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Rieta Gols - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Interactions Between a Belowground Herbivore and Primary and Secondary Root Metabolites in Wild Cabbage.
Journal of Chemical Ecology, 2015Co-Authors: Moniek Van Geem, Jeffrey A. Harvey, Anne-marie Cortesero, Ciska E Raaijmakers, Rieta GolsAbstract:Plants are attacked by both above- and belowground herbivores. Toxic secondary compounds are part of the chemical defense arsenal of plants against a range of antagonists, and are subject to genetic variation. Plants also produce primary metabolites (amino acids, nutrients, sugars) that function as essential compounds for growth and survival. Wild Cabbage populations growing on the Dorset coast of the UK exhibit genetically different chemical defense profiles, even though they are located within a few kilometers of each other. As in other Brassicaceae, the defensive chemicals in wild Cabbages constitute, among others, secondary metabolites called glucosinolates. Here, we used five Dorset populations of wild Cabbage to study the effect of belowground herbivory by the Cabbage root fly on primary and secondary chemistry, and whether differences in chemistry affected the performance of the belowground herbivore. There were significant differences in total root concentrations and chemical profiles of glucosinolates, amino acids, and sugars among the five wild Cabbage populations. Glucosinolate concentrations not only differed among the populations, but also were affected by root fly herbivory. Amino acid and sugar concentrations also differed among the populations, but were not affected by root fly herbivory. Overall, population-related differences in plant chemistry were more pronounced for the glucosinolates than for amino acids and sugars. The performance of the root herbivore did not differ among the populations tested. Survival of the root fly was low (
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Population-Related Variation in Plant Defense more Strongly Affects Survival of an Herbivore than Its Solitary Parasitoid Wasp
Journal of Chemical Ecology, 2011Co-Authors: Jeffrey A. Harvey, Rieta GolsAbstract:The performance of natural enemies, such as parasitoid wasps, is affected by differences in the quality of the host’s diet, frequently mediated by species or population-related differences in plant allelochemistry. Here, we compared survival, development time, and body mass in a generalist herbivore, the Cabbage moth, Mamestra brassicae , and its solitary endoparasitoid, Microplitis mediator , when reared on two cultivated (CYR and STH) and three wild (KIM, OH, and WIN) populations of Cabbage, Brassica oleracea . Plants either were undamaged or induced by feeding of larvae of the Cabbage butterfly, Pieris rapae . Development and biomass of M. brassicae and Mi. mediator were similar on both cultivated and one wild Cabbage population (KIM), intermediate on the OH population, and significantly lower on the WIN population. Moreover, development was prolonged and biomass was reduced on herbivore-induced plants. However, only the survival of parasitized hosts (and not that of healthy larvae) was affected by induction. Analysis of glucosinolates in leaves of the Cabbages revealed higher levels in the wild populations than cultivars, with the highest concentrations in WIN plants. Multivariate statistics revealed a negative correlation between insect performance and total levels of glucosinolates (GS) and levels of 3-butenyl GS. However, GS chemistry could not explain the reduced performance on induced plants since only indole GS concentrations increased in response to herbivory, which did not affect insect performance based on multivariate statistics. This result suggests that, in addition to aliphatic GS, other non-GS chemicals are responsible for the decline in insect performance, and that these chemicals affect the parasitoid more strongly than the host. Remarkably, when developing on WIN plants, the survival of Mi. mediator to adult eclosion was much higher than in its host, M. brassicae . This may be due to the fact that hosts parasitized by Mi. mediator pass through fewer instars, and host growth is arrested when they are only a fraction of the size of healthy caterpillars. Certain aspects of the biology and life-history of the host and parasitoid may determine their response to chemical challenges imposed by the food plant.
