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Werner E. Piller - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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stratigraphic constraints for the upper oligocene to lower miocene puchkirchen group north alpine foreland basin central paratethys
Newsletters on Stratigraphy, 2015Co-Authors: Patrick Grunert, Mathias Harzhauser, Gerald Auer, Werner E. PillerAbstract:Herein, we present a new stratigraphic model for the upper Oligocene to lower Miocene Puch kirchen Group which comprises deep-marine deposits in the central North Alpine Foreland Basin. Stratigraphic constraints are inferred from the integration of new bio(calcareous nannoplankton) and chemostratigraphic (δCbulk) data from the drill-site Hochburg 1. The first occurrences of Helicosphaera carteri and H. ampliaperta are recorded in the section and indicate a stratigraphic range from nannoplankton zones NP25 to upper NN2/ CNO6 to CNM4. The correlation with the upper Chattian to lower Burdigalian is strongly supported by the δCbulk record that mirrors major trends in global reference records between ~ 24.2 Ma and ~ 20.2–19.8 Ma. Seismic surveys suggest that at least 100 m of sediment have been eroded from the top of the Puchkirchen Group at Hochburg 1, and deposition extended even further into the Burdigalian. Within the Puchkirchen Group, the boundary between the Lower and Upper Puchkirchen formations occurs at ~ 22.2–22 Ma. The new age model for Hochburg 1 significantly improves previous stratigraphic concepts of the Puchkirchen Group and resolves some long-lasting stratigraphic issues in the study area. The implications of the new correlation for analyses of sedimentary budget, subsidence rates, sequence stratigraphy and the regional stage concept challenge our understanding of the development of the North Alpine Foreland Basin as well as the Central Paratethys.
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early Burdigalian infill of the puchkirchen trough north alpine foreland basin central paratethys facies development and sequence stratigraphy
Marine and Petroleum Geology, 2013Co-Authors: Patrick Grunert, Mathias Harzhauser, Werner E. Piller, Stjepan Coric, Ralph Hinsch, R F Sachsenhofer, Achim Bechtel, Hanns SperlAbstract:Abstract To improve the prediction of gas and oil in strata along the tectonically imbricated southern margin of the Puchkirchen Trough (North Alpine Foreland Basin, Central Paratethys), a better understanding of facies distribution and stratigraphic control of the basin is essential. The present study provides bio- and chemofacies analyses and a biostratigraphic evaluation for the pelitic Hall Formation from the borehole Hochburg 1 in the central part of the Puchkirchen Trough. A statistical evaluation of benthic foraminiferal assemblages together with geochemical proxy records (TOC, sulphur, hydrogen index, δ 13 C TOC , δ 15 N TN ) reveals a succession of early Burdigalian depositional environments. Following a major subaqueous erosional hiatus, conglomeratic sands at the base of the section, which contain reworked Chattian and Aquitanian foraminiferal assemblages, record the reactivation of a basin-axial channel system. During the early Burdigalian eustatic sea-level rise, the channel was cut off from its sediment sources on the shelf and a deepening bathyal environment was established. Agglutinated foraminiferal assemblages with abundant Bathysiphon filiformis developed that were adapted to an unstable environment with frequent deposition of turbidites. The middle part of the Hall Formation is characterized by prograding high-relief clinoforms, which are fed by the Wachtberg Delta of the Paleo-Inn river. High sedimentation rates are interpreted and increased input of terrestrial-derived organic matter is documented with a strong correlation of TOC and TOC/S and low HI values, as well as frequent occurrences of Ammodiscus spp. and other opportunistic agglutinating foraminifers. A renewed transgression reestablished a eutrophic and suboxic bathyal environment, followed by the development of an oxygenated outer–middle neritic shelf environment heralding the ultimate infill of the deep-water basin. Based on a comparison of the revealed development to existing sequence stratigraphic models for the Puchkirchen Trough, three sequences and their corresponding systems tracts can be identified for the lower, middle and upper Hall Formation. Biostratigraphic evidence from benthic foraminifers and calcareous nannoplankton indicates that they correspond to the regional substages of the middle and upper Eggenburgian and lower Ottnangian, and to global 3rd-order sequences Bur 1–3. The observations suggest a primary control of eustatic sea-level on the Puchkirchen Trough rather than Alpine tectonics during the Burdigalian.
