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John Paull - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE: THE DISTRIBUTION OF Biodynamics AND ORGANICS IN AUSTRALIA
Proceedings of the 13th Seminar on Science and Technology, 2020Co-Authors: John Paull, B HennigAbstract:Australia is a global leader in sustainable agriculture. Australia accounts for 20% of the world's certified biodynamic agriculture hectares (viz. 49,797 hectares; 55 countries account for a global total of 251,842 certified biodynamic hectares). Australia accounts for 50% of the world's certified organic agriculture hectares (viz. 35,645,037 hectares; 186 countries account for a global total of 71,514,583 certified organic hectares). This paper presents a map of the geographic distribution of biodynamic agriculture in Australia, which is the first accounting and analysis of Biodynamics data in Australia. The biodynamic distribution across the states and territories of Australia is compared to the distribution of organic agriculture. Biodynamic agriculture is the 'original' organic agriculture and sustainable agriculture, and it dates from 1924. Organic agriculture has grown out of the Biodynamics movement and the term 'organic farming' dates from 1940. World maps of the global distribution of organics and Biodynamics reveal Australia's leadership in sustainable agriculture.
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Translations of Rudolf Steiner's Agriculture Course (Koberwitz, 1924): The Seminal Text of Biodynamic Farming and Organic Agriculture
International Journal of Environmental Planning and Management, 2020Co-Authors: John PaullAbstract:The Agriculture Course of Dr Rudolf Steiner (1861-1925) is the seminal text of biodynamic farming and the organic agriculture movement. It has appeared in 16 languages. The Austrian New Age philosopher, Dr Rudolf Steiner, presented his Agriculture Course in the village of Koberwitz, Germany (now Kobierzyce, Poland) in the summer of 1924. The course of eight lectures laid the foundations for the emergence, over the following two decades, of biodynamic farming and organic agriculture. There were 111 attendees at the course at Koberwitz, many were farmers, all were Anthroposophists. The Agriculture Course was presented in German. It was one of the final lecture series that Rudolf Steiner conducted in his lifetime. It was a course of what Rudolf Steiner called “hints”, to be put to the test, not prescriptions nor dogmas. The Agriculture Course appeared in print in German in 1926. It was initially available only to members of the Experimental Circle of Anthroposophic Farmers and Gardeners (until some time after WW2). Members of the Experimental Circle agreed to test Rudolf Steiner’s ideas with the view to the publication of the results. The first translation of the Agriculture Course appeared in English in 1929. That translation was by George Kaufmann (later known as George Adams) who brought to the task his years of masterfully and extemporaneously rendering into English Rudolf Steiner’s lectures in German for audiences. The Agriculture Course has been translated into a further 14 (at least) other languages: French (1943); Swedish (1966); Italian (1973); Danish (1976); Dutch (1977); Spanish (1988); Hebrew (1989); Norwegian (1992); Romanian (1997); Russian (1997); Serbian (2004); Portuguese (2005); Polish (2007); and Esperanto (2009). As organic agriculture continues to increasingly attract consumers, advocates, practitioners, and scholars, interest endures in the seminal text of Biodynamics and the organics movement.
