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Mark Hubener - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Disparity sensitivity and Binocular integration in mouse visual cortex areas
The Journal of Neuroscience, 2020Co-Authors: Alessandro La Chioma, Tobias Bonhoeffer, Mark HubenerAbstract:Binocular Disparity, the difference between the two eyes9 images, is a powerful cue to generate the 3D depth percept known as stereopsis. In primates, Binocular Disparity is processed in multiple areas of the visual cortex, with distinct contributions of higher areas to specific aspects of depth perception. Mice, too, can perceive stereoscopic depth, and neurons in primary visual cortex (V1) and higher-order, lateromedial (LM) and rostrolateral (RL) areas were found to be sensitive to Binocular Disparity. A detailed characterization of Disparity tuning across mouse visual areas is lacking, however, and acquiring such data might help clarifying the role of higher areas for Disparity processing and establishing putative functional correspondences to primate areas. We used two-photon calcium imaging in female mice to characterize the Disparity tuning properties of neurons in visual areas V1, LM, and RL in response to dichoptically presented Binocular gratings, as well as random dot correlograms (RDC). In all three areas, many neurons were tuned to Disparity, showing strong response facilitation or suppression at optimal or null Disparity, respectively, even in neurons classified as monocular by conventional ocular dominance (OD) measurements. Neurons in higher areas exhibited broader and more asymmetric Disparity tuning curves compared with V1, as observed in primate visual cortex. Finally, we probed neurons9 sensitivity to true stereo correspondence by comparing responses to correlated RDC (cRDC) and anticorrelated RDC (aRDC). Area LM, akin to primate ventral visual stream areas, showed higher selectivity for correlated stimuli and reduced anticorrelated responses, indicating higher-level Disparity processing in LM compared with V1 and RL. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT A major cue for inferring 3D depth is Disparity between the two eyes9 images. Investigating how Binocular Disparity is processed in the mouse visual system will not only help delineating the role of mouse higher areas for visual processing, but also shed light on how the mammalian brain computes stereopsis. We found that Binocular integration is a prominent feature of mouse visual cortex, as many neurons are selectively and strongly modulated by Binocular Disparity. Comparison of responses to correlated and anticorrelated random dot correlograms (RDC) revealed that lateromedial area (LM) is more selective to correlated stimuli, while less sensitive to anticorrelated stimuli compared with primary visual cortex (V1) and rostrolateral area (RL), suggesting higher-level Disparity processing in LM, resembling primate ventral visual stream areas.
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Disparity sensitivity and Binocular integration in mouse visual cortex areas
bioRxiv, 2020Co-Authors: Alessandro La Chioma, Tobias Bonhoeffer, Mark HubenerAbstract:Abstract Binocular Disparity, the difference between the two eyes’ images, is a powerful cue to generate the three-dimensional depth percept known as stereopsis. In primates, Binocular Disparity is processed in multiple areas of the visual cortex, with distinct contributions of higher areas to specific aspects of depth perception. Mice, too, can perceive stereoscopic depth, and neurons in primary visual cortex (V1) and higher-order, lateromedial (LM) and rostrolateral (RL) areas were found to be sensitive to Binocular Disparity. A detailed characterization of Disparity tuning properties across mouse visual areas is lacking, however, and acquiring such data might help clarifying the role of higher areas for Disparity processing and establishing putative functional correspondences to primate areas. We used two-photon calcium imaging to characterize the Disparity tuning properties of neurons in mouse visual areas V1, LM, and RL in response to dichoptically presented Binocular gratings, as well as correlated and anticorrelated random dot stereograms (RDS). In all three areas, many neurons were tuned to Disparity, showing strong response facilitation or suppression at optimal or null Disparity, respectively. This was even the case in neurons classified as monocular by conventional ocular dominance measurements. Spatial clustering of similarly tuned neurons was observed at a scale of about 10 μm. Finally, we probed neurons’ sensitivity to true stereo correspondence by comparing responses to correlated and anticorrelated RDS. Area LM, akin to primate ventral visual stream areas, showed higher selectivity for correlated stimuli and reduced anticorrelated responses, indicating higher-level Disparity processing in LM compared to V1 and RL.
