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Santos Álvarez David - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Síntesis de estructuras alfa-metilén-gamma-butirolactónicas y análogos nitrogenados. Evaluación como posibles agentes antitumorales
'Edicions de la Universitat de Barcelona', 2015Co-Authors: Santos Álvarez DavidAbstract:El presente trabajo aborda la preparación de varios compuestos lactónicos naturales y sintéticos de posible actividad antitumoral, aplicando para ello los fundamentos y resultados de nuestras diferentes líneas de investigación como herramienta sintética. Como complemento hemos llevado a cabo la evaluación de su actividad citotóxica hacia líneas celulares de cáncer humano, para estudiar su aplicación como posibles agentes antineoplásicos. En las primeras aproximaciones, empleamos el protocolo de hidroboración de alenos-adición a aldehídos descrito en nuestro grupo y que permite construir estereoselectivamente sistemas 1,3-diol, a partir de los cuales se puede acceder a estructuras y-butirolactona. En primera instancia sintetizamos el fragmento lactol del antitumoral Halicoblelida, observando el alcance efectivo del proceso tándem de hidroboración-adición. En la segunda aplicación, conseguimos sintetizar la forma natural del antibiótico (—)-Isoavenaciolida, bislactona perteneciente a una familia de compuestos naturales que han demostrado interesantes propiedades farmacológicas. Sin embargo, el intento de aplicar la reacción tándem de hidroboración de alenos-adición a aldehídos no permitió acceder a la estereoquímica requerida para la preparación de la bislactona (±)-Avenaciolida, un antibiótico natural perteneciente a la misma familia que su homóloga. Para su acceso, aplicamos una metodología de ciclocarbonilación sobre glioxilatos preparados a partir de sistemas alénicos, ampliamente usados en nuestro grupo de investigación. Este proceso, aunque con bajo rendimiento, nos permitió lograr la obtención directa del esperado antibiótico. El objetivo posterior se focalizó en la obtención del compuesto antitumoral C75, que presentaba como etapa clave de la síntesis la versión intramolecular de una de las herramientas más usadas en el campo de la activación C-H, la alquilación alílica catalizada por complejos de paladio. Sin embargo, a pesar de los números esfuerzos y cambios de estrategia aplicados, el proceso intramolecular no llegó a término y decidimos abandonar la síntesis y centrarnos en la aproximación sintética de una colección de derivados lactámicos basados en la estructura del compuesto líder C75. Nuevamente las condiciones de alquilación intramolecular catalizada por paladio fallaron cuando se aplicaron sobre la amida secundaria en un intento de obtener la correspondiente lactama N-libre. Sin embargo, la aplicación de esta metodología sobre la amida N-bencilada logró desencadenar la transformación alílica generando simultáneamente la y-butirolactama esperada y el producto de acetoxilación alílica fácilmente transformable en la anterior. La posterior conversión del doble enlace en éster de metilo y la introducción de la olefina exocíclica condujeron favorablemente al derivado nitrogenado del C75. Las moléculas descritas, tanto naturales como sintéticas, junto con otros compuestos diseñados en nuestro grupo investigación, fueron destinados a evaluar sus propiedades antitumorales sobre diferentes líneas tumorales como ovario, mama y colón, tomando como control células sanas de fibroblastos gingivales. La evaluación biológica de moléculas derivadas del C75 nos ha permitido ir elucidando poco a poco las características estructurales necesarias para desencadenar una potente actividad citotóxica hacia líneas tumorales de diferentes tejidos. En base a ello, hemos conseguido diseñar estructuras alfa-metilén-gamma-butirolactónicas y lactámicas racémicas capaces de proporcionar una respuesta anticancerígena mayor que el C75. El ácido DS70 y especialmente el alcohol M10 han conseguido alcanzar unos valores de citotoxicidad importantes para una gama de derivados nitrogenados no estudiados hasta la fecha, poniendo de manifiesto que la presencia de un grupo polar donador de puentes de hidrógeno en la posición beta del anillo, es determinante para frenar la actividad de la enzima FAS y por extensión, la proliferación celular. Este hecho, se ha visto respaldado por los elevados valores de viabilidad obtenidos con moléculas donde el grupo polar, ya fuese ácido o hidroxilo, se encontraba protegido (N11 y N12) o ausente (Avenaciolida e Isoavenaciolida), al no inducir apoptosis en ningún rango de concentración o hacerlo a dosis muy elevadas en cada una de las líneas celulares.The preparation of various natural and synthetic products having possible antitumor activity is reported. A cytotoxic evaluation using different human cancer cell lines has also been carried out on the new compounds synthesized in order to evaluate their application as possible antineoplastic agents. Chapter 1 describes the application of the strategy of allene hydroborationaldehyde addition described by our group for synthesizing y-butyrolactones. The first application of