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Facies development along the tide-influenced shelf of the Burdigalian Seaway: An example from the Ottnangian stratotype (Early Miocene, middle Burdigalian)
Marine Micropaleontology, 2011Co-Authors: Patrick Grunert, Reinhard Roetzel, Ali Soliman, Stjepan Ćorić, Mathias Harzhauser, Werner E. PillerAbstract:Abstract Herein, we report quantitative micropaleontological (benthic foraminifers, dinoflagellate cysts, calcareous nannoplankton), sedimentological (grain-size analysis) and geophysical (background gamma radiation) analyses from Ottnang–Schanze, the stratotype for the regional Ottnangian stage (Central Paratethys; Lower Miocene, middle Burdigalian). The revealed trends in bathymetry, primary productivity, bottom-water oxygenation and water energy allow exemplary insights into the paleoenvironment of the terminal Burdigalian Seaway. Several facies of a eutrophic environment are distinguished that reflect a transition from a suboxic outer neritic to upper bathyal towards a better oxygenated middle neritic setting under the influence of storm events and currents. A comparison with available data from Upper Austria and Bavaria consistently shows the regressive trend during the late early Ottnangian. In Upper Austria, the deep-water facies from the lower part of the stratotype represents the most distal sediments. The upper part together with localities closer to the northern coast records inner to middle neritic environments that are heavily affected by tidal currents. The facies distribution results from the progradation of a tide-influenced environment along the northern shelf of the North Alpine Foreland Basin, heralding the closure of the Burdigalian Seaway. The available age estimate for the stratotype constrains the onset of the regressive phase to 18 Ma.
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stratigraphic re evaluation of the stratotype for the regional ottnangian stage central paratethys middle Burdigalian
Newsletters on Stratigraphy, 2010Co-Authors: Patrick Grunert, Robert Scholger, Ali Soliman, Mathias Harzhauser, Stjepan Coric, Werner E. PillerAbstract:The Ottnangian stage represents the middle Burdigalian (c. 18.1-17.2 Ma) within the regional stratigraphic concept for the Central Paratethys. The section Ottnang-Schanze in the North Alpine Foreland Basin of Upper Austria has been defined as its stratotype by Rogl et al. (1973). We present an updated strati- graphic evaluation of the section based on biostratigraphy of foraminifers, dinoflagellate cysts and calcare- ous nannoplankton as well as magnetostratigraphy. In agreement with earlier studies, assemblages of benthic foraminifers (co-occurrence of Amphicoryna ott - nangensis and Sigmoilopsis ottnangensis, mass-occurrences of Lenticulina inornata) document a late early Ottnangian age. Dinoflagellate cyst Exochosphaeridium insigne is recorded for the first time in the early Ott- nangian and its occurrence together with Apteodinium spiridoides, Cordosphaeridium cantharellus and Glaphyrocysta reticulosa s. l. extends the regional dinoflagellate zone Ein from the middle to the early Ott - nangian. On a global scale, the revealed marker species indicate zone D17a (middle-late Burdigalian). Cal- careous nannoplankton assemblages with the very rare occurrence of Sphenolithus cf. belemnos and S. aff. heteromorphus show remarkable affinities to Mediterranean nannoplankton zone MNN3b. Together with the frequent occurrence of Helicosphaera ampliaperta and the absence of Triquetrorhabdulus carinatus an assignment to standard nannoplankton zone NN3 (early-middle Burdigalian) is indicated. Magnetostratigraphy revealed an inverse polarisation for the outcrop. In combination with the biostrati- graphic age constraints and the present correlation of the Ottnangian to the Bur3 sea-level cycle the section belongs to polarity chron C5Dr.2r. For the first time, an absolute age between 17.95-18.056 Ma for the stra- totype can be inferred.
