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Gerling Corinna - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Proportion and influence of special blood on the Trakehner population of actively Breeding Mares in 2014 and their offspring
2018Co-Authors: Gerling CorinnaAbstract:Trakehner nehmen auch heute noch eine Sonderstellung in der deutschen Pferdezucht ein, denn diese Rasse ist die älteste Reitpferderasse Deutschlands. Seit Beginn ihrer Zuchtgeschichte wurden Trakehner als edle Reit- und Fahrpferde gezogen; Englische und Arabische Vollblüter prägten Typ, Härte und Leistungsvermögen. Eine Umzüchtung vom schweren Warmblüter, der in der Landwirtschaft eingesetzt wurde, zum edleren, leichten Reitpferd hat nie stattgefunden, da Trakehner immer schon als leichte Reit- und Fahrpferde für die Kavallerie gezogen wurden. Durch den starken Vollbluteinsatz wurden die Pferde eher zu leicht und durchliefen mehrere Verstärkungsperioden. Nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg waren nur noch wenige Zuchtpferde für den Wiederaufbau der Zucht vorhanden. Durch die Ostblockbildung konnten sich Subpopulationen entwickeln, die auch in der ehemaligen Sowjetunion nach Reinzuchtkriterien weitergezüchtet wurden. Zur Bewahrung ihrer besonderen Genetik wurde die Zuchtmethode der Reinzucht bis heute beibehalten. Alle weiteren Warmblutzuchtverbände züchten mit mehr oder weniger geöffneten Stutbüchern. Durch die Reinzucht kann die besondere Genetik erhalten bleiben, die kleine Population erfordert aber eine gute Organisation, um die Inzuchtrate auf einem möglichst niedrigen Niveau zu halten. Die besonderen Reinzuchtbestimmungen ermöglichen eine Hereinnahme von Genen aus Englischen und Arabischen Vollblütern sowie Shagya- und Anglo-Arabern und reingezogenen Trakehnern aus dem Ausland. Diese Vergrößerung des Genpools hat eine traditionelle Grundlage, vergrößert die Varianz und verkleinert die Inzuchtrate. Trakehner werden heute weltweit gezüchtet. Zur Betreuung der ausländischen Züchter haben sich mehrere Tochterverbände gebildet. Für die vorliegende Untersuchung wurden die Leistungsmerkmale der aktiven Zuchtstutenpopulation aus dem Jahr 2014 in Korrelation zu dem Spezialblutanteil der Stuten untersucht. Mithilfe einer Pedigreeanalyse wurden die Stuten bezüglich ihres Spezialblutanteils in den ersten beiden Generationen in 5 Gruppen nach aufsteigendem Spezialblutanteil eingeteilt. Als Spezialblut bezeichnet werden Ahnen der Rassen Englisches Vollblut, Arabisches Vollblut, Shagya-Araber, Anglo-Araber und Pferde aus ausländischer Subpopulation. Insgesamt wurden die zentral vom Trakehner Zuchtverband und der FN erfassten Daten von 9915 Pferden ausgewertet. Im ersten Teil der Auswertung konnte gezeigt werden, dass mehr als ein Drittel der zuchtaktiv gemeldeten Stuten einen Spezialblutanteil ≥25 % aufweisen. Ein hoher Spezialblutanteil ist also auch in den vorderen Generationen etabliert. Im zweiten Teil wurden die leistungsbezogenen Daten der Stuten und ihrer Nachkommen analysiert. Die untersuchten Leistungsdaten sind Selektionskriterien im Zuchtprogramm. Untersucht wurden Daten aus Fohlenregistrierung, Stutbucheintragung, SLP und Turniersport. Die HLP- und Körergebnisse standen zur Verfügung, konnten aber nicht ausgewertet werden, da die Datenmenge zu klein oder die Daten nicht vergleichbar waren. Als Vergleichsgruppe wurden jeweils Stuten ohne Spezialbluteinfluss in den ersten beiden Generationen herangezogen. Diese Vergleichsgruppe wurde dann jeweils mit den Pferden der unterschiedlichen Spezialblutgruppen verglichen. Die Leistungsdaten der Stuten wurden über eine Varianzanalyse oder mithilfe der logistischen Regression verglichen. Für die Daten der Nachkommen wurde ein gemischtes Modell entwickelt. Die deutschen Reitpferdezuchtverbände verfolgen alle das Zuchtziel einer Leistungszucht auf Reitpferdemerkmale. Die Selektion verläuft über mehrere Selektionsstufen vom Fohlen bis zum Reit- oder Zuchtpferd. Die Selektionskriterien, die auf Zuchtleistungsschauen beurteilt werden, lassen sich in die Hauptblöcke Grundgangarten, Springveranlagung und Exterieur gliedern. Interieur- und Gesundheitsmerkmale werden nur in geringem Umfang erfasst. Die untersuchten Merkmale, die bei der Selektion berücksichtigt werden, konnten durch Einkreuzung von Spezialblutpferden nicht verbessert werden. Die Nachkommen wurden