventional feeding systems resulted in significantly higher total tocopherol, α-tocopherol, and lutein contents, as compared to the Battery cage and the organic feed, respectively. However, no significant differences were found in lipid oxidation (peroxide value = 0.7−0.9 mequiv of O2/kg of fat; thiobarbituric reactive substances = 1.0−1.3 mg of malonylaldehyde/kg of sample) and cholesterol oxidation (28.8−43.5 mg of cholesterol oxidation products/kg of lipids; 0.08−0.12% oxidized cholesterol) of freez...