this method was directed towards the synthesis of the lactol fragment of the antitumor agent Halicoblelide, which is structurally related to the a-methylene-y-butyrolactone family of compounds. Subsequently a more ambitious objective was undertaken in the total synthesis of the bislactone natural product (-)-Isoavenaciolide. This compound has antibiotic activity and structural similarities to the antitumor agent C75, whose synthesis and biological evaluation was undertaken by Kamil Makowsky in our research group. Unfortunately, the allene hydroboration-aldehyde addition strategy did not provide sufficiently high yields or diastereoselectivities when applied to the synthesis of the natural product (-)-Avenaciolide. As an alternative the cyclocarbonylation of allene substrates, widely used in our group, was employed and allowed the desired natural product to be obtained directly albeit in low yields. In the first part of Chapter 2 the synthesis of the antitumor agent C75 using an intramolecular alkylation as the key step was attempted. Nevertheless despite carrying out a study on different allylic substrates under a range of conditions, it was not possible to bring about the desired intramolecular reaction required for the synthesis of C75. In the second part of Chapter 2 we centred our attention on the synthesis of a new series of nitrogenated derivates of C75. Again the desired intramolecular alkylation failed when applied to the cyclization of the secondary amide required for synthesizing the corresponding lactam incorporating a free NH group in the final product. Nevertheless the application of the same approach to the N-benzylated substrate did allow the desired y-butyrolactam to be obtained, which was subsequently transformed into trans-70. In Chapter 3 a study of the antitumor properties of the new compounds using ovarian, breast, and colon human cancer cell lines compared against healthy gingival fibroblast cells as control. The acid trans-70 and especially the alcohol M10 exhibited levels of cytotoxicity higher than those of C75 itself, demonstrating the importance of polar functional groups capable of hydrogen bonding at the 13 position of the ring for promoting inhibition of the FAS enzyme and, by extension, cellular proliferation
Santos David - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Síntesis de estructuras alfa-metilén-gamma-butirolactónicas y análogos nitrogenados. Evaluación como posibles agentes antitumorales
'Edicions de la Universitat de Barcelona', 2016Co-Authors: Santos DavidAbstract:[spa] El presente trabajo aborda la preparación de varios compuestos lactónicos naturales y sintéticos de posible actividad antitumoral, aplicando para ello los fundamentos y resultados de nuestras diferentes líneas de investigación como herramienta sintética. Como complemento hemos llevado a cabo la evaluación de su actividad citotóxica hacia líneas celulares de cáncer humano, para estudiar su aplicación como posibles agentes antineoplásicos. En las primeras aproximaciones, empleamos el protocolo de hidroboración de alenos-adición a aldehídos descrito en nuestro grupo y que permite construir estereoselectivamente sistemas 1,3-diol, a partir de los cuales se puede acceder a estructuras y-butirolactona. En primera instancia sintetizamos el fragmento lactol del antitumoral Halicoblelida, observando el alcance efectivo del proceso tándem de hidroboración-adición. En la segunda aplicación, conseguimos sintetizar la forma natural del antibiótico (—)-Isoavenaciolida, bislactona perteneciente a una familia de compuestos naturales que han demostrado interesantes propiedades farmacológicas. Sin embargo, el intento de aplicar la reacción tándem de hidroboración de alenos-adición a aldehídos no permitió acceder a la estereoquímica requerida para la preparación de la bislactona (±)-Avenaciolida, un antibiótico natural perteneciente a la misma familia que su homóloga. Para su acceso, aplicamos una metodología de ciclocarbonilación sobre glioxilatos preparados a partir de sistemas alénicos, ampliamente usados en nuestro grupo de investigación. Este proceso, aunque con bajo rendimiento, nos permitió lograr la obtención directa del esperado antibiótico. El objetivo posterior se focalizó en la obtención del compuesto antitumoral C75, que presentaba como etapa clave de la síntesis la versión intramolecular de una de las herramientas más usadas en el campo de la activación C-H, la alquilación alílica catalizada por complejos de paladio. Sin embargo, a pesar de los números esfuerzos y cambios de estrategia aplicados, el proceso intramolecular no llegó a término y decidimos abandonar la síntesis y centrarnos en la aproximación sintética de una colección de derivados lactámicos basados en la estructura del compuesto líder C75. Nuevamente las condiciones de alquilación intramolecular catalizada por paladio fallaron cuando se aplicaron sobre la amida secundaria en un intento de obtener la correspondiente lactama N-libre. Sin embargo, la aplicación de esta metodología sobre la amida N-bencilada logró desencadenar la transformación alílica generando simultáneamente la y-butirolactama