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Steven P Reise - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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when and why the second order and Bifactor models are distinguishable
Intelligence, 2017Co-Authors: Maxwell Mansolf, Steven P ReiseAbstract:Abstract Previous studies (Gignac, 2016; Murray & Johnson, 2013) have explored conditions for which accurate statistical comparison of a second-order and Bifactor model is challenging, if not impossible. However, a mathematical basis for this problem has not been offered. We show that a second-order model implies a unique set of tetrad constraints (Bollen & Ting, 1993, 1998, 2000) that the Bifactor model does not, and that the two models are distinguishable to the degree that these unique tetrad constraints are violated. Simulated population matrices, and mathematical proofs, are used to demonstrate that: (a) when a second-order model with cross-loadings or correlated residuals is true, fitting a pure (misspecified) second-order model leads to violation of the tetrad constraints, which in turn leads to the chi-square and Bayesian Information Criterion favoring a (misspecified) Bifactor model, and (b) a true Bifactor model can be identified only when the tetrad constraints of the second-order model are violated, which is mainly a function of the proportionality of loadings. Three model-comparison approaches are offered for applied researchers.
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exploratory Bifactor analysis the schmid leiman orthogonalization and jennrich bentler analytic rotations
Multivariate Behavioral Research, 2016Co-Authors: Maxwell Mansolf, Steven P ReiseAbstract:ABSTRACTAnalytic Bifactor rotations have been recently developed and made generally available, but they are not well understood. The Jennrich-Bentler analytic Bifactor rotations (bi-quartimin and bi-geomin) are an alternative to, and arguably an improvement upon, the less technically sophisticated Schmid-Leiman orthogonalization. We review the technical details that underlie the Schmid-Leiman and Jennrich-Bentler Bifactor rotations, using simulated data structures to illustrate important features and limitations. For the Schmid-Leiman, we review the problem of inaccurate parameter estimates caused by the linear dependencies, sometimes called “proportionality constraints,” that are required to expand a p correlated factors solution into a (p + 1) (bi)factor space. We also review the complexities involved when the data depart from perfect cluster structure (e.g., item cross-loading on group factors). For the Jennrich-Bentler rotations, we describe problems in parameter estimation caused by departures from p...
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exploratory Bifactor analysis the schmid leiman orthogonalization and jennrich bentler analytic rotations
Multivariate Behavioral Research, 2016Co-Authors: Maxwell Mansolf, Steven P ReiseAbstract:Analytic Bifactor rotations have been recently developed and made generally available, but they are not well understood. The Jennrich-Bentler analytic Bifactor rotations (bi-quartimin and bi-geomin) are an alternative to, and arguably an improvement upon, the less technically sophisticated Schmid-Leiman orthogonalization. We review the technical details that underlie the Schmid-Leiman and Jennrich-Bentler Bifactor rotations, using simulated data structures to illustrate important features and limitations. For the Schmid-Leiman, we review the problem of inaccurate parameter estimates caused by the linear dependencies, sometimes called "proportionality constraints," that are required to expand a p correlated factors solution into a (p + 1) (bi)factor space. We also review the complexities involved when the data depart from perfect cluster structure (e.g., item cross-loading on group factors). For the Jennrich-Bentler rotations, we describe problems in parameter estimation caused by departures from perfect cluster structure. In addition, we illustrate the related problems of (a) solutions that are not invariant under different starting values (i.e., local minima problems) and (b) group factors collapsing onto the general factor. Recommendations are made for substantive researchers including examining all local minima and applying multiple exploratory techniques in an effort to identify an accurate model.