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Smelling the Wood from the Trees: Non-Linear Parasitoid Responses to Volatile Attractants Produced by Wild and Cultivated Cabbage
Journal of Chemical Ecology, 2011Co-Authors: Rieta Gols, Tibor Bukovinszky, James M Bullock, Marcel Dicke, Jeffrey A. HarveyAbstract:Despite a large number of studies on herbivore-induced plant volatiles (HIPVs), little is known about which specific compounds are used by natural enemies to locate prey- or host- infested plants. In addition, the role of HIPVs in attracting natural enemies has been restricted largely to agricultural systems. Differences in volatile blends emitted by cultivars and plants that originate from wild populations may be attributed to potentially contrasting selection regimes: natural selection among the wild types and artificial selection among cultivars. A more realistic understanding of these interactions in a broader ecological and evolutionary framework should include studies that involve insect herbivores, parasitoids, and wild plants on which they naturally interact in the field. We compared the attractiveness of HIPVs emitted by wild and cultivated Cabbage to the parasitoid Cotesia rubecula, and determined the chemical composition of the HIPV blends to elucidate which compounds are involved in parasitoid attraction. Wild and cultivated Cabbage differed significantly in their volatile emissions. Cotesia rubecula was differentially attracted to the wild Cabbage populations and preferred wild over cultivated Cabbage. Isothiocyanates, which were only emitted by the wild Cabbages, may be the key components that explain the preference for wild over cultivated Cabbage, whereas terpenes may be important for the differential attraction among the wild populations. Volatile analysis revealed that parasitoid attraction cannot be explained by simple linear relationships. Our results suggest that unraveling which compound(s) are innately attractive to parasitoids of Cabbage pests should include wild Brassicaceae.
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Tri-trophic effects of inter- and intra-population variation in defence chemistry of wild Cabbage (Brassica oleracea)
Oecologia, 2011Co-Authors: Jeffrey A. Harvey, James M Bullock, Ciska E Raaijmakers, Rieta GolsAbstract:The effect of direct chemical defences in plants on the performance of insect herbivores and their natural enemies has received increasing attention over the past 10 years. However, much less is known about the scale at which this variation is generated and maintained, both within and across populations of the same plant species. This study compares growth and development of the large Cabbage butterfly, Pieris brassicae , and its gregarious pupal parasitoid, Pteromalus puparum , on three wild populations [Kimmeridge (KIM), Old Harry (OH) and Winspit (WIN)] and two cultivars [Stonehead (ST), and Cyrus (CYR)] of Cabbage, Brassica oleracea . The wild populations originate from the coast of Dorset, UK, but grow in close proximity with one another. Insect performance and chemical profiles were made from every plant used in the experiment. Foliar glucosinolates (GS) concentrations were highest in the wild plants in rank order WIN > OH > KIM, with lower levels found in the cultivars. Caterpillar-damaged leaves in the wild Cabbages also had higher GS levels than undamaged leaves. Pupal mass in P. brassicae varied significantly among populations of B. oleracea . Moreover, development time in the host and parasitoid were correlated, even though these stages are temporally separated. Parasitoid adult dry mass closely approximated the development of its host. Multivariate statistics revealed a correlation between pupal mass and development time of P. brassicae and foliar GS chemistry, of which levels of neoglucobrassicin appeared to be the most important. Our results show that there is considerable variation in quantitative aspects of defensive chemistry in wild Cabbage plants that is maintained at very small spatial scales in nature. Moreover, the performance of the herbivore and its parasitoid were both affected by differences in plant quality.
Fabrice Lamy - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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oviposition preference of the Cabbage root fly towards some chinese Cabbage cultivars a search for future trap crop candidates
Insects, 2020Co-Authors: Fabrice Lamy, Laura Bellec, Amelie Rusustievenard, Pauline Clin, Claire Ricono, Diane Olivier, Solene Mauger, Denis Poinsot, Vincent FaloyaAbstract:The development of integrated pest management strategies becomes more and more pressing in view of potential harmful effects of synthetic pesticides on the environment and human health. A promising alternative strategy against Delia radicum is the use of trap crops. Chinese Cabbage (Brassica rapa subsp. pekinensis and subsp. chinensis) is a highly sensitive Brassicaceae species previously identified as a good candidate to attract the Cabbage root fly away from other crops. Here, we carried out multi-choice experiments both in the laboratory and in field conditions to measure the oviposition susceptibilities of different subspecies and cultivars of Chinese Cabbages as compared to a broccoli reference. We found large differences among subspecies and cultivars of the Chinese Cabbage, which received three to eleven times more eggs than the broccoli reference in field conditions. In laboratory conditions, the chinensis subspecies did not receive more eggs than the broccoli reference. We conclude that D. radicum largely prefers to lay eggs on the pekinensis subspecies of Chinese Cabbage compared to the chinensis subspecies or broccoli. Some pekinensis cultivars, which received over ten times more eggs than broccoli in the field, appear especially promising candidates to further develop trap crop strategies against the Cabbage root fly.
