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Michael Martin - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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neuroscientists at the kaiser wilhelm institute for Brain Research in the third reich oskar vogt hugo spatz wilhelm tonnis
Nervenarzt, 2020Co-Authors: Michael Martin, Axel Karenberg, Heiner FangerauAbstract:The Kaiser Wilhelm Institute (KWI) for Brain Research in Berlin-Buch was one of the key institutions enmeshed in the euthanasia program between 1939 and 1945, generating scientific knowledge by dissecting the Brains of murdered patients. As a consequence, this institution and its early years have attracted the attention of historians for years. The neuroanatomist Oskar Vogt (1870-1959), director of the KWI until 1937 and his wife Cecile (1875-1962) who were both appointed honorary members of the German Neurological Society (DGN) in 1952, concentrated on the microstructure and Brain architecture of healthy and "elite" Brains. Vogt's successor, Hugo Spatz (1888-1969), shifted Research activities towards pathology of the central nervous system (CNS) and incorporated psychiatric and military institutions into the institute's network. Spatz had been a member of the National Socialist German Workers' Party (NSDAP) since 1938. As acting director of the KWI he was responsible for the dissections performed by Hallervorden on murdered patients. After the war Spatz tried to justify his actions. Years after the unveiling of these relationships the DGN decided in 1998 to rename the Hugo Spatz award. Wilhelm Tonnis (1898-1978), the German pioneer of neurosurgery had been a member of the National Socialist Air Corps since 1933 and a member of the NSDAP since 1937, finally joining the NS Medical Association in 1938. After the war he played down his affiliation to NS divisions. When his denazification trial had ended he pursued his career in the young Federal Republic of Germany. In 1976 he was elected honorary member of the DGN, 2 years before his death.
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neuroscientists at the kaiser wilhelm institute for Brain Research in the third reich oskar vogt hugo spatz wilhelm tonnis
Nervenarzt, 2020Co-Authors: Michael Martin, Axel Karenberg, Heiner FangerauAbstract:Das Kaiser-Wilhelm-Institut (KWI) fur Hirnforschung in Berlin-Buch war zwischen 1939 und 1945 insofern in die „Euthanasie“-Aktionen eingebunden, als dort Gehirne ermordeter Patienten im Sinn einer „Begleitforschung“ seziert und so wissenschaftliche Erkenntnisse generiert wurden. Daher stehen diese Institution und ihre Vorgeschichte seit langerem im Fokus wissenschaftshistorischer Untersuchungen. Fur den Neuroanatomen Oskar Vogt (1870–1959), Direktor des KWI bis 1937, und seine Frau Cecile (1875–1962) – beide 1952 zu Ehrenmitgliedern der Deutschen Gesellschaft fur Neurologie (DGN) ernannt – standen die Mikrostruktur und Hirnarchitektur von gesunden bzw. „Elite“-Gehirnen im Vordergrund. Vogts Nachfolger Hugo Spatz (1888–1969) verlagerte die Forschungsaktivitaten in Richtung ZNS-Pathologie und bezog psychiatrische und militarische Institutionen in das Institutsnetzwerk ein. Spatz war seit 1938 Parteimitglied, als Vorgesetzter fur die Sektionen Ermordeter durch Julius Hallervorden mit verantwortlich und versuchte sein Handeln nach dem Krieg zu rechtfertigen. Lange nach Aufdeckung dieser Zusammenhange entschloss sich die DGN 1998, den Hugo-Spatz-Preis umzubenennen. Wilhelm Tonnis (1898–1978), der deutsche Pionier der Neurochirurgie, war seit 1933 Mitglied des Nationalsozialistischen Fliegerkorps, seit 1937 der NSDAP und seit 1938 des NS-Arztebundes. Wahrend des Krieges mit zahlreichen Aufgaben in der militarischen Verwundetenfursorge befasst, versuchte er nach Kriegsende, seine Zugehorigkeit zu NS-Gliederungen herunterzuspielen. Nach Abschluss der Entnazifizierung setzte er seine Karriere erfolgreich in der jungen Bundesrepublik fort. Zwei Jahre vor seinem Tod wurde er 1976 Ehrenmitglied der DGN.