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Upwelling conditions in the Early Miocene Central Paratethys Sea
Geologica Carpathica, 2010Co-Authors: Patrick Grunert, Reinhard Roetzel, Ali Soliman, Mathias Harzhauser, Werner E. Piller, Stefan Müllegger, Fred RöglAbstract:Evidence for regional upwelling conditions in the Central Paratethys Sea is presented for mid-Burdigalian (early Ottnangian) times. The oceanographic phenomenon is detected in clay-diatomite successions along the steep escarpment of the Bohemian Massif in the eastern North Alpine Foreland Basin. Interpretations are based on a multi- proxy data-set including published sedimentological and paleontological data, newly performed stable isotope measure- ments (δ 18 O, δ 13 C) of foraminifers and bulk sediment samples, and analyses of dinoflagellate cyst assemblages. The revealed stable isotope values of planktonic foraminifers point to upwelling: low δ 13 C values indicate strong mixing of surface waters with rising nutrient-rich waters, high δ 18 O values reflect cool sea surface temperatures (SST). Tempera- ture calculations give SSTs ranging from 10—14 °C. Cool SSTs and high productivity are additionally supported by bulk sediment analyses. Assemblages of dinoflagellate cysts indicate a distal-shelf environment with nutrient-rich waters. Westerly winds and tidal currents are discussed as potential driving forces behind the local upwelling event. As mid- Burdigalian geography favoured strong current patterns in the Central Paratethys as documented in the sedimentary record from the Rhone Basin to Hungary upwelling might have been a more common phenomenon in this epicontinental sea than currently known.
Mathias Harzhauser - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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stratigraphic constraints for the upper oligocene to lower miocene puchkirchen group north alpine foreland basin central paratethys
Newsletters on Stratigraphy, 2015Co-Authors: Patrick Grunert, Mathias Harzhauser, Gerald Auer, Werner E. PillerAbstract:Herein, we present a new stratigraphic model for the upper Oligocene to lower Miocene Puch kirchen Group which comprises deep-marine deposits in the central North Alpine Foreland Basin. Stratigraphic constraints are inferred from the integration of new bio(calcareous nannoplankton) and chemostratigraphic (δCbulk) data from the drill-site Hochburg 1. The first occurrences of Helicosphaera carteri and H. ampliaperta are recorded in the section and indicate a stratigraphic range from nannoplankton zones NP25 to upper NN2/ CNO6 to CNM4. The correlation with the upper Chattian to lower Burdigalian is strongly supported by the δCbulk record that mirrors major trends in global reference records between ~ 24.2 Ma and ~ 20.2–19.8 Ma. Seismic surveys suggest that at least 100 m of sediment have been eroded from the top of the Puchkirchen Group at Hochburg 1, and deposition extended even further into the Burdigalian. Within the Puchkirchen Group, the boundary between the Lower and Upper Puchkirchen formations occurs at ~ 22.2–22 Ma. The new age model for Hochburg 1 significantly improves previous stratigraphic concepts of the Puchkirchen Group and resolves some long-lasting stratigraphic issues in the study area. The implications of the new correlation for analyses of sedimentary budget, subsidence rates, sequence stratigraphy and the regional stage concept challenge our understanding of the development of the North Alpine Foreland Basin as well as the Central Paratethys.
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early Burdigalian infill of the puchkirchen trough north alpine foreland basin central paratethys facies development and sequence stratigraphy
Marine and Petroleum Geology, 2013Co-Authors: Patrick Grunert, Mathias Harzhauser, Werner E. Piller, Stjepan Coric, Ralph Hinsch, R F Sachsenhofer, Achim Bechtel, Hanns SperlAbstract:Abstract To improve the prediction of gas and oil in strata along the tectonically imbricated southern margin of the Puchkirchen Trough (North Alpine Foreland Basin, Central Paratethys), a better understanding of facies distribution and stratigraphic control of the basin is essential. The present study provides bio- and chemofacies analyses and a biostratigraphic evaluation for the pelitic Hall Formation from the borehole Hochburg 1 in the central part of the Puchkirchen Trough. A statistical evaluation of benthic foraminiferal assemblages together with geochemical proxy records (TOC, sulphur, hydrogen index, δ 13 C TOC , δ 15 N TN ) reveals a succession of early Burdigalian depositional environments. Following a major subaqueous erosional hiatus, conglomeratic sands at the base of the section, which contain reworked Chattian and Aquitanian foraminiferal assemblages, record the reactivation of a basin-axial channel system. During the early Burdigalian eustatic sea-level rise, the channel was cut off from its sediment sources on the shelf and a deepening bathyal environment was established. Agglutinated foraminiferal assemblages with abundant Bathysiphon filiformis developed that were adapted to an unstable environment with frequent deposition of turbidites. The middle part of the Hall Formation is characterized by prograding high-relief clinoforms, which are fed by the Wachtberg Delta of the Paleo-Inn river. High sedimentation rates are interpreted and increased input of terrestrial-derived organic matter is documented with a strong correlation of TOC and TOC/S and low HI values, as well as frequent occurrences of Ammodiscus spp. and other opportunistic agglutinating foraminifers. A renewed transgression reestablished a eutrophic and suboxic bathyal environment, followed by the development of an oxygenated outer–middle neritic shelf environment heralding the ultimate infill of the deep-water basin. Based on a comparison of the revealed development to existing sequence stratigraphic models for the Puchkirchen Trough, three sequences and their corresponding systems tracts can be identified for the lower, middle and upper Hall Formation. Biostratigraphic evidence from benthic foraminifers and calcareous nannoplankton indicates that they correspond to the regional substages of the middle and upper Eggenburgian and lower Ottnangian, and to global 3rd-order sequences Bur 1–3. The observations suggest a primary control of eustatic sea-level on the Puchkirchen Trough rather than Alpine tectonics during the Burdigalian.