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area specific mapping of Binocular Disparity across mouse visual cortex
Current Biology, 2019Co-Authors: Alessandro La Chioma, Tobias Bonhoeffer, Mark HubenerAbstract:Depth perception is a fundamental feature of many visual systems across species. It is relevant for crucial behaviors, like spatial orientation, prey capture, and predator detection. Binocular Disparity, the difference between left and right eye images, is a powerful cue for depth perception, as it depends on an object's distance from the observer [1,2]. In primates, neurons sensitive to Binocular Disparity are found throughout most of the visual cortex, with distinct Disparity tuning properties across primary and higher visual areas, suggesting specific roles of different higher areas for depth perception [1-3]. Mouse primary visual cortex (V1) has been shown to contain Disparity-tuned neurons, similar to those found in other mammals [4,5], but it is unknown how Binocular Disparity is processed beyond V1 and whether it is differentially represented in higher areas. Beyond V1, higher-order, lateromedial (LM) and rostrolateral (RL) areas contain the largest representation of the Binocular visual field [6,7], making them candidate areas for investigating downstream processing of Binocular Disparity in mouse visual cortex. In turn, comparison of Disparity tuning across different mouse visual areas might help delineating their functional specializations, which are not well understood. We find clear differences in neurons' preferred disparities across areas, suggesting that higher visual area RL is specialized for encoding visual stimuli very close to the mouse. Moreover, Disparity preference is related to visual field elevation, likely reflecting an adaptation to natural image statistics. Our results reveal ethologically relevant areal specializations for Binocular Disparity processing across mouse visual cortex.
Alessandro La Chioma - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Disparity sensitivity and Binocular integration in mouse visual cortex areas
The Journal of Neuroscience, 2020Co-Authors: Alessandro La Chioma, Tobias Bonhoeffer, Mark HubenerAbstract:Binocular Disparity, the difference between the two eyes9 images, is a powerful cue to generate the 3D depth percept known as stereopsis. In primates, Binocular Disparity is processed in multiple areas of the visual cortex, with distinct contributions of higher areas to specific aspects of depth perception. Mice, too, can perceive stereoscopic depth, and neurons in primary visual cortex (V1) and higher-order, lateromedial (LM) and rostrolateral (RL) areas were found to be sensitive to Binocular Disparity. A detailed characterization of Disparity tuning across mouse visual areas is lacking, however, and acquiring such data might help clarifying the role of higher areas for Disparity processing and establishing putative functional correspondences to primate areas. We used two-photon calcium imaging in female mice to characterize the Disparity tuning properties of neurons in visual areas V1, LM, and RL in response to dichoptically presented Binocular gratings, as well as random dot correlograms (RDC). In all three areas, many neurons were tuned to Disparity, showing strong response facilitation or suppression at optimal or null Disparity, respectively, even in neurons classified as monocular by conventional ocular dominance (OD) measurements. Neurons in higher areas exhibited broader and more asymmetric Disparity tuning curves compared with V1, as observed in primate visual cortex. Finally, we probed neurons9 sensitivity to true stereo correspondence by comparing responses to correlated RDC (cRDC) and anticorrelated RDC (aRDC). Area LM, akin to primate ventral visual stream areas, showed higher selectivity for correlated stimuli and reduced anticorrelated responses, indicating higher-level Disparity processing in LM compared with V1 and RL. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT A major cue for inferring 3D depth is Disparity between the two eyes9 images. Investigating how Binocular Disparity is processed in the mouse visual system will not only help delineating the role of mouse higher areas for visual processing, but also shed light on how the mammalian brain computes stereopsis. We found that Binocular integration is a prominent feature of mouse visual cortex, as many neurons are selectively and strongly modulated by Binocular Disparity. Comparison of responses to correlated and anticorrelated random dot correlograms (RDC) revealed that lateromedial area (LM) is more selective to correlated stimuli, while less sensitive to anticorrelated stimuli compared with primary visual cortex (V1) and rostrolateral area (RL), suggesting higher-level Disparity processing in LM, resembling primate ventral visual stream areas.