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Oviposition Preference of the Cabbage Root Fly towards Some Chinese Cabbage Cultivars: A Search for Future Trap Crop Candidates
Insects, 2020Co-Authors: Fabrice Lamy, Laura Bellec, Pauline Clin, Claire Ricono, Diane Olivier, Solene Mauger, Denis Poinsot, Vincent Faloya, Amélie Rusu-stievenard, Loïc DanielAbstract:The development of integrated pest management strategies becomes more and more pressing in view of potential harmful effects of synthetic pesticides on the environment and human health. A promising alternative strategy against is the use of trap crops. Chinese Cabbage ( subsp. and subsp. ) is a highly sensitive Brassicaceae species previously identified as a good candidate to attract the Cabbage root fly away from other crops. Here, we carried out multi-choice experiments both in the laboratory and in field conditions to measure the oviposition susceptibilities of different subspecies and cultivars of Chinese Cabbages as compared to a broccoli reference. We found large differences among subspecies and cultivars of the Chinese Cabbage, which received three to eleven times more eggs than the broccoli reference in field conditions. In laboratory conditions, the subspecies did not receive more eggs than the broccoli reference. We conclude that largely prefers to lay eggs on the subspecies of Chinese Cabbage compared to the subspecies or broccoli. Some cultivars, which received over ten times more eggs than broccoli in the field, appear especially promising candidates to further develop trap crop strategies against the Cabbage root fly.
Jeffrey A. Harvey - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Interactions Between a Belowground Herbivore and Primary and Secondary Root Metabolites in Wild Cabbage.
Journal of Chemical Ecology, 2015Co-Authors: Moniek Van Geem, Jeffrey A. Harvey, Anne-marie Cortesero, Ciska E Raaijmakers, Rieta GolsAbstract:Plants are attacked by both above- and belowground herbivores. Toxic secondary compounds are part of the chemical defense arsenal of plants against a range of antagonists, and are subject to genetic variation. Plants also produce primary metabolites (amino acids, nutrients, sugars) that function as essential compounds for growth and survival. Wild Cabbage populations growing on the Dorset coast of the UK exhibit genetically different chemical defense profiles, even though they are located within a few kilometers of each other. As in other Brassicaceae, the defensive chemicals in wild Cabbages constitute, among others, secondary metabolites called glucosinolates. Here, we used five Dorset populations of wild Cabbage to study the effect of belowground herbivory by the Cabbage root fly on primary and secondary chemistry, and whether differences in chemistry affected the performance of the belowground herbivore. There were significant differences in total root concentrations and chemical profiles of glucosinolates, amino acids, and sugars among the five wild Cabbage populations. Glucosinolate concentrations not only differed among the populations, but also were affected by root fly herbivory. Amino acid and sugar concentrations also differed among the populations, but were not affected by root fly herbivory. Overall, population-related differences in plant chemistry were more pronounced for the glucosinolates than for amino acids and sugars. The performance of the root herbivore did not differ among the populations tested. Survival of the root fly was low (
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Population-Related Variation in Plant Defense more Strongly Affects Survival of an Herbivore than Its Solitary Parasitoid Wasp
Journal of Chemical Ecology, 2011Co-Authors: Jeffrey A. Harvey, Rieta GolsAbstract:The performance of natural enemies, such as parasitoid wasps, is affected by differences in the quality of the host’s diet, frequently mediated by species or population-related differences in plant allelochemistry. Here, we compared survival, development time, and body mass in a generalist herbivore, the Cabbage moth, Mamestra brassicae , and its solitary endoparasitoid, Microplitis mediator , when reared on two cultivated (CYR and STH) and three wild (KIM, OH, and WIN) populations of Cabbage, Brassica oleracea . Plants either were undamaged or induced by feeding of larvae of the Cabbage butterfly, Pieris rapae . Development and biomass of M. brassicae and Mi. mediator were similar on both cultivated and one wild Cabbage population (KIM), intermediate on the OH population, and significantly lower on the WIN population. Moreover, development was prolonged and biomass was reduced on herbivore-induced plants. However, only the survival of parasitized hosts (and not that of healthy larvae) was affected by induction. Analysis of glucosinolates in leaves of the Cabbages revealed higher levels in the wild populations than cultivars, with the highest concentrations in WIN plants. Multivariate statistics revealed a negative correlation between insect performance and total levels of glucosinolates (GS) and levels of 3-butenyl GS. However, GS chemistry could not explain the reduced performance on induced plants since only indole GS concentrations increased in response to herbivory, which did not affect insect performance based on multivariate statistics. This result suggests that, in addition to aliphatic GS, other non-GS chemicals are responsible for the decline in insect performance, and that these chemicals affect the parasitoid more strongly than the host. Remarkably, when developing on WIN plants, the survival of Mi. mediator to adult eclosion was much higher than in its host, M. brassicae . This may be due to the fact that hosts parasitized by Mi. mediator pass through fewer instars, and host growth is arrested when they are only a fraction of the size of healthy caterpillars. Certain aspects of the biology and life-history of the host and parasitoid may determine their response to chemical challenges imposed by the food plant.