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Facies development along the tide-influenced shelf of the Burdigalian Seaway: An example from the Ottnangian stratotype (Early Miocene, middle Burdigalian)
Marine Micropaleontology, 2011Co-Authors: Patrick Grunert, Reinhard Roetzel, Ali Soliman, Stjepan Ćorić, Mathias Harzhauser, Werner E. PillerAbstract:Abstract Herein, we report quantitative micropaleontological (benthic foraminifers, dinoflagellate cysts, calcareous nannoplankton), sedimentological (grain-size analysis) and geophysical (background gamma radiation) analyses from Ottnang–Schanze, the stratotype for the regional Ottnangian stage (Central Paratethys; Lower Miocene, middle Burdigalian). The revealed trends in bathymetry, primary productivity, bottom-water oxygenation and water energy allow exemplary insights into the paleoenvironment of the terminal Burdigalian Seaway. Several facies of a eutrophic environment are distinguished that reflect a transition from a suboxic outer neritic to upper bathyal towards a better oxygenated middle neritic setting under the influence of storm events and currents. A comparison with available data from Upper Austria and Bavaria consistently shows the regressive trend during the late early Ottnangian. In Upper Austria, the deep-water facies from the lower part of the stratotype represents the most distal sediments. The upper part together with localities closer to the northern coast records inner to middle neritic environments that are heavily affected by tidal currents. The facies distribution results from the progradation of a tide-influenced environment along the northern shelf of the North Alpine Foreland Basin, heralding the closure of the Burdigalian Seaway. The available age estimate for the stratotype constrains the onset of the regressive phase to 18 Ma.
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stratigraphic re evaluation of the stratotype for the regional ottnangian stage central paratethys middle Burdigalian
Newsletters on Stratigraphy, 2010Co-Authors: Patrick Grunert, Robert Scholger, Ali Soliman, Mathias Harzhauser, Stjepan Coric, Werner E. PillerAbstract:The Ottnangian stage represents the middle Burdigalian (c. 18.1-17.2 Ma) within the regional stratigraphic concept for the Central Paratethys. The section Ottnang-Schanze in the North Alpine Foreland Basin of Upper Austria has been defined as its stratotype by Rogl et al. (1973). We present an updated strati- graphic evaluation of the section based on biostratigraphy of foraminifers, dinoflagellate cysts and calcare- ous nannoplankton as well as magnetostratigraphy. In agreement with earlier studies, assemblages of benthic foraminifers (co-occurrence of Amphicoryna ott - nangensis and Sigmoilopsis ottnangensis, mass-occurrences of Lenticulina inornata) document a late early Ottnangian age. Dinoflagellate cyst Exochosphaeridium insigne is recorded for the first time in the early Ott- nangian and its occurrence together with Apteodinium spiridoides, Cordosphaeridium cantharellus and Glaphyrocysta reticulosa s. l. extends the regional dinoflagellate zone Ein from the middle to the early Ott - nangian. On a global scale, the revealed marker species indicate zone D17a (middle-late Burdigalian). Cal- careous nannoplankton assemblages with the very rare occurrence of Sphenolithus cf. belemnos and S. aff. heteromorphus show remarkable affinities to Mediterranean nannoplankton zone MNN3b. Together with the frequent occurrence of Helicosphaera ampliaperta and the absence of Triquetrorhabdulus carinatus an assignment to standard nannoplankton zone NN3 (early-middle Burdigalian) is indicated. Magnetostratigraphy revealed an inverse polarisation for the outcrop. In combination with the biostrati- graphic age constraints and the present correlation of the Ottnangian to the Bur3 sea-level cycle the section belongs to polarity chron C5Dr.2r. For the first time, an absolute age between 17.95-18.056 Ma for the stra- totype can be inferred.