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Disparity sensitivity and Binocular integration in mouse visual cortex areas
bioRxiv, 2020Co-Authors: Alessandro La Chioma, Tobias Bonhoeffer, Mark HubenerAbstract:Abstract Binocular Disparity, the difference between the two eyes’ images, is a powerful cue to generate the three-dimensional depth percept known as stereopsis. In primates, Binocular Disparity is processed in multiple areas of the visual cortex, with distinct contributions of higher areas to specific aspects of depth perception. Mice, too, can perceive stereoscopic depth, and neurons in primary visual cortex (V1) and higher-order, lateromedial (LM) and rostrolateral (RL) areas were found to be sensitive to Binocular Disparity. A detailed characterization of Disparity tuning properties across mouse visual areas is lacking, however, and acquiring such data might help clarifying the role of higher areas for Disparity processing and establishing putative functional correspondences to primate areas. We used two-photon calcium imaging to characterize the Disparity tuning properties of neurons in mouse visual areas V1, LM, and RL in response to dichoptically presented Binocular gratings, as well as correlated and anticorrelated random dot stereograms (RDS). In all three areas, many neurons were tuned to Disparity, showing strong response facilitation or suppression at optimal or null Disparity, respectively. This was even the case in neurons classified as monocular by conventional ocular dominance measurements. Spatial clustering of similarly tuned neurons was observed at a scale of about 10 μm. Finally, we probed neurons’ sensitivity to true stereo correspondence by comparing responses to correlated and anticorrelated RDS. Area LM, akin to primate ventral visual stream areas, showed higher selectivity for correlated stimuli and reduced anticorrelated responses, indicating higher-level Disparity processing in LM compared to V1 and RL.
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area specific mapping of Binocular Disparity across mouse visual cortex
Current Biology, 2019Co-Authors: Alessandro La Chioma, Tobias Bonhoeffer, Mark HubenerAbstract:Depth perception is a fundamental feature of many visual systems across species. It is relevant for crucial behaviors, like spatial orientation, prey capture, and predator detection. Binocular Disparity, the difference between left and right eye images, is a powerful cue for depth perception, as it depends on an object's distance from the observer [1,2]. In primates, neurons sensitive to Binocular Disparity are found throughout most of the visual cortex, with distinct Disparity tuning properties across primary and higher visual areas, suggesting specific roles of different higher areas for depth perception [1-3]. Mouse primary visual cortex (V1) has been shown to contain Disparity-tuned neurons, similar to those found in other mammals [4,5], but it is unknown how Binocular Disparity is processed beyond V1 and whether it is differentially represented in higher areas. Beyond V1, higher-order, lateromedial (LM) and rostrolateral (RL) areas contain the largest representation of the Binocular visual field [6,7], making them candidate areas for investigating downstream processing of Binocular Disparity in mouse visual cortex. In turn, comparison of Disparity tuning across different mouse visual areas might help delineating their functional specializations, which are not well understood. We find clear differences in neurons' preferred disparities across areas, suggesting that higher visual area RL is specialized for encoding visual stimuli very close to the mouse. Moreover, Disparity preference is related to visual field elevation, likely reflecting an adaptation to natural image statistics. Our results reveal ethologically relevant areal specializations for Binocular Disparity processing across mouse visual cortex.
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area specific mapping of Binocular Disparity across mouse visual cortex
bioRxiv, 2019Co-Authors: Alessandro La Chioma, Tobias Bonhoeffer, M HuiˆbenerAbstract:Summary Binocular Disparity, the difference between left and right eye images, is a powerful cue for depth perception. Many neurons in the visual cortex of higher mammals are sensitive to Binocular Disparity, with distinct Disparity tuning properties across primary and higher visual areas. Mouse primary visual cortex (V1) has been shown to contain Disparity-tuned neurons, but it is unknown how these signals are processed beyond V1. We find that Disparity signals are prominent in higher areas of mouse visual cortex. Preferred disparities markedly differ among visual areas, with area RL encoding visual stimuli very close to the mouse. Moreover, Disparity preference is systematically related to visual field elevation, such that neurons with receptive fields in the lower visual field are overall tuned to near disparities, likely reflecting an adaptation to natural image statistics. Our results reveal ecologically relevant areal specializations for Binocular Disparity processing across mouse visual cortex.