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Ernesto Genoni: Australia’s pioneer of biodynamic agriculture
2014Co-Authors: John PaullAbstract:Ernesto Genoni (1885-1975) pioneered biodynamic agriculture in Australia. In 1928 he was the first of (ultimately) twelve Australians to join Rudolf Steiner’s Experimental Circle of Anthroposophical Farmers and Gardeners (ECAFG) which was based at the Goetheanum, Dornach, Switzerland. Ernesto trained as an artist for five years at Milan’s prestigious Brera Academy. He visited his brothers in Australia, broad-acre immigrant farmers in Western Australia, in 1912 and 1914 and during these visits he worked on their, and other’s, farms. In 1916 he enlisted in the Australian Imperial Force (AIF) and served as a stretcher bearer on the battlefields of the Somme, France, before being conscripted into the Italian Army and serving jail-time in Italy as a draft resister and conscientious objector. Ernesto joined the Anthroposophical Society in Milan in 1919. He first met Rudolf Steiner in 1920 at the Goetheanum, the Anthroposophy headquarters in Switzerland. Ernesto left the Goetheanum in 1924 when Steiner retired from public life. He migrated to Australia in 1926 with aspirations for establishing a career as an artist in Australia. Instead, having arrived in Australia, he was again drawn into farm management and agricultural work. Ernesto was a champion for biodynamic agriculture, Anthroposophy, and the Austrian New Age philosopher, Rudolf Steiner - causes to which he devoted the rest of his life. In 1928 he initiated the first Anthroposophy meetings in Melbourne. In 1930 Ernesto made a grand tour of biodynamic enterprises in Europe and met the leading Biodynamics advocates and practitioners of the day in Germany, Switzerland and England, including Ehrenfried Pfeiffer, Erika Riese, Ernst Stegemann, and Carl Mirbt. In 1935 Ernesto and his partner, Ileen Macpherson, who was also an anthroposophist and a member of the ECAFG, began their biodynamic farm called Demeter Biological Farm in Dandenong, Victoria. Ernesto was a founder of the Anthroposophical Society Victoria Michael Group in 1932, and he became its leader in 1962.
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Biodynamic agriculture shows steady global growth
2013Co-Authors: John PaullAbstract:New figures released by Demeter-International reveal the steady global growth of biodynamic agriculture. Certified biodynamic hectares are up 2% (from 144,497 to 147,495 hectares), biodynamic processors are up 5% (from 456 to 478), and biodynamic distributors are up 3% (from 185 to 190). The number of countries with Demeter-International certified biodynamic activity increased from 48 to 52. Croatia and Peru enter the list with newly reported biodynamic farms, and Bulgaria and Ukraine enter the list with new biodynamic distributors. There is considerable volatility in the statistics, with most countries reporting changes in the statistics for 2012 compared to the previous year. The three leading countries, based on biodynamic hectares, are Germany (with 66,991 hectares, up 1%), Italy (8,688 ha., up 6%), and France (8,100 ha., up 8%). Germany has the most biodynamic farms (1420), the most biodynamic processors (195), and the most biodynamic distributors (62). The largest percentage increases in biodynamic hectares were recorded by Spain (up 157% to 2128 ha.), Ecuador (up 115% to 236 ha.), and South Africa (up 96% to 157 ha.). The total number of biodynamic farms decreased 16% (from 5615 to 4733) with the biggest declines reported by Tunisia (down 23% to 1,560 farms) and India (down 19% to 5,882 farms). Biodynamic agriculture is based on Rudolf Steiner’s agricultural lectures which were delivered, in German, in the small village of Koberwitz (Kobierzyce, Poland) in 1924. Steiner indicated that this was an agriculture for all farmers. Demeter-International report the figures from all the biodynamic farms covered by their own certification. This underestimates the total world biodynamic activity since some countries, for example Australia, are not covered by Demeter-International certification, and some biodynamic farmers are certified ‘organic’ (rather than ‘biodynamic’) while some others are not certified at all.
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The Betteshanger Summer School: Missing link between biodynamic agriculture and organic farming
2011Co-Authors: John PaullAbstract:Biodynamic agriculture and organic farming have been regarded as having different provenances and having arisen independently. The present account introduces the ‘missing link’ between the two. In 1938 Ehrenfried Pfeiffer published the milestone book on Biodynamics: Bio-Dynamic Farming and Gardening. In 1940 Lord Northbourne published Look to the Land, the work that introduced the term ‘organic farming’. In the summer of the intervening year, Pfeiffer travelled from Switzerland to Northbourne’s estate in Kent, UK, and presented for British farmers a nine day course on Biodynamics, the Betteshanger Summer School and Conference on Bio-Dynamic Farming, 1-9 July 1939. Pfeiffer was supported by the pre-eminent biodynamic scholar-practitioners, Otto Eckstein and Hans Heinze. Dr Scott Williamson of the Peckham Experiment was the sole British lecturer at the Betteshanger Summer School. For the UK Bio-Dynamic Association, the Betteshanger Summer School was the highlight of the year. Northbourne and Pfeiffer had collaborated on the Farleigh Experiment in 1938, and Northbourne had travelled to Switzerland in January 1939 to arrange Pfeiffer’s visit. War broke out less than eight weeks after the Betteshanger Summer School. Northbourne’s manifesto on organic agriculture, Look to the Land, was published in May of the following year. The book took the Steinerian and biodynamic view of ‘the farm as an organism’ as its central tenet and adopted it as the nominative motif for ‘organic’ farming. The book offered to the Anglophone world an account that was secular and distanced from any Anthroposophic or Germanic roots. Subsequently, Northbourne sought to bring Pfeiffer to the UK but Pfeiffer’s next and final visit was in 1950. The Betteshanger Summer School and Conference on Biodynamics has been otherwise unreported. As this account demonstrates, Betteshanger was a stepping stone from Biodynamics to organics. Northbourne sponsored Pfeiffer’s visit and the Betteshanger Biodynamics conference in 1939, and the following year he introduced his term ‘organic farming’ and its philosophy in his book Look to the Land.