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Upwelling conditions in the Early Miocene Central Paratethys Sea
Geologica Carpathica, 2010Co-Authors: Patrick Grunert, Reinhard Roetzel, Ali Soliman, Mathias Harzhauser, Werner E. Piller, Stefan Müllegger, Fred RöglAbstract:Evidence for regional upwelling conditions in the Central Paratethys Sea is presented for mid-Burdigalian (early Ottnangian) times. The oceanographic phenomenon is detected in clay-diatomite successions along the steep escarpment of the Bohemian Massif in the eastern North Alpine Foreland Basin. Interpretations are based on a multi- proxy data-set including published sedimentological and paleontological data, newly performed stable isotope measure- ments (δ 18 O, δ 13 C) of foraminifers and bulk sediment samples, and analyses of dinoflagellate cyst assemblages. The revealed stable isotope values of planktonic foraminifers point to upwelling: low δ 13 C values indicate strong mixing of surface waters with rising nutrient-rich waters, high δ 18 O values reflect cool sea surface temperatures (SST). Tempera- ture calculations give SSTs ranging from 10—14 °C. Cool SSTs and high productivity are additionally supported by bulk sediment analyses. Assemblages of dinoflagellate cysts indicate a distal-shelf environment with nutrient-rich waters. Westerly winds and tidal currents are discussed as potential driving forces behind the local upwelling event. As mid- Burdigalian geography favoured strong current patterns in the Central Paratethys as documented in the sedimentary record from the Rhone Basin to Hungary upwelling might have been a more common phenomenon in this epicontinental sea than currently known.
Stephen Louwye - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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A reinterpretation of the ages and depositional environments of the lower and middle Miocene stratigraphic records in a key area along the southern margin of the North Sea Basin
Geological Magazine, 2017Co-Authors: Jef Deckers, Stephen LouwyeAbstract:The stratigraphic reinterpretation of the palynologically analysed Miocene succession of the Wijshagen borehole along the southern margin of the North Sea Basin allowed an age assessment - late Burdigalian to early Serravalian - for the Genk Sand Member of the Bolderberg Formation. The depositional environment varied during Burdigalian to Serravalian times from continental (peat formation) to open marine (glauconitic sands), respectively from south to north in the Roer Valley Rift System. The study area of the Wijshagen borehole is located in the central part of the Roer Valley Rift System between these extreme environments. During the Burdigalian, the glauconitic fine clayey sands of the Houthalen Sand Member were deposited in the study area. From the late Burdigalian onwards, the glauconite content decreased and lignite content increased as a result of high influx of clastic material in the Roer Valley Rift System, and marked the start of the deposition of the Genk Sand Member. The Genk Sand Member shows an overall coarsening-upwards trend, which is consistent with the gradual infill of the available accommodation space in the Roer Valley Rift System by northwest-prograding clastic delta sequences. Dinoflagellate cyst analyses indicate that the Genk Sand Member was largely deposited in a marginal marine environment with only short pulses of continental input. These pulses of continental input increase in a southerly or landward direction where they led to the development of thick lignite seams.
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Some new acritarch species from the lower and middle Miocene of the Porcupine Basin, North Atlantic Ocean: biostratigraphy and palaeoecology
Palynology, 2014Co-Authors: Willemijn Quaijtaal, Kenneth Neil Mertens, Stephen LouwyeAbstract:Six new acritarch species were observed during a high-resolution study on the upper Burdigalian to Serravallian (lower and middle Miocene) of the Porcupine Basin (Integrated Ocean Drilling Program Leg 307, off southwestern Ireland). The stratigraphical ranges and palaeoenvironmental preferences of the six new species were assessed. Cometesphaera bullatio gen. et sp. nov. is recorded from the upper Burdigalian to the lower Serravallian, while the range of Cymatiosphaera? deverteuilii sp. nov. is restricted to the upper Serravallian. Platycystidia manumii sp. nov. is recorded from the upper Burdigalian to the upper Langhian. Porcupinea collaris gen. et sp. nov. and Porcupinea indentata gen. et sp. nov. range from the upper Langhian to the lower Serravallian, and from the uppermost Burdigalian to the upper Serravallian, respectively. Pusillisphaera solaris gen. et sp. nov. is recorded from the from the upper Burdigalian to the upper Serravallian.