Farley J Norman - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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aging and the perception of slant from optical texture motion parallax and Binocular Disparity
Attention Perception & Psychophysics, 2009Co-Authors: Farley J Norman, Charles E Crabtree, Ashley N Bartholomew, Elizabeth L FerrellAbstract:The ability of younger and older observers to perceive surface slant was investigated in four experiments. The surfaces possessed slants of 20°, 35°, 50°, and 65°, relative to the frontoparallel plane. The observers judged the slants using either a palm board (Experiments 1, 3, and 4) or magnitude estimation (Experiment 2). In Experiments 1–3, physically slanted surfaces were used (the surfaces possessed marble, granite, pebble, and circle textures), whereas computer-generated 3-D surfaces (defined by motion parallax and Binocular Disparity) were utilized in Experiment 4. The results showed that the younger and older observers' performance was essentially identical with regard to accuracy. The younger and older age groups, however, differed in terms of precision in Experiments 1 and 2: The judgments of the older observers were more variable across repeated trials. When taken as a whole, the results demonstrate that older observers (at least through the age of 83 years) can effectively extract information about slant in depth from optical patterns containing texture, motion parallax, or Binocular Disparity.
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aging and the perception of slant from optical texture motion parallax and Binocular Disparity
Attention Perception & Psychophysics, 2009Co-Authors: Farley J Norman, Charles E Crabtree, Ashley N Bartholomew, Elizabeth L FerrellAbstract:The ability of younger and older observers to perceive surface slant was investigated in four experiments. The surfaces possessed slants of 20 degrees, 35 degrees, 50 degrees, and 65 degrees, relative to the frontoparallel plane. The observers judged the slants using either a palm board (Experiments 1, 3, and 4) or magnitude estimation (Experiment 2). In Experiments 1-3, physically slanted surfaces were used (the surfaces possessed marble, granite, pebble, and circle textures), whereas computer-generated 3-D surfaces (defined by motion parallax and Binocular Disparity) were utilized in Experiment 4. The results showed that the younger and older observers' performance was essentially identical with regard to accuracy. The younger and older age groups, however, differed in terms of precision in Experiments 1 and 2: The judgments of the older observers were more variable across repeated trials. When taken as a whole, the results demonstrate that older observers (at least through the age of 83 years) can effectively extract information about slant in depth from optical patterns containing texture, motion parallax, or Binocular Disparity.
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the visual perception of 3 d shape from multiple cues are observers capable of perceiving metric structure
Attention Perception & Psychophysics, 2003Co-Authors: James T. Todd, Farley J NormanAbstract:Three experiments are reported in which observers judged the three-dimensional (3-D) structures of virtual or real objects defined by various combinations of texture, motion, and Binocular Disparity under a wide variety of conditions. The tasks employed in these studies involved adjusting the depth of an object to match its width, adjusting the planes of a dihedral angle so that they appeared orthogonal, and adjusting the shape of an object so that it appeared to match another at a different viewing distance. The results obtained on all of these tasks revealed large constant errors and large individual differences among observers. There were also systematic failures of constancy over changes in viewing distance, orientation, or response task. When considered in conjunction with other, similar reports in the literature, these findings provide strong evidence that human observers do not have accurate perceptions of 3-D metric structure.
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the effects of age upon the perception of depth and 3 d shape from differential motion and Binocular Disparity
Perception, 2000Co-Authors: Farley J Norman, Thomas E Dawson, Amy K ButlerAbstract:The ability of younger and older adults to perceive the 3-D shape, depth, and curvature of smooth surfaces defined by differential motion and Binocular Disparity was evaluated in six experiments. The number of points defining the surfaces and their spatial and temporal correspondences were manipulated. For stereoscopic sinusoidal surfaces, the spatial frequency of the corrugations was also varied. For surfaces defined by motion, the lifetimes of the individual points in the patterns were varied, and comparisons were made between the perception of surfaces defined by points and that of more ecologically valid textured surfaces. In all experiments, the older observers were less sensitive to the depths and curvatures of the surfaces, although the deficits were much larger for motion-defined surfaces. The results demonstrate that older adults can extract depth and shape from optical patterns containing only differential motion or Binocular Disparity, but these abilities are often manifested at reduced levels of performance.