jeweils bezogen auf die Fremdblutgruppe der Mutter nach gleichem Muster analysiert. In der statistischen Auswertung konnte gezeigt werden, dass die Einkreuzung von Spezialblut keinen positiven Einfluss auf die untersuchten Leistungsmerkmale hat. Für viele Merkmale konnte kein signifikanter Effekt auf die Bewertung nachgewiesen werden. Die Leistungsmerkmale, die signifikant negativ beeinflusst werden, weisen eine lineare Beziehung zum Spezialblutanteil auf. Hier wird die Bewertung mit steigendem Spezialblutanteil schlechter. Die Berücksichtigung dieser Ergebnisse erfordert ein kritisches Hinterfragen des Spezialbluteinsatzes. Die untersuchten Leistungsmerkmale stellen allerdings Selektionskriterien für eine gerichtete Reitpferdeselektion dar, die Merkmale, welche durch den Spezialbluteinfluss verbessert und gefestigt werden sollen, nur unzureichend erfassen. Da die Trakehner Zucht durch ihre kleine Populationsgröße auf eine Erweiterung des Genpools angewiesen ist, sollten konkrete, messbare Zuchtziele formuliert werden, um Zweck und Erfolg einer Spezialbluteinkreuzung zu überprüfen. Soll die Zuchtpopulation weiterhin nur über die untersuchten Merkmale selektiert werden, sollte der Spezialbluteintrag zu Gunsten eines größeren Zuchtfortschritts auf ein vertretbares Minimum reduziert werden.Even today Trakehners have a special position in German horse Breeding, as this breed is the oldest breed of riding horse in Germany. Since the beginning of the Breeding history of Trakehners, these horses were bred as noble riding and driving horses, whereby the type, stamina and performance capabilities were determined by English and Arabian Thoroughbreds. A reBreeding from heavy warmbloods, which were used in agriculture, to noble light riding horses never happened, because Trakehners were always recruited for the cavalry as light riding and driving horses. Due to the massive introduction of Thoroughbreds, the horses were too light and passed through several strengthening periods. Following World War II only a few Breeding horses were available for the reintroduction of Breeding. Through the establishment of the Eastern Block, subpopulations could be formed, which were also bred in the former Soviet Union according to pure Breeding criteria. In order to preserve their special genetic structure the Breeding methods of pure Breeding were retained up to the present day. All further warmblood Breeding associations bred with variably open stud books. By pure Breeding the special genetic structure can be maintained but the small population necessitates good organization in order to maintain the incest rate at the lowest possible level. The special conditions of pure Breeding enable an inclusion of genes from English and Arabian Thoroughbreds, as well as Shagya Arabians and Anglo-Arabians and pure-bred Trakehners from abroad. This enlargement of the gene pool has a traditional foundation, enlarges the variance and reduces the incest rate. Nowadays, Trakehners are bred worldwide. Several daughter associations have been formed for supporting foreign breeders. For this investigation the performance characteristics of the actively Breeding Mare population from the year 2014 were examined in correlation to the special blood contingent of the Mares. Using a pedigree analysis the Mares were subdivided into five groups with respect to increasing proportions of their special blood contingent in the first two generations. Special blood was defined as ancestors of the breeds English Thoroughbred, Arabian Thoroughbred, Shagya Arabians, Anglo-Arabians and horses from the foreign subpopulation. In total the central data from the Trakehner Zuchtverband (Trakehner Breeding Association) and the FN (German Riding Association) from 9915 horses were evaluated. In the first part of the evaluation it could be shown that more than one third of actively Breeding registered Mares had a special blood contingent of 25% and more. A high level of special blood has therefore also been established in the previous generations. In the second part the performance-related data of the Mares and their offspring were analyzed. The performance data investigated are selection criteria in the Breeding program. Data from the foal registration, stud book entries, Mare performance tests and tournaments were included. Stallion performance tests and licensing results