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evaluating Bifactor models calculating and interpreting statistical indices
Psychological Methods, 2016Co-Authors: Anthony Rodriguez, Steven P Reise, Mark G HavilandAbstract:: Bifactor measurement models are increasingly being applied to personality and psychopathology measures (Reise, 2012). In this work, authors generally have emphasized model fit, and their typical conclusion is that a Bifactor model provides a superior fit relative to alternative subordinate models. Often unexplored, however, are important statistical indices that can substantially improve the psychometric analysis of a measure. We provide a review of the particularly valuable statistical indices one can derive from Bifactor models. They include omega reliability coefficients, factor determinacy, construct reliability, explained common variance, and percentage of uncontaminated correlations. We describe how these indices can be calculated and used to inform: (a) the quality of unit-weighted total and subscale score composites, as well as factor score estimates, and (b) the specification and quality of a measurement model in structural equation modeling. (PsycINFO Database Record
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applying Bifactor statistical indices in the evaluation of psychological measures
Journal of Personality Assessment, 2016Co-Authors: Anthony Rodriguez, Steven P Reise, Mark G HavilandAbstract:ABSTRACTThe purpose of this study was to apply a set of rarely reported psychometric indices that, nevertheless, are important to consider when evaluating psychological measures. All can be derived from a standardized loading matrix in a confirmatory Bifactor model: omega reliability coefficients, factor determinacy, construct replicability, explained common variance, and percentage of uncontaminated correlations. We calculated these indices and extended the findings of 50 recent Bifactor model estimation studies published in psychopathology, personality, and assessment journals. These Bifactor derived indices (most not presented in the articles) provided a clearer and more complete picture of the psychometric properties of the assessment instruments. We reached 2 firm conclusions. First, although all measures had been tagged “multidimensional,” unit-weighted total scores overwhelmingly reflected variance due to a single latent variable. Second, unit-weighted subscale scores often have ambiguous interpret...
Daniel Nunez - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Bifactor models of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder adhd an evaluation of three necessary but underused psychometric indexes
Assessment, 2018Co-Authors: Victor B Arias, Fernando P Ponce, Daniel NunezAbstract:Background: In the past decade, the Bifactor model of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) has been extensively researched. This model consists of an ADHD general dimension and two specific factors: inattention and hyperactivity/impulsivity. All studies conclude that the Bifactor is superior to the traditional two-correlated factors model, according to the fit obtained by factor analysis. However, the proper interpretation of a Bifactor not only depends on the fit but also on the quality of the measurement model. Objective: To evaluate the model-based reliability, distribution of common variance and construct replicability of general and specific ADHD factors. Method: We estimated expected common variance, omega hierarchical/subscale and H-index from standardized factor loadings of 31 ADHD Bifactor models previously published. Results and Conclusion: The ADHD general factor explained most of the common variance. Given the low reliable variance ratios, the specific factors were difficult to inte...
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general and specific attention deficit hyperactivity disorder factors of children 4 to 6 years of age an exploratory structural equation modeling approach to assessing symptom multidimensionality
Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 2016Co-Authors: Victor B Arias, Fernando P Ponce, Agustin Martinezmolina, Benito Arias, Daniel NunezAbstract:We tested first-order factor and Bifactor models of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and exploratory structural equation modeling (ESEM) to adequately summarize the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th Edition, (DSM-IV-TR) symptoms observed in a Spanish sample of preschoolers and kindergarteners. Six ESEM and CFA models were estimated based on teacher evaluations of the behavior of 638 children 4 to 6 years of age. An ESEM Bifactor model with a central dimension plus 3 specific factors (inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity) showed the best fit and interpretability. Strict invariance between the sexes was observed. The Bifactor model provided a solution to previously encountered inconsistencies in the factorial models of ADHD in young children. However, the low reliability of the specific factors casts doubt on the utility of the subscales for ADHD measurement. More research is necessary to clarify the nature of G and S factors of ADHD.
Theodore P Beauchaine - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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application of the Bifactor s 1 model to multisource ratings of adhd odd symptoms an appropriate Bifactor model for symptom ratings
Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 2020Co-Authors: Leonard G Burns, Stephen P Becker, Christian Geiser, Mateu Servera, Theodore P BeauchaineAbstract:The symmetrical Bifactor model is often applied to attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)-hyperactive/impulsive (HI), ADHD-inattentive (IN), and oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) symptoms, but this model frequently yields anomalous or inadmissible results. An alternative model, the Bifactor S – 1 model, is more appropriate for examining the hierarchical structure of ADHD/ODD symptoms. Both models were applied to ADHD-HI, ADHD-IN, and ODD symptom ratings by mothers, fathers, and teachers for 2142 Spanish children (49.49% girls; ages 8–13 years). The symmetrical Bifactor model yielded the typical anomalous loadings, with a weakly defined ADHD-HI specific factor and difficult to interpret associations of general and specific factors with correlates. In contrast, the Bifactor S – 1 model with ADHD-HI symptoms as general reference factor produced clearly interpretable results. For mothers and fathers, slightly more than 50% of true score variance in ADHD-IN and ODD symptoms represented specific residual variance not shared with the general ADHD-HI reference factor. For teachers, approximately 69% and 39% of true score variance in ADHD-IN and ODD symptoms, respectively, represented specific residual variance not shared with the general ADHD-HI reference factor. The general ADHD-HI reference factor and specific ADHD-IN and ODD residual factors showed convergent and discriminant validity across sources, along with unique associations with peer rejection, social impairment, and academic impairment factors. The Bifactor S – 1 model also yielded results consistent with predictions from trait-impulsivity theory of ADHD/ODD development. Researchers should use the Bifactor S – 1 model rather than the symmetrical Bifactor model if hypotheses involve the latent hierarchical structure of ADHD/ODD symptoms.