esperada y el producto de acetoxilación alílica fácilmente transformable en la anterior. La posterior conversión del doble enlace en éster de metilo y la introducción de la olefina exocíclica condujeron favorablemente al derivado nitrogenado del C75. Las moléculas descritas, tanto naturales como sintéticas, junto con otros compuestos diseñados en nuestro grupo investigación, fueron destinados a evaluar sus propiedades antitumorales sobre diferentes líneas tumorales como ovario, mama y colón, tomando como control células sanas de fibroblastos gingivales. La evaluación biológica de moléculas derivadas del C75 nos ha permitido ir elucidando poco a poco las características estructurales necesarias para desencadenar una potente actividad citotóxica hacia líneas tumorales de diferentes tejidos. En base a ello, hemos conseguido diseñar estructuras alfa-metilén-gamma-butirolactónicas y lactámicas racémicas capaces de proporcionar una respuesta anticancerígena mayor que el C75. El ácido DS70 y especialmente el alcohol M10 han conseguido alcanzar unos valores de citotoxicidad importantes para una gama de derivados nitrogenados no estudiados hasta la fecha, poniendo de manifiesto que la presencia de un grupo polar donador de puentes de hidrógeno en la posición beta del anillo, es determinante para frenar la actividad de la enzima FAS y por extensión, la proliferación celular. Este hecho, se ha visto respaldado por los elevados valores de viabilidad obtenidos con moléculas donde el grupo polar, ya fuese ácido o hidroxilo, se encontraba protegido (N11 y N12) o ausente (Avenaciolida e Isoavenaciolida), al no inducir apoptosis en ningún rango de concentración o hacerlo a dosis muy elevadas en cada una de las líneas celulares.[eng] The preparation of various natural and synthetic products having possible antitumor activity is reported. A cytotoxic evaluation using different human cancer cell lines has also been carried out on the new compounds synthesized in order to evaluate their application as possible antineoplastic agents. Chapter 1 describes the application of the strategy of allene hydroborationaldehyde addition described by our group for synthesizing y-butyrolactones. The first application of this method was directed towards the synthesis of the lactol fragment of the antitumor agent Halicoblelide, which is structurally related to the a-methylene-y-butyrolactone family of compounds. Subsequently a more ambitious objective was undertaken in the total synthesis of the bislactone natural product (-)-Isoavenaciolide. This compound has antibiotic activity and structural similarities to the antitumor agent C75, whose synthesis and biological evaluation was undertaken by Kamil Makowsky in our research group. Unfortunately, the allene hydroboration-aldehyde addition strategy did not provide sufficiently high yields or diastereoselectivities when applied to the synthesis of the natural product (-)-Avenaciolide. As an alternative the cyclocarbonylation of allene substrates, widely used in our group, was employed and allowed the desired natural product to be obtained directly albeit in low yields. In the first part of Chapter 2 the synthesis of the antitumor agent C75 using an intramolecular alkylation as the key step was attempted. Nevertheless despite carrying out a study on different allylic substrates under a range of conditions, it was not possible to bring about the desired intramolecular reaction required for the synthesis of C75. In the second part of Chapter 2 we centred our attention on the synthesis of a new series of nitrogenated derivates of C75. Again the desired intramolecular alkylation failed when applied to the cyclization of the secondary amide required for synthesizing the corresponding lactam incorporating a free NH group in the final product. Nevertheless the application of the same approach to the N-benzylated substrate did allow the desired y-butyrolactam to be obtained, which was subsequently transformed into trans-70. In Chapter 3 a study of the antitumor properties of the new compounds using ovarian, breast, and colon human cancer cell lines compared against healthy gingival fibroblast cells as control. The acid trans-70 and especially the alcohol M10 exhibited levels of cytotoxicity higher than those of C75 itself, demonstrating the importance of polar functional groups capable of hydrogen bonding at the 13 position of the ring for promoting inhibition of the FAS enzyme and, by extension, cellular proliferation
Özcengiz Gülay - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Proteome-wide alterations in an industrial clavulanic acid producing strain of Streptomyces clavuligerus