were available but could not be evaluated because the amount of data was too small or the data were not comparable. The control group consisted in each case of Mares with no special blood influence in the first two generations. This control group was then compared with the appropriate horses from the different special blood groups. The performance data of the Mares were compared using a variance analysis or using logistic regression. A mixed model was developed for the data of the offspring. The German horse breeders associations all follow the Breeding aim of performance Breeding based on riding horse characteristics. The selection is carried out over several selection steps from the foal to a riding or Breeding horse. The selection criteria, which are assessed at Breeding performance shows, can be subdivided into the main groups basic gait types, jumping predisposition and external features. Internal and health-related features only play a minor role. The examined features, which are considered for selection could not be improved by cross-Breeding with horses with special blood. The offspring were analyzed with respect to the foreign blood group of the mother according to the same pattern. In the statistical evaluation it could be shown that crossBreeding with special blood had no positive influence on the performance features examined. For many features no significant effect on the assessment could be detected; however, the performance features which were significantly negatively influenced, showed a linear relationship to the proportion of special blood: the assessment was worse with increasing proportions of special blood. The consideration of the results necessitates a critical scrutinization of the inclusion of special blood. The investigated performance features, however, represent selection criteria for a targeted selection of riding horses, which only insufficiently register those features that should be improved and established by the influence of special blood. Because Trakehner Breeding relies on a diversification of the gene pool due to the small population size, defined measurable Breeding targets should be formulated in order to reassess the aim and success of special blood cross-Breeding. If the Breeding population continues to be selected based only on the features examined, the inclusion of special blood should be reduced to a justifiable minimum in favor of a great advance in Breeding
Ottmar Distl - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Genetic variability in Hanoverian warmblood horses using pedigree analysis.
2008Co-Authors: H. Hamann, Ottmar DistlAbstract:A data set constituting a total of 310,109 Hanoverian warmblood horses was analyzed to ascertain the genetic variability, coefficients of inBreeding, and gene contributions of foreign populations. The reference population contained all Hanoverian horses born from 1980 to 2000. In addition, Hanoverian stallions born from 1980 to 1995 and Hanoverian Breeding Mares from the birth years 1980 to 1995 with registered foals were analyzed for the same genetic parameters. The average complete generation equivalent was approximately 8.43 for the reference population. The mean coefficient of inBreeding was 1.33, 1.19, and 1.29% for the reference population, stallions, and Breeding Mares, respectively. The effective number of founders was largest in stallions (364.3) and smallest in the reference population (244.9). The ratio between the effective number of founders and the effective number of ancestors was 3.15 for the reference population, 3.25 for the stallions, and 3.06 for the Breeding Mares. The effective population size in the Hanoverian warmblood reference population was 372.34. English Thoroughbreds contributed nearly 35% of the genes to the Hanoverian reference population and even slightly greater contributions (39%) to the stallions. Trakehner and Arab horses contributed approximately 8 and 2.7%, respectively, to the Hanoverian gene pool. The most important male ancestors were Aldermann I from the A/E line, Fling from the F/W line, and Absatz from the Trakehner line, whereas the Breeding Mare Costane had the greatest contribution to the reference population, stallions, and Breeding Mares. From 1996 onward, the stallions Weltmeyer and Donnerhall had the largest genetic impact on the Hanoverian horse population.