Bruce G Cumming - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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the physiology of stereopsis
Annual Review of Neuroscience, 2001Co-Authors: Bruce G Cumming, Gregory C DeangelisAbstract:Binocular Disparity provides the visual system with information concerning the three-dimensional layout of the environment. Recent physiological studies in the primary visual cortex provide a successful account of the mechanisms by which single neurons are able to signal Disparity. This work also reveals that additional processing is required to make explicit the types of signal required for depth perception (such as the ability to match features correctly between the two monocular images). Some of these signals, such as those encoding relative Disparity, are found in extrastriate cortex. Several other lines of evidence also suggest that the link between perception and neuronal activity is stronger in extrastriate cortex (especially MT) than in the primary visual cortex.
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cortical area mt and the perception of stereoscopic depth
Nature, 1998Co-Authors: Gregory C Deangelis, Bruce G Cumming, William T NewsomeAbstract:Stereopsis is the perception of depth based on small positional differences between images formed on the two retinae (known as Binocular Disparity). Neurons that respond selectively to Binocular Disparity were first described three decades ago1,2, and have since been observed in many visual areas of the primate brain, including V1, V2, V3, MT and MST3,4,5,6,7,8. Although Disparity-selective neurons are thought to form the neural substrate for stereopsis, the mere existence of Disparity-selective neurons does not guarantee that they contribute to stereoscopic depth perception. Some Disparity-selective neurons may play other roles, such as guiding vergence eye movements9,10. Thus, the roles of different visual areas in stereopsis remain poorly defined. Here we show that visual area MT is important in stereoscopic vision: electrical stimulation of clusters of Disparity-selective MT neurons can bias perceptual judgements of depth, and the bias is predictable from the Disparity preference of neurons at the stimulation site. These results show that behaviourally relevant signals concerning stereoscopic depth are present in MT.
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responses of primary visual cortical neurons to Binocular Disparity without depth perception
Nature, 1997Co-Authors: Bruce G Cumming, Andrew ParkerAbstract:The identification of brain regions that are associated with the conscious perception of visual stimuli is a major goal in neuroscience1. Here we present a test of whether the signals on neurons in cortical area V1 correspond directly to our conscious perception of Binocular stereoscopic depth. Depth perception requires that image features on one retina are first matched with appropriate features on the other retina. The mechanisms that perform this matching can be examined by using random-dot stereograms2, in which the left and right eyes view randomly positioned but Binocularly correlated dots. We exploit the fact that anticorrelated random-dot stereograms (in which dots in one eye are matched geometrically to dots of the opposite contrast in the other eye) do not give rise to the perception of depth3 because the matching process does not find a consistent solution. Anticorrelated random-dot stereograms contain Binocular features that could excite neurons that have not solved the correspondence problem. We demonstrate that Disparity-selective neurons in V1 signal the Disparity of anticorrelated random-dot stereograms, indicating that they do not unambiguously signal stereoscopic depth. Hence single V1 neurons cannot account for the conscious perception of stereopsis, although combining the outputs of many V1 neurons could solve the matching problem. The accompanying paper4 suggests an additional function for Disparity signals from V1: they may be important for the rapid involuntary control of vergence eye movements (eye movements that bring the images on the two foveae into register).
Gregory C Deangelis - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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joint representation of depth from motion parallax and Binocular Disparity cues in macaque area mt
The Journal of Neuroscience, 2013Co-Authors: Jacob W Nadler, Dora E Angelaki, Hyung Goo Kim, Daniel Barbash, Swati Shimpi, Gregory C DeangelisAbstract:Perception of depth is based on a variety of cues, with Binocular Disparity and motion parallax generally providing more precise depth information than pictorial cues. Much is known about how neurons in visual cortex represent depth from Binocular Disparity or motion parallax, but little is known about the joint neural representation of these depth cues. We recently described neurons in the middle temporal (MT) area that signal depth sign (near vs far) from motion parallax; here, we examine whether and how these neurons also signal depth from Binocular Disparity. We find that most MT neurons in rhesus monkeys (Macaca Mulatta) are selective for depth sign based on both Disparity and motion parallax cues. However, the depth-sign preferences (near or far) are not always aligned: 56% of MT neurons have matched depth-sign preferences (“congruent” cells) whereas the remaining 44% of neurons prefer near depth from motion parallax and far depth from Disparity, or vice versa (“opposite” cells). For congruent cells, depth-sign selectivity increases when Disparity cues are added to motion parallax, but this enhancement does not occur for opposite cells. This suggests that congruent cells might contribute to perceptual integration of depth cues. We also found that neurons are clustered in MT according to their depth tuning based on motion parallax, similar to the known clustering of MT neurons for Binocular Disparity. Together, these findings suggest that area MT is involved in constructing a representation of 3D scene structure that takes advantage of multiple depth cues available to mobile observers.