'Elsevier BV', 2017Co-Authors: Unsaldi Eser, Kurt KizildoĞan Aslihan, Voigt Birgit, Becher Doerte, Özcengiz GülayAbstract:The usefulness of genetic/metabolic engineering for further improvement of industrial strains is subject of discussion because of the general lack of knowledge on genetic alterations introduced by iterative cycles of random mutagenesis in such strains. An industrial clavulanic acid (CA)-overproducer Streptomyces clavuligerus DEPA was assessed to understand proteome-wide changes that have occurred in a local industrial CA overproducer developed through succesive mutagenesis programs. The proteins that could be identified corresponded to 33 distinct ORFs for underrepresented ones and 60 ORFs for over-represented ones. Three CA biosynthetic enzymes were overrepresented in S. clavuligerus DEPA; carboxyethylarginine synthase (Ceas2), clavaldehyde dehydrogenase (Car) and carboxyethyl-arginine betalactam- synthase (Bls2) whereas the enzymes of two other secondary metabolites were underrepresented along with two important global regulators [two-component system (TCS) response regulator (SCLAV_2102) and TetR-family transcriptional regulator (SCLAV_3146)] that might be related with CA production and/or differentiation. gamma-butyrolactone biosynthetic protein AvaA2 was 2.6 fold underrepresented in S. clavuligerus DEPA. The levels of two glycolytic enzymes, 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate-dependent phosphoglycerate mutase and phosophoglycerate kinase were found decreased while those of dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase (E3) and isocitrate dehydrogenase, with two isoforms were found as significantly increased. A decrease of amino acid metabolism, methionine biosynthesis in particular, as well as S-adenosylmethionine synthetase appeared as one of the prominent mechanisms of success of S. clavuligerus DEPA strain as a prolific producer of CA. The levels of two enzymes of shikimate pathway that leads to the production of aromatic amino acids and aromatic secondary metabolites were also underrepresented. Some of the overrepresented stress proteins in S. clavuligerus DEPA included polynucleotide phosphorylase/polyadenylase (PNPase), ATP-dependent DNA helicase, two isoforms of an anti-sigma factor and thioredoxin reductase. Downregulation of important proteins of cell wall synthesis and division was recorded and a protein with beta-lactamase domain (SCLAV_p1007) appeared in 12 isoforms, 5 of which were drastically overrepresented in DEPA strain. These results described herein provide useful information for rational engineering to improve CA production in Streptomyces clavuligerus. (c) 2016 The Authors. Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of KeAi Communications Co. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)
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Proteome-wide alterations in an industrial clavulanic acid producing strain of Streptomyces clavuligerus
The Authors. Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of KeAi Communications Co., 2016Co-Authors: Unsaldi Eser, Kurt KizildoĞan Aslihan, Becher Dorte, Voigt Birgit, Özcengiz GülayAbstract:AbstractThe usefulness of genetic/metabolic engineering for further improvement of industrial strains is subject of discussion because of the general lack of knowledge on genetic alterations introduced by iterative cycles of random mutagenesis in such strains. An industrial clavulanic acid (CA)-overproducer Streptomyces clavuligerus DEPA was assessed to understand proteome-wide changes that have occurred in a local industrial CA overproducer developed through succesive mutagenesis programs. The proteins that could be identified corresponded to 33 distinct ORFs for underrepresented ones and 60 ORFs for overrepresented ones. Three CA biosynthetic enzymes were overrepresented in S. clavuligerus DEPA; carboxyethylarginine synthase (Ceas2), clavaldehyde dehydrogenase (Car) and carboxyethyl-arginine beta-lactam-synthase (Bls2) whereas the enzymes of two other secondary metabolites were underrepresented along with two important global regulators [two-component system (TCS) response regulator (SCLAV_2102) and TetR-family transcriptional regulator (SCLAV_3146)] that might be related with CA production and/or differentiation. γ-butyrolactone biosynthetic protein AvaA2 was 2.6 fold underrepresented in S. clavuligerus DEPA. The levels of two glycolytic enzymes, 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate-dependent phosphoglycerate mutase and phosophoglycerate kinase were found decreased while those of dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase (E3) and isocitrate dehydrogenase, with two isoforms were found as significantly increased. A decrease of amino acid metabolism, methionine biosynthesis in particular, as well as S-adenosylmethionine synthetase appeared as one of the prominent mechanisms of success of S. clavuligerus DEPA strain as a prolific producer of CA. The levels of two enzymes of shikimate pathway that leads to the production of aromatic amino acids and aromatic secondary metabolites were also underrepresented. Some of the overrepresented stress proteins in S. clavuligerus DEPA included polynucleotide phosphorylase/polyadenylase (PNPase), ATP-dependent DNA helicase, two isoforms of an anti-sigma factor and thioredoxin reductase. Downregulation of important proteins of cell wall synthesis and division was recorded and a protein with β-lactamase domain (SCLAV_p1007) appeared in 12 isoforms, 5 of which were drastically overrepresented in DEPA strain. These results described herein provide useful information for rational engineering to improve CA production in Streptomyces clavuligerus