Sharad P. Paul - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Examining the Science Behind Skin Lines Currently Used for Surgical Excisions, and Introducing a New Concept of BEST (Biodynamic Excisional Skin Tension) Lines
Biodynamic Excisional Skin Tension Lines for Cutaneous Surgery, 2018Co-Authors: Sharad P. PaulAbstract:Surgical literature is inundated with references to Langer’s Lines, Cleavage Lines, Wrinkle Lines and Skin Tension Lines. The author undertakes a detailed literature review to understand current evidence behind skin lines in cutaneous surgery and puts forward a hypothesis that incisional and excisional lines are different. While the lines mentioned above are fine for making incisions, when wound tension is created after excision of skin lesions or cancers, as opposed to creating incisions for egress, the dynamics change—and therefore (what the author terms) Biodynamic Excisional Skin Tension Lines matter and need to be determined accurately. Further, areas like the scalp (due to no underlying attachment of muscles and the galeal aponeurosis layer) and the lower limb (due to the vascular plane) need special considerations in cutaneous surgery. Therefore, when it comes to current practice in dermatological and cutaneous surgery, the science of skin Biodynamics suggests that best excisional lines do not always conform to current surgical practice.
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Biodynamic Excisional Skin Tension (BEST) Lines: Revisiting Langer’s Lines, Skin Biomechanics, Current Concepts in Cutaneous Surgery, and the (lack of) Science behind Skin Lines used for Surgical Excisions
2017Co-Authors: Sharad P. PaulAbstract:Surgical literature is inundated with references to Langer’s Lines, Cleavage Lines, Wrinkle Lines and Skin Tension Lines. The author undertakes a detailed literature review to understand the “state-of-the art” regarding skin lines in cutaneous surgery and puts forward a hypothesis that incisional and excisional lines are different. While the lines mentioned above are fine for making incisions, when wound tension is created after excision of skin lesions or cancers, as opposed to creating incisions for egress, the dynamics change -- and therefore (what the author terms) Biodynamic Excisional Skin Tension Lines matter and need to be determined accurately. On bony areas like the scalp (due to no underlying attachment of muscles and the galeal aponeurosis layer) or the lower limb (due to the vascular plane) need special considerations in cutaneous surgery. Therefore, when it comes to current practice in dermatological and cutaneous surgery, the science of skin Biodynamics suggests that best excisional lines do not always conform to current surgical practice.
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biodynamic excisional skin tension best lines revisiting langer s lines skin biomechanics current concepts in cutaneous surgery and the lack of science behind skin lines used for surgical excisions
Journal of Dermatological Research, 2017Co-Authors: Sharad P. PaulAbstract:Surgical literature is inundated with references to Langer’s Lines, Cleavage Lines, Wrinkle Lines and Skin Tension Lines. The author undertakes a detailed literature review to understand the “state-of-the art” regarding skin lines in cutaneous surgery and puts forward a hypothesis that incisional and excisional lines are different. While the lines mentioned above are fine for making incisions, when wound tension is created after excision of skin lesions or cancers, as opposed to creating incisions for egress, the dynamics change -- and therefore (what the author terms) Biodynamic Excisional Skin Tension Lines matter and need to be determined accurately. On bony areas like the scalp (due to no underlying attachment of muscles and the galeal aponeurosis layer) or the lower limb (due to the vascular plane) need special considerations in cutaneous surgery. Therefore, when it comes to current practice in dermatological and cutaneous surgery, the science of skin Biodynamics suggests that best excisional lines do not always conform to current surgical practice.