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Smelling the Wood from the Trees: Non-Linear Parasitoid Responses to Volatile Attractants Produced by Wild and Cultivated Cabbage
Journal of Chemical Ecology, 2011Co-Authors: Rieta Gols, Tibor Bukovinszky, James M Bullock, Marcel Dicke, Jeffrey A. HarveyAbstract:Despite a large number of studies on herbivore-induced plant volatiles (HIPVs), little is known about which specific compounds are used by natural enemies to locate prey- or host- infested plants. In addition, the role of HIPVs in attracting natural enemies has been restricted largely to agricultural systems. Differences in volatile blends emitted by cultivars and plants that originate from wild populations may be attributed to potentially contrasting selection regimes: natural selection among the wild types and artificial selection among cultivars. A more realistic understanding of these interactions in a broader ecological and evolutionary framework should include studies that involve insect herbivores, parasitoids, and wild plants on which they naturally interact in the field. We compared the attractiveness of HIPVs emitted by wild and cultivated Cabbage to the parasitoid Cotesia rubecula, and determined the chemical composition of the HIPV blends to elucidate which compounds are involved in parasitoid attraction. Wild and cultivated Cabbage differed significantly in their volatile emissions. Cotesia rubecula was differentially attracted to the wild Cabbage populations and preferred wild over cultivated Cabbage. Isothiocyanates, which were only emitted by the wild Cabbages, may be the key components that explain the preference for wild over cultivated Cabbage, whereas terpenes may be important for the differential attraction among the wild populations. Volatile analysis revealed that parasitoid attraction cannot be explained by simple linear relationships. Our results suggest that unraveling which compound(s) are innately attractive to parasitoids of Cabbage pests should include wild Brassicaceae.
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Tri-trophic effects of inter- and intra-population variation in defence chemistry of wild Cabbage (Brassica oleracea)
Oecologia, 2011Co-Authors: Jeffrey A. Harvey, James M Bullock, Ciska E Raaijmakers, Rieta GolsAbstract:The effect of direct chemical defences in plants on the performance of insect herbivores and their natural enemies has received increasing attention over the past 10 years. However, much less is known about the scale at which this variation is generated and maintained, both within and across populations of the same plant species. This study compares growth and development of the large Cabbage butterfly, Pieris brassicae , and its gregarious pupal parasitoid, Pteromalus puparum , on three wild populations [Kimmeridge (KIM), Old Harry (OH) and Winspit (WIN)] and two cultivars [Stonehead (ST), and Cyrus (CYR)] of Cabbage, Brassica oleracea . The wild populations originate from the coast of Dorset, UK, but grow in close proximity with one another. Insect performance and chemical profiles were made from every plant used in the experiment. Foliar glucosinolates (GS) concentrations were highest in the wild plants in rank order WIN > OH > KIM, with lower levels found in the cultivars. Caterpillar-damaged leaves in the wild Cabbages also had higher GS levels than undamaged leaves. Pupal mass in P. brassicae varied significantly among populations of B. oleracea . Moreover, development time in the host and parasitoid were correlated, even though these stages are temporally separated. Parasitoid adult dry mass closely approximated the development of its host. Multivariate statistics revealed a correlation between pupal mass and development time of P. brassicae and foliar GS chemistry, of which levels of neoglucobrassicin appeared to be the most important. Our results show that there is considerable variation in quantitative aspects of defensive chemistry in wild Cabbage plants that is maintained at very small spatial scales in nature. Moreover, the performance of the herbivore and its parasitoid were both affected by differences in plant quality.