Heiner Fangerau - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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neuroscientists at the kaiser wilhelm institute for Brain Research in the third reich oskar vogt hugo spatz wilhelm tonnis
Nervenarzt, 2020Co-Authors: Michael Martin, Axel Karenberg, Heiner FangerauAbstract:The Kaiser Wilhelm Institute (KWI) for Brain Research in Berlin-Buch was one of the key institutions enmeshed in the euthanasia program between 1939 and 1945, generating scientific knowledge by dissecting the Brains of murdered patients. As a consequence, this institution and its early years have attracted the attention of historians for years. The neuroanatomist Oskar Vogt (1870-1959), director of the KWI until 1937 and his wife Cecile (1875-1962) who were both appointed honorary members of the German Neurological Society (DGN) in 1952, concentrated on the microstructure and Brain architecture of healthy and "elite" Brains. Vogt's successor, Hugo Spatz (1888-1969), shifted Research activities towards pathology of the central nervous system (CNS) and incorporated psychiatric and military institutions into the institute's network. Spatz had been a member of the National Socialist German Workers' Party (NSDAP) since 1938. As acting director of the KWI he was responsible for the dissections performed by Hallervorden on murdered patients. After the war Spatz tried to justify his actions. Years after the unveiling of these relationships the DGN decided in 1998 to rename the Hugo Spatz award. Wilhelm Tonnis (1898-1978), the German pioneer of neurosurgery had been a member of the National Socialist Air Corps since 1933 and a member of the NSDAP since 1937, finally joining the NS Medical Association in 1938. After the war he played down his affiliation to NS divisions. When his denazification trial had ended he pursued his career in the young Federal Republic of Germany. In 1976 he was elected honorary member of the DGN, 2 years before his death.
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neuroscientists at the kaiser wilhelm institute for Brain Research in the third reich oskar vogt hugo spatz wilhelm tonnis
Nervenarzt, 2020Co-Authors: Michael Martin, Axel Karenberg, Heiner FangerauAbstract:Das Kaiser-Wilhelm-Institut (KWI) fur Hirnforschung in Berlin-Buch war zwischen 1939 und 1945 insofern in die „Euthanasie“-Aktionen eingebunden, als dort Gehirne ermordeter Patienten im Sinn einer „Begleitforschung“ seziert und so wissenschaftliche Erkenntnisse generiert wurden. Daher stehen diese Institution und ihre Vorgeschichte seit langerem im Fokus wissenschaftshistorischer Untersuchungen. Fur den Neuroanatomen Oskar Vogt (1870–1959), Direktor des KWI bis 1937, und seine Frau Cecile (1875–1962) – beide 1952 zu Ehrenmitgliedern der Deutschen Gesellschaft fur Neurologie (DGN) ernannt – standen die Mikrostruktur und Hirnarchitektur von gesunden bzw. „Elite“-Gehirnen im Vordergrund. Vogts Nachfolger Hugo Spatz (1888–1969) verlagerte die Forschungsaktivitaten in Richtung ZNS-Pathologie und bezog psychiatrische und militarische Institutionen in das Institutsnetzwerk ein. Spatz war seit 1938 Parteimitglied, als Vorgesetzter fur die Sektionen Ermordeter durch Julius Hallervorden mit verantwortlich und versuchte sein Handeln nach dem Krieg zu rechtfertigen. Lange nach Aufdeckung dieser Zusammenhange entschloss sich die DGN 1998, den Hugo-Spatz-Preis umzubenennen. Wilhelm Tonnis (1898–1978), der deutsche Pionier der Neurochirurgie, war seit 1933 Mitglied des Nationalsozialistischen Fliegerkorps, seit 1937 der NSDAP und seit 1938 des NS-Arztebundes. Wahrend des Krieges mit zahlreichen Aufgaben in der militarischen Verwundetenfursorge befasst, versuchte er nach Kriegsende, seine Zugehorigkeit zu NS-Gliederungen herunterzuspielen. Nach Abschluss der Entnazifizierung setzte er seine Karriere erfolgreich in der jungen Bundesrepublik fort. Zwei Jahre vor seinem Tod wurde er 1976 Ehrenmitglied der DGN.