H. Hamann - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Genetic variability in Hanoverian warmblood horses using pedigree analysis.
2008Co-Authors: H. Hamann, Ottmar DistlAbstract:A data set constituting a total of 310,109 Hanoverian warmblood horses was analyzed to ascertain the genetic variability, coefficients of inBreeding, and gene contributions of foreign populations. The reference population contained all Hanoverian horses born from 1980 to 2000. In addition, Hanoverian stallions born from 1980 to 1995 and Hanoverian Breeding Mares from the birth years 1980 to 1995 with registered foals were analyzed for the same genetic parameters. The average complete generation equivalent was approximately 8.43 for the reference population. The mean coefficient of inBreeding was 1.33, 1.19, and 1.29% for the reference population, stallions, and Breeding Mares, respectively. The effective number of founders was largest in stallions (364.3) and smallest in the reference population (244.9). The ratio between the effective number of founders and the effective number of ancestors was 3.15 for the reference population, 3.25 for the stallions, and 3.06 for the Breeding Mares. The effective population size in the Hanoverian warmblood reference population was 372.34. English Thoroughbreds contributed nearly 35% of the genes to the Hanoverian reference population and even slightly greater contributions (39%) to the stallions. Trakehner and Arab horses contributed approximately 8 and 2.7%, respectively, to the Hanoverian gene pool. The most important male ancestors were Aldermann I from the A/E line, Fling from the F/W line, and Absatz from the Trakehner line, whereas the Breeding Mare Costane had the greatest contribution to the reference population, stallions, and Breeding Mares. From 1996 onward, the stallions Weltmeyer and Donnerhall had the largest genetic impact on the Hanoverian horse population.
ZÁhorovÁ Pavla - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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HODNOCENÍ PLODNOSTI HŘEBCŮ V PŘIROZENÉ PLEMENITBĚ
2019Co-Authors: ZÁhorovÁ PavlaAbstract:The aim of the bachelor thesis was to collect information about horse reproduction. It was evaluated the outcome of Breeding Mares and fertility of stallions at the selected Breeding station. It was collected information from literary data about factors that influence fertility. The results of the work illustrate data about fertility of three stallions in season 2018. It was found that the using of stallions is not equal and intensity of using depends on breeder's interest. Frequency of using stallions is determined by intensity of Mare's heat. The most intensive use of stallions was in May and June. Mares were breed at one heat three times on average. Success of the Breeding was 59% and more. Time of ejaculation was on average 9 seconds and it was ascertained important differences between length of preparation before Breeding Mare, because stallions have different preferences to specific Mare. Stallions used for Breeding and sports have higher requirements on feed quantity and quality in order to retain good condition and high fertility. Popularity of stallions is affected by their results in sports in previous seasons
Luis J. Ezquerra - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Femoral head excision after coxofemoral luxation in an Arab filly: Four years follow-up
2011Co-Authors: L. A. Gracia Calvo, M Martín-cuervo, E. Peña, J. Fruto, J Jiménez, Luis J. EzquerraAbstract:Summary A foal with a cranio-dorsal coxofemoral luxation was treated with a prosthetic capsulorraphy technique after open reduction. After reluxation a femoral head ostectomy was performed for salvage purposes. The filly was discharged with minimal lameness and was using the limb properly after 51 days of hospitalisation. Four years later the filly is still doing well as a Breeding Mare, with an acceptable quality of life despite angular deformities in the contralateral limb.