Paull John - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Australia’s Place in the World of Biodynamics
2020Co-Authors: Paull JohnAbstract:Australia is second in the world in certified biodynamic hectares, accounting for 20% of global certified biodynamic hectares. Australia was an early adopter of Biodynamics. The AIF stretcher bearer and Italian immigrant, Ernesto Genoni, pioneered Biodynamics in Australia. He joined Rudolf Steiner’s Experimental Circle in 1928, the first Australian to join. Ernesto Genoni spent 1924 at the headquarters of Anthroposophy in Dornach, Switzerland, attending Rudolf Steiner’s First Class, learning German in the process, and painting in the Anthroposophic style. Ernesto established the first biodynamic farm in Victoria, at Dalmore. With his partner, Ileen Macpherson, Ernesto Genoni operated Australia’s original Demeter Farm at Dandenong, Victoria, for two decades
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A World Map of Biodynamic Agriculture
2020Co-Authors: Paull John, Hennig BenjaminAbstract:A world map of biodynamic agriculture is presented. The map accounts for 55 countries and a world total of 251,842 certified biodynamic hectares. Biodynamic farming is the progenitor of organic agriculture. Ground-zero for Biodynamics and organics is the Agriculture Course presented in the summer of 1924 by Dr Rudolf Steiner (1861-1925) to a group of 111 farmers and others at Koberwitz, Germany (now Kobierzyce, Poland). Rudolf Steiner called for a natural agriculture rejecting the prevailing thrust for the chemicalization of agriculture, evidenced, at the time, particularly by the uptake of synthetic fertilisers. Steiner’s “hints” have evolved into a suite of farming practices now called ‘biodynamic’ (BD) agriculture. One BD practitioner, Lord Northbourne, coined the term ‘organic farming’ (in 1940) and presented his manifesto of organic agriculture, Look to the Land, which has spawned the international alternative agriculture movement of organic farming. Germany leads the world with 84,426 BD hectares, followed by Australia with 49,797 BD ha, and France with 14,629 BD ha. Steiner’s particularised form of organic agriculture, viz. biodynamic farming, is a subset (of 30.0% and 0.35% respectively) of the 186 countries which account for a global total of 71,514,583 certified organic hectares. A table of countries and associated BD hectares is included. All hectare data reported in the present paper are for certified operations. The map presented is an area cartogram. The size and scope of the uncertified Biodynamics and organics sectors remain undetermined
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Translations of Rudolf Steiner’s Agriculture Course (Koberwitz, 1924): The Seminal Text of Biodynamic Farming and Organic Agriculture
2020Co-Authors: Paull JohnAbstract:The Agriculture Course of Dr Rudolf Steiner (1861-1925) is the seminal text of biodynamic farming and the organic agriculture movement. It has appeared in 16 languages. The Austrian New Age philosopher, Dr Rudolf Steiner, presented his Agriculture Course in the village of Koberwitz, Germany (now Kobierzyce, Poland) in the summer of 1924. The course of eight lectures laid the foundations for the emergence, over the following two decades, of biodynamic farming and organic agriculture. There were 111 attendees at the course at Koberwitz, many were farmers, all were Anthroposophists. The Agriculture Course was presented in German. It was one of the final lecture series that Rudolf Steiner conducted in his lifetime. It was a course of what Rudolf Steiner called “hints”, to be put to the test, not prescriptions nor dogmas. The Agriculture Course appeared in print in German in 1926. It was initially available only to members of the Experimental Circle of Anthroposophic Farmers and Gardeners (until some time after WW2). Members of the Experimental Circle agreed to test Rudolf Steiner’s ideas with the view to the publication of the results. The first translation of the Agriculture Course appeared in English in 1929. That translation was by George Kaufmann (later known as George Adams) who brought to the task his years of masterfully and extemporaneously rendering into English Rudolf Steiner’s lectures in German for audiences. The Agriculture Course has been translated into a further 14 (at least) other languages: French (1943); Swedish (1966); Italian (1973); Danish (1976); Dutch (1977); Spanish (1988); Hebrew (1989); Norwegian (1992); Romanian (1997); Russian (1997); Serbian (2004); Portuguese (2005); Polish (2007); and Esperanto (2009). As organic agriculture continues to increasingly attract consumers, advocates, practitioners, and scholars, interest endures in the seminal text of Biodynamics and the organics movement
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AlfredMeebold: Bringing Anthroposophy to the Antipodes
