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D J Mevius - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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extended spectrum and ampc β lactamase producing escherichia coli in Broilers and people living and or working on Broiler farms prevalence risk factors and molecular characteristics
Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, 2014Co-Authors: Patricia M C Huijbers, E A M Graat, A Haenen, M G Van Santen, A Van Essenzandbergen, D J Mevius, E Van Duijkeren, A Van HoekAbstract:OBJECTIVES: The objectives of this study were to: estimate the prevalence of extended-spectrum s-lactamase (ESBL)- and AmpC s-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli carriage among Broiler farmers, their family members and employees; identify and quantify risk factors for carriage, with an emphasis on contact with live Broilers; and compare isolates from humans and Broilers within farms with respect to molecular characteristics to gain insight into transmission routes. METHODS: A cross-sectional prevalence study was conducted on 50 randomly selected Dutch Broiler farms. Cloacal swabs were taken from 20 randomly chosen Broilers. Faecal swabs were returned by 141 individuals living and/or working on 47 farms. ESBL/AmpC-producing E. coli were isolated and, for selected isolates, phylogenetic groups, plasmids and sequence types were determined. Questionnaires were used for risk factor analysis. RESULTS: All sampled farms were positive, with 96.4% positive pooled Broiler samples. The human prevalence was 19.1%, with 14.3% and 27.1% among individuals having a low and a high degree of contact with live Broilers, respectively. Five pairs of human-Broiler isolates had identical genes, plasmid families and E. coli sequence types, showing clonal transmission. Furthermore, similar ESBL/AmpC genes on the same plasmid families in different E. coli sequence types in humans and Broilers hinted at horizontal gene transfer. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence among people on Broiler farms was higher than in previous studies involving patients and the general population. Furthermore, an increased risk of carriage was shown among individuals having a high degree of contact with live Broilers. The (relative) contribution of transmission routes that might play a role in the dissemination of ESBL/AmpC-encoding resistance genes to humans on Broiler farms should be pursued in future studies.
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presence of esbl ampc producing escherichia coli in the Broiler production pyramid a descriptive study
PLOS ONE, 2013Co-Authors: Cindy Dierikx, D J Mevius, Jeanet Van Der Goot, Hilde E Smith, Arie KantAbstract:Broilers and Broiler meat products are highly contaminated with extended spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) or plasmid-mediated AmpC beta-lactamase producing Escherichia coli and are considered to be a source for human infections. Both horizontal and vertical transmission might play a role in the presence of these strains in Broilers. As not much is known about the presence of these strains in the whole production pyramid, the epidemiology of ESBL/AmpC-producing E. coli in the Dutch Broiler production pyramid was examined. Cloacal swabs of Grandparent stock (GPS) birds (one−/two-days (breed A and B), 18 and 31 weeks old (breed A)), one-day old Parent stock birds (breed A and B) and Broiler chickens of increasing age (breed A) were selectively cultured to detect ESBL/AmpC-producing isolates. ESBL/AmpC-producing isolates were found at all levels in the Broiler production pyramid in both Broiler breeds examined. Prevalence was already relatively high at the top of the Broiler production pyramid. At Broiler farms ESBL/AmpC producing E. coli were still present in the environment of the poultry house after cleaning and disinfection. Feed samples taken in the poultry house also became contaminated with ESBL/AmpC producing E. coli after one or more production weeks. The prevalence of ESBL/AmpC-positive birds at Broiler farms increased within the first week from 0–24% to 96–100% independent of the use of antibiotics and stayed 100% until slaughter. In GPS breed A, prevalence at 2 days, 18 weeks and 31 weeks stayed below 50% except when beta-lactam antibiotics were administered. In that case prevalence increased to 100%. Interventions minimizing ESBL/AmpC contamination in Broilers should focus on preventing horizontal and vertical spread, especially in relation to Broiler production farms.
Frans Knapen - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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role of volatile fatty acids in development of the cecal microflora in Broiler chickens during growth
Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 2000Co-Authors: Paul Wilhelmus Johannes Josephus Van De Wielen, Steef Biesterveld, H Hofstra, Bert A P Urlings, S. Notermans, Frans KnapenAbstract:It is known that volatile fatty acids can inhibit growth of species of the family Enterobacteriaceae in vitro. However, whether these volatile fatty acids affect bacterial populations in the ceca of chickens is unknown. Therefore, a study was conducted to investigate if changes in volatile fatty acids in ceca of Broiler chickens during growth affect bacterial populations. Results showed that members of the Enterobacteriaceae and enterococci are present in large numbers in 3-day-old Broilers and start to decrease when Broilers grow older. Lactobacilli are present in large numbers as well in 3-day-old Broilers, but they remain stable during the growth of Broilers. Acetate, butyrate, and propionate increase from undetectable levels in 1-day-old Broilers to high concentrations in 15-day-old Broilers, after which they stabilize. Significant negative correlations could be calculated between numbers of Enterobacteriaceae and concentrations of undissociated acetate, propionate, and butyrate. Furthermore, pure cultures of Enterobacteriaceae isolated from the ceca were grown in the presence of volatile fatty acids. Growth rates and maximal optical density decreased when these strains grew in the presence of increasing volatile fatty acid concentrations. It is concluded that volatile fatty acids are responsible for the reduction in numbers of Enterobacteriaceae in the ceca of Broiler chickens during growth.