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Bifactor latent structure of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder adhd oppositional defiant disorder odd symptoms and first order latent structure of sluggish cognitive tempo symptoms
Psychological Assessment, 2016Co-Authors: Soyean Lee, Leonard G Burns, Theodore P Beauchaine, Stephen P BeckerAbstract:The objective was to determine if the latent structure of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) symptoms is best explained by a general disruptive behavior factor along with specific inattention (IN), hyperactivity/impulsivity (HI), and ODD factors (a Bifactor model) whereas the latent structure of sluggish cognitive tempo (SCT) symptoms is best explained by a first-order factor independent of the Bifactor model of ADHD/ODD. Parents' (n = 703) and teachers' (n = 366) ratings of SCT, ADHD-IN, ADHD-HI, and ODD symptoms on the Child and Adolescent Disruptive Behavior Inventory (CADBI) in a community sample of children (ages 5-13; 55% girls) were used to evaluate 4 models of symptom organization. Results indicated that a Bifactor model of ADHD/ODD symptoms, in conjunction with a separate first-order SCT factor, was the best model for both parent and teacher ratings. The first-order SCT factor showed discriminant validity with the general disruptive behavior and specific IN factors in the Bifactor model. In addition, higher scores on the SCT factor predicted greater academic and social impairment, even after controlling for the general disruptive behavior and 3 specific factors. Consistent with predictions from the trait-impulsivity etiological model of externalizing liability, a single, general disruptive behavior factor accounted for nearly all common variance in ADHD/ODD symptoms, whereas SCT symptoms represented a factor different from the general disruptive behavior and specific IN factor. These results provide additional support for distinguishing between SCT and ADHD-IN. The study also demonstrates how etiological models can be used to predict specific latent structures of symptom organization. (PsycINFO Database Record
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Bifactor latent structure of adhd odd symptoms predictions of dual pathway trait impulsivity etiological models of adhd
Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 2014Co-Authors: Leonard G Burns, Theodore P Beauchaine, Marcela Alves De Moura, Keith McburnettAbstract:Objective: To determine if ADHD/ODD symptoms are better represented by a Bifactor model of disruptive behavior [general disruptive behavior factor along with specific inattention (IN), specific hyperactivity/impulsivity (HI), and specific oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) factors] than an ADHD-IN, ADHD-HI, and ODD three-factor model. Method: Mothers’ and fathers’ ratings of ADHD-IN, ADHD-HI, and ODD symptoms in a community sample of 4,658 children and adolescents (53% female) from Brazil, Thailand, and the US were used to evaluate the measurement models. Results: The Bifactor model of disruptive behavior provided a better fit than the three factor model. The Bifactor model also occurred with mothers’ and fathers’ ratings of male and female children and adolescents. Conclusions: Consistent with predictions derived from recently articulated dual-pathway and trait-impulsivity models of externalizing liability, and from behavioral genetics studies indicating near complete overlap in vulnerability to ADHD and ODD, ADHD and ODD symptoms arose from a single, general disruptive behavior factor, which accounted for all of the variance in HI subscale scores and over half of the variance IN and ODD subscales. Thus, IN, HI, and ODD subscale scores strongly reflect a general disruptive behavior factor – not the specific content of their respective constructs. Keywords: ADHD, oppositional defiant disorder, Bifactor models, dual-pathway/ trait-impulsivity theories.