2020Co-Authors: Paull JohnAbstract:Alfred Meebold (29 September 1863 - 6 January 1952) was born in Heidenheim, Germany, and died in Havelock North, New Zealand, (aged 89 years). He was a keen traveller, a fervent Germanic chauvinist, an ardent botanist, and a forthright proponent of Rudolf Steiner’s Anthroposophy. Alfred Meebold can take some responsibility for the introduction of Anthroposophy and Biodynamics to the Antipodes. In 1920, Meebold was in Dornach, Switzerland, at the inauguration of the first Goetheanum. Also present was the Italian/Australian artist, Ernesto Genoni. At the inauguration, Meebold sponsored Ernesto Genoni to join the Anthroposophy Society. In 1928, Meebold visited Western Australia, as a guest of the Genoni brothers, and delivered lectures on Anthroposophy to Australia’s earliest biodynamic farmers. He travelled eastern Australia and to New Zealand. Alfred Meebold was a prolific botanical collector, carefully preserving and noting the date and location of his specimens. In Australia there are 1,539 specimens collected by Meebold recorded in the Australasian Virtual Herbarium, with specimens in 8 different herbaria, and specimens from 14 countries. In New Zealand there are 152 Meebold specimens, collected from 10 countries. Alfred Meebold’s name is honoured in the plant genus Meeboldina (in the family Restionaceae) which is endemic to Western Australia. Several plant species are named for Alfred Meebold including: Geranium meeboldii (Pakistan), Lagenandra meeboldii (India), and Darwinia meeboldii (the Cranbrook bell) which is a shrub endemic to the south-west of Western Australia. Alfred Meebold was perhaps the earliest European Anthroposophist to proselytise in Australasia
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The Pioneers of Biodynamics in Great Britain: From Anthroposophic Farming to Organic Agriculture (1924-1940)
2019Co-Authors: Paull JohnAbstract:Organic agriculture is the direct descendent of biodynamic agriculture; and biodynamic agriculture is the child of Dr Rudolf Steiner’s Agriculture Course presented at Koberwitz (now Kobierzyce, Poland) in 1924. Rudolf Steiner founded the Experimental Circle of Anthroposophic Farmers and Gardeners towards the end of that course. The task of the Experimental Circle was to test Steiner’s ‘hints’ for a new and sustainable agriculture, to find out what works, to publish the results, and to tell the world. Ehrenfried Pfeiffer published his book Bio-Dynamic Farming and Gardening in 1938, thereby fulfilling Steiner’s directive. Two years later, from Steiner’s characterisation of ‘the farm as an organism’, the British biodynamic farmer Lord Northbourne coined the term ‘organic farming’ and published his manifesto of organic agriculture, Look to the Land (1940). In the gestational period of Biodynamics, 1924-1938, 43 individual Britons joined the Experimental Circle. Each received a copy of the Agriculture Course. Copies were numbered individually and inscribed with the name of the recipient. These 43 members were the pioneers of Biodynamics and organics in Britain, and finally their names and locations are revealed. Of the 43 individuals, 11 received their Agricultural Course in German, 27 in English, and five received copies in both German and English; one couple shared a single copy. Of the 50 Agriculture Course copies supplied to Experimental Circle members in Britain, 17 copies were in German, while 33 were in English. The membership of the Experimental Circle comprised both men (n=21) and women (n=22). Members were domiciled in England (n=39), Scotland (n=3) and Wales (n=1) (Dr Lili Kolisko received her Agriculture Course in Stuttgart, Germany, migrated to England in 1936, and is tallied here as ‘England’). The revelation of the earliest pioneers of Biodynamics, and thus organics, in Britain provides 43 starting points for further research
Ren G. Dong - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Whole-body vibration Biodynamics - a critical review: I. Experimental Biodynamics
International Journal of Vehicle Performance, 2020Co-Authors: Subhash Rakheja, Ren G. Dong, K.n. Dewangan, Pierre MarcotteAbstract:In the framework of whole-body vibration (WBV), Biodynamics refers to biomechanical responses of the human body to impressed oscillatory forces or motions. The biodynamic responses of the human body to WBV form an essential basis for an understanding of mechanical-equivalent properties of the body and potential injury mechanisms, developments in frequency-weightings and design tools of systems coupled with the human operator. In this first part, the biodynamic responses obtained experimentally in terms of to-the-body and through-the-body functions, are critically reviewed and discussed to highlight influences of various contributory factors, such as those related to posture, body support, anthropometry and nature of vibration, together with the range of experimental conditions. The reported data invariably show highly complex, nonlinear and coupled effects of the majority of the contributory factors. It is shown that the reported studies often conclude conflicting effects of many factors, such as posture, gender, vibration and support conditions.