Vincent Faloya - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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oviposition preference of the Cabbage root fly towards some chinese Cabbage cultivars a search for future trap crop candidates
Insects, 2020Co-Authors: Fabrice Lamy, Laura Bellec, Amelie Rusustievenard, Pauline Clin, Claire Ricono, Diane Olivier, Solene Mauger, Denis Poinsot, Vincent FaloyaAbstract:The development of integrated pest management strategies becomes more and more pressing in view of potential harmful effects of synthetic pesticides on the environment and human health. A promising alternative strategy against Delia radicum is the use of trap crops. Chinese Cabbage (Brassica rapa subsp. pekinensis and subsp. chinensis) is a highly sensitive Brassicaceae species previously identified as a good candidate to attract the Cabbage root fly away from other crops. Here, we carried out multi-choice experiments both in the laboratory and in field conditions to measure the oviposition susceptibilities of different subspecies and cultivars of Chinese Cabbages as compared to a broccoli reference. We found large differences among subspecies and cultivars of the Chinese Cabbage, which received three to eleven times more eggs than the broccoli reference in field conditions. In laboratory conditions, the chinensis subspecies did not receive more eggs than the broccoli reference. We conclude that D. radicum largely prefers to lay eggs on the pekinensis subspecies of Chinese Cabbage compared to the chinensis subspecies or broccoli. Some pekinensis cultivars, which received over ten times more eggs than broccoli in the field, appear especially promising candidates to further develop trap crop strategies against the Cabbage root fly.
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Oviposition Preference of the Cabbage Root Fly towards Some Chinese Cabbage Cultivars: A Search for Future Trap Crop Candidates
Insects, 2020Co-Authors: Fabrice Lamy, Laura Bellec, Pauline Clin, Claire Ricono, Diane Olivier, Solene Mauger, Denis Poinsot, Vincent Faloya, Amélie Rusu-stievenard, Loïc DanielAbstract:The development of integrated pest management strategies becomes more and more pressing in view of potential harmful effects of synthetic pesticides on the environment and human health. A promising alternative strategy against is the use of trap crops. Chinese Cabbage ( subsp. and subsp. ) is a highly sensitive Brassicaceae species previously identified as a good candidate to attract the Cabbage root fly away from other crops. Here, we carried out multi-choice experiments both in the laboratory and in field conditions to measure the oviposition susceptibilities of different subspecies and cultivars of Chinese Cabbages as compared to a broccoli reference. We found large differences among subspecies and cultivars of the Chinese Cabbage, which received three to eleven times more eggs than the broccoli reference in field conditions. In laboratory conditions, the subspecies did not receive more eggs than the broccoli reference. We conclude that largely prefers to lay eggs on the subspecies of Chinese Cabbage compared to the subspecies or broccoli. Some cultivars, which received over ten times more eggs than broccoli in the field, appear especially promising candidates to further develop trap crop strategies against the Cabbage root fly.
Loïc Daniel - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Oviposition Preference of the Cabbage Root Fly towards Some Chinese Cabbage Cultivars: A Search for Future Trap Crop Candidates
Insects, 2020Co-Authors: Fabrice Lamy, Laura Bellec, Pauline Clin, Claire Ricono, Diane Olivier, Solene Mauger, Denis Poinsot, Vincent Faloya, Amélie Rusu-stievenard, Loïc DanielAbstract:The development of integrated pest management strategies becomes more and more pressing in view of potential harmful effects of synthetic pesticides on the environment and human health. A promising alternative strategy against is the use of trap crops. Chinese Cabbage ( subsp. and subsp. ) is a highly sensitive Brassicaceae species previously identified as a good candidate to attract the Cabbage root fly away from other crops. Here, we carried out multi-choice experiments both in the laboratory and in field conditions to measure the oviposition susceptibilities of different subspecies and cultivars of Chinese Cabbages as compared to a broccoli reference. We found large differences among subspecies and cultivars of the Chinese Cabbage, which received three to eleven times more eggs than the broccoli reference in field conditions. In laboratory conditions, the subspecies did not receive more eggs than the broccoli reference. We conclude that largely prefers to lay eggs on the subspecies of Chinese Cabbage compared to the subspecies or broccoli. Some cultivars, which received over ten times more eggs than broccoli in the field, appear especially promising candidates to further develop trap crop strategies against the Cabbage root fly.