Leonard G Burns - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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application of the Bifactor s 1 model to multisource ratings of adhd odd symptoms an appropriate Bifactor model for symptom ratings
Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 2020Co-Authors: Leonard G Burns, Stephen P Becker, Christian Geiser, Mateu Servera, Theodore P BeauchaineAbstract:The symmetrical Bifactor model is often applied to attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)-hyperactive/impulsive (HI), ADHD-inattentive (IN), and oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) symptoms, but this model frequently yields anomalous or inadmissible results. An alternative model, the Bifactor S – 1 model, is more appropriate for examining the hierarchical structure of ADHD/ODD symptoms. Both models were applied to ADHD-HI, ADHD-IN, and ODD symptom ratings by mothers, fathers, and teachers for 2142 Spanish children (49.49% girls; ages 8–13 years). The symmetrical Bifactor model yielded the typical anomalous loadings, with a weakly defined ADHD-HI specific factor and difficult to interpret associations of general and specific factors with correlates. In contrast, the Bifactor S – 1 model with ADHD-HI symptoms as general reference factor produced clearly interpretable results. For mothers and fathers, slightly more than 50% of true score variance in ADHD-IN and ODD symptoms represented specific residual variance not shared with the general ADHD-HI reference factor. For teachers, approximately 69% and 39% of true score variance in ADHD-IN and ODD symptoms, respectively, represented specific residual variance not shared with the general ADHD-HI reference factor. The general ADHD-HI reference factor and specific ADHD-IN and ODD residual factors showed convergent and discriminant validity across sources, along with unique associations with peer rejection, social impairment, and academic impairment factors. The Bifactor S – 1 model also yielded results consistent with predictions from trait-impulsivity theory of ADHD/ODD development. Researchers should use the Bifactor S – 1 model rather than the symmetrical Bifactor model if hypotheses involve the latent hierarchical structure of ADHD/ODD symptoms.
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Bifactor latent structure of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder adhd oppositional defiant disorder odd symptoms and first order latent structure of sluggish cognitive tempo symptoms
Psychological Assessment, 2016Co-Authors: Soyean Lee, Leonard G Burns, Theodore P Beauchaine, Stephen P BeckerAbstract:The objective was to determine if the latent structure of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) symptoms is best explained by a general disruptive behavior factor along with specific inattention (IN), hyperactivity/impulsivity (HI), and ODD factors (a Bifactor model) whereas the latent structure of sluggish cognitive tempo (SCT) symptoms is best explained by a first-order factor independent of the Bifactor model of ADHD/ODD. Parents' (n = 703) and teachers' (n = 366) ratings of SCT, ADHD-IN, ADHD-HI, and ODD symptoms on the Child and Adolescent Disruptive Behavior Inventory (CADBI) in a community sample of children (ages 5-13; 55% girls) were used to evaluate 4 models of symptom organization. Results indicated that a Bifactor model of ADHD/ODD symptoms, in conjunction with a separate first-order SCT factor, was the best model for both parent and teacher ratings. The first-order SCT factor showed discriminant validity with the general disruptive behavior and specific IN factors in the Bifactor model. In addition, higher scores on the SCT factor predicted greater academic and social impairment, even after controlling for the general disruptive behavior and 3 specific factors. Consistent with predictions from the trait-impulsivity etiological model of externalizing liability, a single, general disruptive behavior factor accounted for nearly all common variance in ADHD/ODD symptoms, whereas SCT symptoms represented a factor different from the general disruptive behavior and specific IN factor. These results provide additional support for distinguishing between SCT and ADHD-IN. The study also demonstrates how etiological models can be used to predict specific latent structures of symptom organization. (PsycINFO Database Record
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Bifactor latent structure of adhd odd symptoms predictions of dual pathway trait impulsivity etiological models of adhd
Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 2014Co-Authors: Leonard G Burns, Theodore P Beauchaine, Marcela Alves De Moura, Keith McburnettAbstract:Objective: To determine if ADHD/ODD symptoms are better represented by a Bifactor model of disruptive behavior [general disruptive behavior factor along with specific inattention (IN), specific hyperactivity/impulsivity (HI), and specific oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) factors] than an ADHD-IN, ADHD-HI, and ODD three-factor model. Method: Mothers’ and fathers’ ratings of ADHD-IN, ADHD-HI, and ODD symptoms in a community sample of 4,658 children and adolescents (53% female) from Brazil, Thailand, and the US were used to evaluate the measurement models. Results: The Bifactor model of disruptive behavior provided a better fit than the three factor model. The Bifactor model also occurred with mothers’ and fathers’ ratings of male and female children and adolescents. Conclusions: Consistent with predictions derived from recently articulated dual-pathway and trait-impulsivity models of externalizing liability, and from behavioral genetics studies indicating near complete overlap in vulnerability to ADHD and ODD, ADHD and ODD symptoms arose from a single, general disruptive behavior factor, which accounted for all of the variance in HI subscale scores and over half of the variance IN and ODD subscales. Thus, IN, HI, and ODD subscale scores strongly reflect a general disruptive behavior factor – not the specific content of their respective constructs. Keywords: ADHD, oppositional defiant disorder, Bifactor models, dual-pathway/ trait-impulsivity theories.