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Whole-body vibration Biodynamics - a critical review: II. Biodynamic modelling
International Journal of Vehicle Performance, 2020Co-Authors: Subhash Rakheja, Ren G. Dong, K.n. Dewangan, Pierre Marcotte, Anand PraneshAbstract:Biodynamic models of seated body exposed to whole-body vibration are considered important for design of vibration control devices and anthropodynamic surrogates for efficient performance assessments of vibration isolators. In this second part, the reported biodynamic models of the seated body are briefly reviewed together with the different modelling approaches. The models are identified from target functions derived from the measured biodynamic responses, reviewed in the first part of this paper. Relationships between different target functions are discussed together with the merits and limitations of different modelling approaches. Further efforts are needed for developing representative target functions for deriving reliable models for designing engineering interventions and for predicting potential health and comfort effects.
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A proposed theory on biodynamic frequency weighting for hand-transmitted vibration exposure.
Industrial health, 2012Co-Authors: Ren G. Dong, Daniel E. Welcome, Thomas W. Mcdowell, Kristine KrajnakAbstract:The objective of this study is to propose a theory on the biodynamic frequency weighting for studying hand-transmitted vibration exposures and vibration-induced effects. We hypothesize that the development of a vibration effect is the result of two consecutive but synergistic processes: biodynamic responses to input vibration and biological responses to the biomechanical stimuli resulting from the biodynamic responses. Hence, we further hypothesize that the frequency-dependency (W) of the effect generally includes two components: a biodynamic frequency weighting (W1) and a biological frequency weighting (W2), or W=W1• W2. These hypotheses are consistent with the stress and strain analysis theory and methods widely used in structural dynamics and biomechanics. The factorization may make it easier to study the complex frequency-dependency using different approaches: the biodynamic frequency weighting depends on the passive physical response of the system to vibration, and it can thus be determined by examining the biodynamic response of the system using various engineering methods; on the other hand, the biological frequency weighting depends on the biological mechanisms of the effects, and it can be investigated by studying the psychophysical, physiological, and pathological responses. To help test these hypotheses, this study reviewed and further developed methods to derive the finger biodynamic frequency weighting. As a result, preliminary finger biodynamic frequency weightings are proposed. The implications of the proposed theory and the preliminary biodynamic frequency weightings are also discussed.