Magne Bisgaard - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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longitudinal study of transmission of escherichia coli from Broiler breeders to Broilers
Veterinary Microbiology, 2017Co-Authors: Louise Ladefoged Poulsen, Magne Bisgaard, Ida Thøfner, Rikke Heidemann Olsen, Jens Peter Christensen, Henrik ChristensenAbstract:Escherichia coli is of major importance in industrial Broiler production as the main cause of salpingitis and peritonitis in Broiler breeders. Furthermore E. coli is the most common cause of first week mortality in Broiler chickens. The aim of the present study was to investigate the transmission of E. coli, isolated from Broiler breeders with salpingitis, to the progeny and the possibility of subsequent first week mortality. Four parent flocks were followed during the whole production period (20-60 weeks) by post mortem and bacteriological examination of randomly selected dead birds. Newly hatched chickens from each flock were swabbed in the cloaca on four occasions (parent age 30, 40, 50, 60 weeks) and E. coli was isolated. Causes of first week mortality were determined pathologically and bacteriologically. E. coli isolates from parents, newly hatched chickens and first week mortality were selected for Pulsed-Field-Gel-Electrophoresis (PFGE) and Multi-Locus-Sequence-Typing (MLST) to determine their clonal relationships. E. coli was the main cause of both salpingitis in parents and first week mortality in Broilers, and E. coli dominated the bacterial flora of the cloaca of newly hatched chickens. PFGE of E. coli showed identical band patterns in isolates from the three different sources indicating a transmission of E. coli from parent birds to chickens. In conclusion, E. coli isolated from salpingitis in Broiler parents were found to be transmitted to Broilers in which some sequence types contributed to the first week mortality.
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distribution and possible transmission of ampicillin and nalidixic acid resistant escherichia coli within the Broiler industry
Veterinary Microbiology, 2010Co-Authors: Valeria Bortolaia, Magne Bisgaard, Anders Miki BojesenAbstract:This study was performed to determine the origin and transmission of β-lactam- and (fluoro)quinolone-resistant Escherichia coli in healthy, untreated Broiler flocks. We focused on the dynamics of bacteria resistant to critically important antimicrobials for public and veterinary health in view of the possible link between antimicrobial resistant bacteria in farm animals and humans. By processing faecal samples collected with the sock method in Broiler parent and Broiler flocks, E. coli resistant to ampicillin and nalidixic acid were frequently isolated, while resistance to ciprofloxacin was detected at a very low frequency, and resistance to cephalosporins was not detected. Similarly, resistance to ampicillin and nalidixic acid were the only phenotypes detected in a collection of clinical E. coli isolates associated with first-week-mortality in Broiler parent chicks. Although antimicrobial resistant E. coli were genetically diverse by means of amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) typing, indistinguishable isolates were present in different flocks, including isolates from Broiler parent chicks, Broiler parents and Broilers. In the absence of apparent selective pressure, the genotypic heterogeneity that we describe is likely the consequence of multiple introductions of antimicrobial resistant bacteria into the production system. The confinement under which Broilers are raised limits the possibilities of bacterial transmission among different flocks. Our findings are consistent with vertical transmission of ampicillin- and nalidixic acid-resistant E. coli through the Broiler production system. The persistence of antimicrobial resistant E. coli in healthy, untreated chicken flocks emphasises the need of careful evaluation of therapeutic options at any level of the Broiler production.