Alexandre J S Morin - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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value beliefs about math a Bifactor esem representation
European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 2020Co-Authors: Daniela Fadda, Alexandre J S Morin, Francesca L Scalas, Herbert W Marsh, Hanna GaspardAbstract:Abstract. This study proposed an improved representation of the factor structure of the Gaspard et al. (2015) value beliefs about math scale relying on Bifactor exploratory structural equation mode...
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investigating the multidimensionality of need fulfillment a Bifactor exploratory structural equation modeling representation
Structural Equation Modeling, 2018Co-Authors: Istvan Tothkiraly, Alexandre J S Morin, Beata Bőthe, Gabor Orosz, Adrien RigoAbstract:This article assesses the multidimensionality of the Basic Psychological Need Satisfaction and Frustration Scale (BPNSFS) using Bifactor exploratory structural equation modeling (Bifactor ESEM). The first study relies on a sample of community adults (N = 2,301), and revealed the superiority of a Bifactor ESEM representation, supporting the 6-factor structure of BPNSFS ratings, and the presence of a single continuum of need fulfillment relative to 2 distinct dimensions reflecting need satisfaction and frustration. These results were replicated in a second representative sample of the Hungarian adult population (N = 504), as well as across gender, and found no evidence of differential item functioning as a function of age. Relative to males, females presented higher levels of relatedness satisfaction and lower levels of competence satisfaction. Finally, autonomy frustration decreased with age, whereas competence satisfaction and frustration presented opposite curvilinear tendencies, showing that the fulfill...
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evidence of a continuum structure of academic self determination a two study test using a Bifactor esem representation of academic motivation
Contemporary Educational Psychology, 2017Co-Authors: David Litalien, Alexandre J S Morin, Marylene Gagne, Robert J Vallerand, Gaetan F Losier, Richard M RyanAbstract:Abstract Self-determination theory postulates various types of motivation can be placed on a continuum according to their level of relative autonomy, or self-determination. We analyze this question through the application of a Bifactor-ESEM framework to the Academic Motivation Scale, completed by undergraduate ( N = 547; Study 1) and graduate ( N = 571; Study 2) students. In both studies, the results showed that Bifactor-ESEM was well-suited to modeling the continuum of academic motivation, and provided a simultaneous assessment of the global level of self-determination and of the specific motivation factors. Global academic self-determination positively predicted satisfaction with studies and vitality. It also negatively predicted dropout intentions and ill-being. Specific motivation types additionally predicted outcomes over and above the global factor.
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a Bifactor exploratory structural equation modeling representation of the structure of the basic psychological needs at work scale
Journal of Vocational Behavior, 2017Co-Authors: Alexandre J S Morin, David Sanchezoliva, Pedro J Teixeira, Eliana V Carraca, Antonio L Palmeira, Marlene N SilvaAbstract:Abstract This study investigates the structure of employees' ratings of the satisfaction of their basic psychological needs for autonomy, competence, and relatedness at work using the newly developed Bifactor exploratory structural equation modeling (ESEM) framework. Using a sample of 366 exercise professionals who completed the new Portuguese version of the Basic Psychological Needs at Work Scale (BPNWS: Brien et al., 2012), the results demonstrated the superiority of a Bifactor-ESEM representation of BPNWS ratings when compared to alternative representations of the data (first-order and Bifactor confirmatory factor analyses, and first-order ESEM). The results also supported the composite reliability, measurement invariance across gender, and nomological validity (in relations to measures of psychological wellbeing and distress at work) of BPNWS ratings. Importantly, these results demonstrated the importance of relying on measurement models providing a way to achieve a proper disaggregation of employees' global levels of need satisfaction relative to the satisfaction of their more specific needs for autonomy, competence, and relatedness.