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the vibration transmissibility and driving point biodynamic response of the hand exposed to vibration normal to the palm
International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics, 2011Co-Authors: Daniel E. Welcome, Thomas W. Mcdowell, Bryan M Wimer, Christopher Warren, Ren G. DongAbstract:Abstract Prolonged, intensive exposure to vibrations from palm and orbital sanders could cause finger disorders. They are likely to be associated with the biodynamic responses of the fingers. Although the biodynamic responses of the hand-arm system have been studied by many researchers, the detailed biodynamic responses distributed in the hand substructures have not been sufficiently understood. To advance the knowledge in this aspect and to aid in the development of improved finite element models of the substructures, this study simultaneously measured the overall driving-point biodynamic response and the distribution of vibration transmissibility at the fingers and back of the hand exposed to a flat plate vibration (as an approximate simulation of the operations of the palm and orbital sanders) and examined the relationship between these two measures of biodynamic responses. Ten subjects (five males and five females) participated in the experiment. A scanning laser vibrometer was used to measure the distributed vibration. This study confirmed that the distributed hand responses generally varied with locations on each finger, vibration frequencies, and applied hand force. Two major resonances were observed in the vibration transmissibility. At the first resonance, the transmitted vibrations at different locations were more or less in phase; hence, this resonance was also observed in the driving-point biodynamic response that measures the overall biodynamic response of the system. The second resonance was observed at the fingers. Because this resonant frequency varied greatly among the fingers and the specific segments of each finger, it is difficult to identify this resonance in the driving-point biodynamic response. The implications of the findings for further model developments and applications are discussed. Relevance to industry This study enhanced the understanding of the biodynamic responses of the fingers and hand exposed to vibrations on a contact surface with a large effective radius such as that found on palm and orbital sanders. The results can also be used to develop and/or validate models of the substructures of the hand-arm system, which can be further used to help design and analyze these tools and associated anti-vibration devices. The results may also be applicable to help develop location-specific frequency weightings to assess the risks of the finger vibration exposure.
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An investigation on the biodynamic foundation of a rat tail vibration model.
Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers. Part H Journal of engineering in medicine, 2008Co-Authors: Daniel E. Welcome, Kristine Krajnak, Michael L. Kashon, Ren G. DongAbstract:The objectives of this study are to examine the fundamental characteristics of the biodynamic responses of a rat tail to vibration and to compare them with those of human fingers. Vibration transmission through tails exposed to three vibration magnitudes (1 g, 5 g, and 10 g r.m.s.) at six frequencies (32 Hz, 63 Hz, 125 Hz, 160 Hz, 250 Hz, and 500 Hz) was measured using a laser vibrometer. A mechanical-equivalent model of the tail was established on the basis of the transmissibility data, which was used to estimate the biodynamic deformation and vibration power absorption at several representative locations on the tail. They were compared with those derived from a mechanical-equivalent model of human fingers reported in the literature. This study found that, similar to human fingers, the biodynamic responses of the rat tail depends on the vibration magnitude, frequency, and measurement location. With the restraint method used in this study, the natural frequency of the rat tail is in the range 161-368 Hz, which is mostly within the general range of human finger resonant frequencies (100-350 Hz). However, the damping ratios of the rat tail at the unconstrained locations are from 0.094 to 0.394, which are lower than those of human fingers (0.708-0.725). Whereas the biodynamic responses of human fingers at frequencies lower than 100 Hz could be significantly influenced by the Biodynamics of the entire hand-arm system, the rat tail biodynamic responses can be considered independent of the rat body in the frequency range used in this study. Based on these findings it is concluded that, although there are some differences between the frequency dependences of the biodynamic responses of the rat tail and human fingers, the rat tail model can provide a practical and reasonable approach to examine the relationships between the biodynamic and biological responses at midrange to high frequencies, and to understand the mechanisms underlying vibration-induced finger disorders.
Maria Carla Cravero - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Organic and biodynamic wines quality and characteristics: A review.
Food chemistry, 2019Co-Authors: Maria Carla CraveroAbstract:This review collates the scientific literature regarding organic and biodynamic wines. It concerns techniques that allow organic or biodynamic wines to be distinguished from conventional products. Other aspects of the organic wines addressed include the antioxidant capacities and the content of compounds potentially toxic to human health, like metals, such as copper, deriving from treatments in the vineyard, or ochratoxin A and biogenic amines. Organic wines, in which, unlike non-organic wines, the SO2 must be lower or absent, may undergo premature ageing and present high levels of oxidation compounds. Some authors used selected indigenous yeasts to reduce the production of these molecules and improve the organoleptic quality of the wine. Also, the effects of biodynamic viticulture practices on the chemical and sensory characteristics of wines are compared with other conventional or organic products. With the growing market interest, differences among conventional, organic and, moreover, biodynamic wines, require more in-depth analysis.