E A M Graat - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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extended spectrum and ampc β lactamase producing escherichia coli in Broilers and people living and or working on Broiler farms prevalence risk factors and molecular characteristics
Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, 2014Co-Authors: Patricia M C Huijbers, E A M Graat, A Haenen, M G Van Santen, A Van Essenzandbergen, D J Mevius, E Van Duijkeren, A Van HoekAbstract:OBJECTIVES: The objectives of this study were to: estimate the prevalence of extended-spectrum s-lactamase (ESBL)- and AmpC s-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli carriage among Broiler farmers, their family members and employees; identify and quantify risk factors for carriage, with an emphasis on contact with live Broilers; and compare isolates from humans and Broilers within farms with respect to molecular characteristics to gain insight into transmission routes. METHODS: A cross-sectional prevalence study was conducted on 50 randomly selected Dutch Broiler farms. Cloacal swabs were taken from 20 randomly chosen Broilers. Faecal swabs were returned by 141 individuals living and/or working on 47 farms. ESBL/AmpC-producing E. coli were isolated and, for selected isolates, phylogenetic groups, plasmids and sequence types were determined. Questionnaires were used for risk factor analysis. RESULTS: All sampled farms were positive, with 96.4% positive pooled Broiler samples. The human prevalence was 19.1%, with 14.3% and 27.1% among individuals having a low and a high degree of contact with live Broilers, respectively. Five pairs of human-Broiler isolates had identical genes, plasmid families and E. coli sequence types, showing clonal transmission. Furthermore, similar ESBL/AmpC genes on the same plasmid families in different E. coli sequence types in humans and Broilers hinted at horizontal gene transfer. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence among people on Broiler farms was higher than in previous studies involving patients and the general population. Furthermore, an increased risk of carriage was shown among individuals having a high degree of contact with live Broilers. The (relative) contribution of transmission routes that might play a role in the dissemination of ESBL/AmpC-encoding resistance genes to humans on Broiler farms should be pursued in future studies.
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prevalence of livestock associated mrsa in Broiler flocks and risk factors for slaughterhouse personnel in the netherlands
Epidemiology and Infection, 2010Co-Authors: Mick N Mulders, A Haenen, P L Geenen, P C Vesseur, E S Poldervaart, Thijs Bosch, X W Huijsdens, P Hengeveld, W D C Damdeisz, E A M GraatAbstract:To determine methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) carriage in poultry and slaughterhouse personnel, 40 Dutch Broiler flocks, in six slaughterhouses and 466 personnel were sampled. Of the employees, 26 were positive (5.6%), indicating a higher risk of exposure when compared to the general Dutch population (0.1%). This risk was significantly higher for personnel having contact with live animals (5.2%) - especially hanging Broilers on the slaughterline (20.0%) - than for all other personnel (1.9%). Conventional electric stunning conferred a significantly higher risk of MRSA carriage for employees than CO2 stunning (9.7% vs. 2.0%). A total of 405 Broilers were sampled upon their arrival at the slaughterhouse, of which 6.9% were positive. These Broilers originated from 40 Dutch slaughter flocks of which 35.0% were positive. MRSA contamination in the different compartments of slaughterhouses increased during the production day, from 8% to 35%. Of the 119 MRSA isolates, predominantly livestock-associated MRSA ST398 was found, although 27.7% belonged to ST9 (spa type t1430). There is an increased risk of MRSA carriage in personnel working at Broiler slaughterhouses, particularly those having contact with live animals.
Henrik Christensen - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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longitudinal study of transmission of escherichia coli from Broiler breeders to Broilers
Veterinary Microbiology, 2017Co-Authors: Louise Ladefoged Poulsen, Magne Bisgaard, Ida Thøfner, Rikke Heidemann Olsen, Jens Peter Christensen, Henrik ChristensenAbstract:Escherichia coli is of major importance in industrial Broiler production as the main cause of salpingitis and peritonitis in Broiler breeders. Furthermore E. coli is the most common cause of first week mortality in Broiler chickens. The aim of the present study was to investigate the transmission of E. coli, isolated from Broiler breeders with salpingitis, to the progeny and the possibility of subsequent first week mortality. Four parent flocks were followed during the whole production period (20-60 weeks) by post mortem and bacteriological examination of randomly selected dead birds. Newly hatched chickens from each flock were swabbed in the cloaca on four occasions (parent age 30, 40, 50, 60 weeks) and E. coli was isolated. Causes of first week mortality were determined pathologically and bacteriologically. E. coli isolates from parents, newly hatched chickens and first week mortality were selected for Pulsed-Field-Gel-Electrophoresis (PFGE) and Multi-Locus-Sequence-Typing (MLST) to determine their clonal relationships. E. coli was the main cause of both salpingitis in parents and first week mortality in Broilers, and E. coli dominated the bacterial flora of the cloaca of newly hatched chickens. PFGE of E. coli showed identical band patterns in isolates from the three different sources indicating a transmission of E. coli from parent birds to chickens. In conclusion, E. coli isolated from salpingitis in Broiler parents were found to be transmitted to Broilers in which some sequence types contributed to the first week mortality.