Richard A Gross - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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preparation of predominantly syndiotactic poly beta hydroxybutyrate by the tributyltin methoxide catalyzed ring opening polymerization of racemic beta butyrolactone
Macromolecules, 1993Co-Authors: John E Kemnitzer, Stephen P Mccarthy, Richard A GrossAbstract:In this report, we havedocumented the ability of tributyltin methoxide, SnBu30CH1, to catalyze the ring-opening polymerization of 0-butyrolactone, BL, with a preference for syndiotactic (syn) placement. This has therefore resulted in the chemical synthesis of a new stereoisomeric form of poly(0-hydroxybutyrate), PHB, specifically syn-PHB, which has predominantly alternatingR and S stereocenters. The polymerization of racemic BL catalyzed by SnBu30CH3 was carried out at temperatures of 40,60,75, and 90 "C. The yields of hexane/ether (l/l) insoluble PHB ranged from 24 to 69%, with the highest yield for the polymerization temperature of 75 "C. An analysis of the stereochemical sequence distribution for the syn-PHB stereoisomers by '"C NMR allowed the degree of syndiotacticity achieved as a function of the polymerization conditions to be quantitated. Thus, it was determined that the racemic (r) diad fractions were 0.70,0.66,0.63, and 0.61 for the polymerization temperatures of 40, 60, 75, and 90 "C, respectively. Therefore, the degree of syndiotacticity decreased for higher polymerization temperatures, as was anticipated; however, the degree of change was unexpectedly small over the 50 "C temperature range investigated. The M, values of the syn-PHB samples ranged between approximately 2500 and 5300 and were determined both by lH NMR spectroscopy end group analysis (after derivatization of the products with diazomethane) and by VPO. These M,, values were approximately 72% of that calculated by the assumption that the number of polymer chains is equivalent to the number of moles of catalyst added. In addition, by analysis using 'H NMR of the number of methyl ester end groups which were present on the syn-PHB samples before and after diazomethane derivatization, it was determined that the ratio of carboxylic acid to methyl ester end groups ranged from 2.5 to 3.1. These results suggest that lactone polymerization by SnBu30CH3 is not solely initiated by an insertion mechanism between the tin-methoxide bond. The syn-PHB polymers when isolated by solution precipitation and analyzed by DSC showed three distinct endotherm component peaks with peak temperatures of approximately47,62, and 79 "C where the dominant endotherm component was, in all cases, at approximately 62 "C. Dramatic changes in the endothermic melting transitions were observed when the samples were melt annealed as opposed to solution precipitated. The X-ray diffractogram for the 70-syn-PHB sample and the calculated d-spacings were compared to those of natural-origin (R)-PHB. Specific d-spacings measured at 7.52,5.40,3.83, and 3.11 A for the 70-syn-PHB sample were not observed for (R)-PHI3 end are evidence for the existence of a different crystalline structure than that determined for an isotactic PHB stereoisomer. FTIR analysis of the 70-syn-PHB sample revealed spectral features which were unique to the conformational order and crystalline structure of this new PHB stereoisomer. Specifically, the appearance of a new band at approximately 1206 cm-I, with a notable increase in the spectral absorption band at approximately 1103 cm-I.
Sooran Lee - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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polylactones 35 macrocyclic and stereoselective polymerization of beta d l butyrolactone with cyclic dibutyltin initiators
Macromolecules, 1995Co-Authors: Hans R Kricheldorf, Sooran LeeAbstract:2,2-Dibutyl-1,3-dioxa-2-stannanes prepared from dibutyltin oxide and 1,3-propanediol or neopentanediol were used as cyclic initiators for polymerizations of β-D,L-butyrolactone. Because these initiators were not reactive below 50°C, all polymerizations were conducted in bulk at temperatures 250°C. As evidenced by 13 C NMR spectroscopy, the resulting poly(β-D,L-butyrolactone) is preferentially syndiotactic, but the percentage of syndiotactic diads decreases with increasing reaction temperature. 1 H NMR spectra proved that the insertion of lactones occurred at both Sn-O bonds of the cyclic initiators, and thus, the propagation yields automatically macrocyclic esters. The ring size increases with increasing monomer/initiator ratio and higher conversions. Selective ring opening with 1,2-dimercaptoethane produces linear polyesters with shorter elution times in GPC measurements than the corresponding macrocycles of the same molecular weight. Batchwise copolymerizations with e-caprolactone yielded macrocyclic block copolyesters which after ring-opening with dimercaptoethane turned into linear A-B-A triblock copolymers. However, when mixtures of both lactones were copolymerized at 100°C, random copolyesters were obtained.