Schahram Akbarian - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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the genome in three dimensions a new frontier in human Brain Research
Biological Psychiatry, 2014Co-Authors: Amanda Mitchell, Rahul Bharadwaj, Catheryne Whittle, Winfried Krueger, Karoly Mirnics, Yasmin L Hurd, Theodore P Rasmussen, Schahram AkbarianAbstract:Less than 1.5% of the human genome encodes protein. However, vast portions of the human genome are subject to transcriptional and epigenetic regulation, and many noncoding regulatory DNA elements are thought to regulate the spatial organization of interphase chromosomes. For example, chromosomal “loopings” are pivotal for the orderly process of gene expression, by enabling distal regulatory enhancer or silencer elements to directly interact with proximal promoter and transcription start sites, potentially bypassing hundreds of kilobases of interspersed sequence on the linear genome. To date, however, epigenetic studies in the human Brain are mostly limited to the exploration of DNA methylation and posttranslational modifications of the nucleosome core histones. In contrast, very little is known about the regulation of supranucleosomal structures. Here, we show that chromosome conformation capture, a widely used approach to study higher-order chromatin, is applicable to tissue collected postmortem, thereby informing about genome organization in the human Brain. We introduce chromosome conformation capture protocols for Brain and compare higher-order chromatin structures at the chromosome 6p22.2-22.1 schizophrenia and bipolar disorder susceptibility locus, and additional neurodevelopmental risk genes, (DPP10, MCPH1) in adult prefrontal cortex and various cell culture systems, including neurons derived from reprogrammed skin cells. We predict that the exploration of three-dimensional genome architectures and function will open up new frontiers in human Brain Research and psychiatric genetics and provide novel insights into the epigenetic risk architectures of regulatory noncoding DNA.
Katrin Amunts - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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the human Brain project creating a european Research infrastructure to decode the human Brain
Neuron, 2016Co-Authors: Katrin Amunts, Christoph J Ebell, Jeff Muller, Martin Telefont, Alois Knoll, Thomas LippertAbstract:Decoding the human Brain is perhaps the most fascinating scientific challenge in the 21st century. The Human Brain Project (HBP), a 10-year European Flagship, targets the reconstruction of the Brain's multi-scale organization. It uses productive loops of experiments, medical, data, data analytics, and simulation on all levels that will eventually bridge the scales. The HBP IT architecture is unique, utilizing cloud-based collaboration and development platforms with databases, workflow systems, petabyte storage, and supercomputers. The HBP is developing toward a European Research infrastructure advancing Brain Research, medicine, and Brain-inspired information technology.
Yaniv Assaf - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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diffusion tensor imaging dti based white matter mapping in Brain Research a review
Journal of Molecular Neuroscience, 2008Co-Authors: Yaniv Assaf, Ofer PasternakAbstract:Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) has become one of the most popular MRI techniques in Brain Research, as well as in clinical practice. The number of Brain studies with DTI is growing steadily and, over the last decade, has produced more than 700 publications. Diffusion tensor imaging enables visualization and characterization of white matter fascicli in two and three dimensions. Since the introduction of this methodology in 1994, it has been used to study the white matter architecture and integrity of the normal and diseased Brains (multiple sclerosis, stroke, aging, dementia, schizophrenia, etc.). Although it provided image contrast that was not available with routine MR techniques, unique information on white matter and 3D visualization of neuronal pathways, many questions were raised regarding the origin of the DTI signal. Diffusion tensor imaging is constantly validated, challenged, and developed in terms of acquisition scheme, image processing, analysis, and interpretation. While DTI offers a powerful tool to study and visualize white matter, it suffers from inherent artifacts and limitations. The partial volume effect and the inability of the model to cope with non-Gaussian diffusion are its two main drawbacks. Nevertheless, when combined with functional Brain mapping, DTI provides an efficient tool for comprehensive, noninvasive, functional anatomy mapping of the human Brain. This review summarizes the development of DTI in the last decade with respect to the specificity and utility of the technique in radiology and anatomy studies.