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shallow marine lower and middle miocene deposits at the southern margin of the north sea basin northern belgium dinoflagellate cyst biostratigraphy and depositional history
Geological Magazine, 2000Co-Authors: Stephen Louwye, J De Coninck, Jacques VerniersAbstract:Detailed dinoflagellate cyst analysis of the Lower–Middle Miocene Berchem Formation at the southernmost margin of the North Sea Basin (northern Belgium) allowed a precise biostratigraphical positioning and a reconstruction of the depositional history. The two lower members of the formation (Edegem Sands and decalcified Kiel Sands) are biostratigraphically regarded as one unit since no significant break within the dinocyst assemblages is observed. The base of this late (or latest) Aquitanian–Burdigalian unit coincides with sequence boundary Aq3/Bur1 as defined by Hardenbol and others, in work published in 1998. A hiatus at the Lower–Middle Miocene transition separates the upper member (the Antwerpen Sands) from the underlying member. The greater part of the Antwerpen Sands were deposited in a Langhian (latest Burdigalian?)–middle Serravallian interval. The base of this unit coincides with sequence boundary Bur5/Lan1. Biostratigraphical correlation points to a diachronous post-depositional decalcification within the formation since parts of the decalcified Kiel Sands can be correlated with parts of the calcareous fossil-bearing section, up to now interpreted as Antwerpen Sands. The dinoflagellate cyst assemblages are dominated by species with a inner neritic preference, although higher numbers of oceanic taxa in the upper part of the formation indicate incursions of oceanic watermasses into the confined depositional environment of the southern North Sea Basin.
David A. Grimaldi - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Fig Wasps in Dominican Amber (Hymenoptera: Agaonidae)
American Museum Novitates, 2006Co-Authors: Enrique Peñalver, Michael S. Engel, David A. GrimaldiAbstract:The fauna of fig wasps (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Agaonidae: Agaoninae) preserved in Early Miocene (Burdigalian) amber from the Dominican Republic is reported. Three species are described, representing both of the exclusively neotropical genera Tetrapus Mayr and Pegoscapus
A Hamedani - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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the oligo miocene qom formation iran evidence for an early Burdigalian restriction of the tethyan seaway and closure of its iranian gateways
International Journal of Earth Sciences, 2009Co-Authors: Markus Reuter, Oleg Mandic, Mathias Harzhauser, Werner E. Piller, Bjorn Berning, Andreas Kroh, Fred Rögl, Mariepierre Aubry, U Wielandtschuster, A HamedaniAbstract:In the central Iranian Esfahan-Sirjan and Qom basins sedimentation of the Oligo-/Miocene Qom Formation took place on extensive mixed carbonate–siliciclastic ramps. During this time, both basins were positioned at the Eurasian margin of the Tethyan Seaway, which connected the western and eastern regions of the Tethys Ocean at least until the late Burdigalian. During the so-called Terminal Tethyan Event the Tethyan Seaway was then closed due to the collision of the African/Arabian and Iranian/Eurasian plates. Facies analysis of the sedimentary record of both basins indicates paleoenvironments ranging from terrestrial to open marine settings, including mangrove, restricted inner shelf lagoon, seagrass meadow, reefal, and deeper offshore environments. Recognition of eight depositional sequences and elaboration of an integrated biostratigraphic framework (calcareous nannoplankton, planktic and larger benthic foraminifers, gastropods, and pectinids) allow us to construct a basin-spanning stratigraphy. The assignment of the recognized sea-level lowstands to the Ru 3 to Bur 3 lowstands of the global sea-level curve enables a comparison with time-equivalent sections from the Zagros Basin, which was part of the African/Arabian Plate on the opposing southern margin of the Tethyan Seaway. The so calibrated sections display restrictions of the Tethyan Seaway and interruption of the south Iranian gateways between the Qom Basin and the Proto-Indopacific in relation to ongoing plate collision during the early Burdigalian.