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Binocular Disparity tuning and visual vestibular congruency of multisensory neurons in macaque parietal cortex
The Journal of Neuroscience, 2011Co-Authors: Yun Yang, Gregory C Deangelis, Sheng Liu, Syed A Chowdhury, Dora E AngelakiAbstract:Many neurons in the dorsal medial superior temporal (MSTd) and ventral intraparietal (VIP) areas of the macaque brain are multisensory, responding to both optic flow and vestibular cues to self-motion. The heading tuning of visual and vestibular responses can be either congruent or opposite, but only congruent cells have been implicated in cue integration for heading perception. Because of the geometric properties of motion parallax, however, both congruent and opposite cells could be involved in coding self-motion when observers fixate a world-fixed target during translation, if congruent cells prefer near disparities and opposite cells prefer far disparities. We characterized the Binocular Disparity selectivity and heading tuning of MSTd and VIP cells using random-dot stimuli. Most (70%) MSTd neurons were Disparity selective with monotonic tuning, and there was no consistent relationship between depth preference and congruency of visual and vestibular heading tuning. One-third of Disparity-selective MSTd cells reversed their depth preference for opposite directions of motion [direction-dependent Disparity tuning (DDD)], but most of these cells were unisensory with no tuning for vestibular stimuli. Inconsistent with previous reports, the direction preferences of most DDD neurons do not reverse with Disparity. By comparison to MSTd, VIP contains fewer Disparity-selective neurons (41%) and very few DDD cells. On average, VIP neurons also preferred higher speeds and nearer disparities than MSTd cells. Our findings are inconsistent with the hypothesis that visual/vestibular congruency is linked to depth preference, and also suggest that DDD cells are not involved in multisensory integration for heading perception.
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the physiology of stereopsis
Annual Review of Neuroscience, 2001Co-Authors: Bruce G Cumming, Gregory C DeangelisAbstract:Binocular Disparity provides the visual system with information concerning the three-dimensional layout of the environment. Recent physiological studies in the primary visual cortex provide a successful account of the mechanisms by which single neurons are able to signal Disparity. This work also reveals that additional processing is required to make explicit the types of signal required for depth perception (such as the ability to match features correctly between the two monocular images). Some of these signals, such as those encoding relative Disparity, are found in extrastriate cortex. Several other lines of evidence also suggest that the link between perception and neuronal activity is stronger in extrastriate cortex (especially MT) than in the primary visual cortex.
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cortical area mt and the perception of stereoscopic depth
Nature, 1998Co-Authors: Gregory C Deangelis, Bruce G Cumming, William T NewsomeAbstract:Stereopsis is the perception of depth based on small positional differences between images formed on the two retinae (known as Binocular Disparity). Neurons that respond selectively to Binocular Disparity were first described three decades ago1,2, and have since been observed in many visual areas of the primate brain, including V1, V2, V3, MT and MST3,4,5,6,7,8. Although Disparity-selective neurons are thought to form the neural substrate for stereopsis, the mere existence of Disparity-selective neurons does not guarantee that they contribute to stereoscopic depth perception. Some Disparity-selective neurons may play other roles, such as guiding vergence eye movements9,10. Thus, the roles of different visual areas in stereopsis remain poorly defined. Here we show that visual area MT is important in stereoscopic vision: electrical stimulation of clusters of Disparity-selective MT neurons can bias perceptual judgements of depth, and the bias is predictable from the Disparity preference of neurons at the stimulation site. These results show that behaviourally relevant signals concerning stereoscopic depth are present in MT.