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Åsmund Johan - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

Joanna Wragg - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Human Geophagia, Calabash Chalk and Undongo: Mineral Element Nutritional Implications
    PloS one, 2013
    Co-Authors: Peter W. Abrahams, Theo C. Davies, Abiye Olatunji Solomon, Amanda Jayne Trow, Joanna Wragg
    Abstract:

    The prime aim of our work is to report and comment on the bioaccessible concentrations – i.e., the soluble content of chemical elements in the gastrointestinal environment that is available for absorption – of a number of essential mineral nutrients and potentially harmful elements (PHEs) associated with the deliberate ingestion of African geophagical materials, namely Calabash chalk and Undongo. The pseudo-total concentrations of 13 mineral nutrients/PHEs were quantified following a nitric-perchloric acid digestion of nine different Calabash chalk samples, and bioaccessible contents of eight of these chemical elements were determined in simulated saliva/gastric and intestinal solutions obtained via use of the Fed ORganic Estimation human Simulation Test (FOREhST) in vitro procedure. The Calabash chalk pseudo-total content of the chemical elements is often below what may be regarded as average for soils/shales, and no concentration is excessively high. The in vitro leachate solutions had concentrations that were often lower than those of the blanks used in our experimental procedure, indicative of effective adsorption: lead, a PHE about which concern has been previously raised in connection with the consumption of Calabash chalk, was one such chemical element where this was evident. However, some concentrations in the leachate solutions are suggestive that Calabash chalk can be a source of chemical elements to humans in bioaccessible form, although generally the materials appear to be only a modest supplier: this applies even to iron, a mineral nutrient that has often been linked to the benefits of geophagia in previous academic literature. Our investigations indicate that at the reported rates of ingestion, Calabash chalk on the whole is not an important source of mineral nutrients or PHEs to humans. Similarly, although Undongo contains elevated pseudo-total concentrations of chromium and nickel, this soil is not a significant source to humans for any of the bioaccessible elements investigated.

  • Bioaccessible concentrations (mg/kg) associated with the F-S saliva/gastric and intestinal phases of the in vitro procedure.
    2013
    Co-Authors: Peter W. Abrahams, Theo C. Davies, Amanda Jayne Trow, Abiye O. Solomon, Joanna Wragg
    Abstract:

    acannot be computed since value is at the interface of detectable/not detectable concentrations;bnumber of samples with concentrations above those of the sample blanks out of the total number of Calabash chalk samples analysed;c

  • Bioaccessible concentrations (mg/kg) associated with the F-SNF saliva/gastric and intestinal phases of the in vitro procedure.
    2013
    Co-Authors: Peter W. Abrahams, Theo C. Davies, Amanda Jayne Trow, Abiye O. Solomon, Joanna Wragg
    Abstract:

    acannot be computed since value is at the interface of detectable/not detectable concentrations;bnumber of samples with concentrations above those of the sample blanks out of the total number of Calabash chalk samples analysed;c

Silva, Edvar De Sousa Da - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Porta-enxertos, concentrações de potássio na resistência à didymella bryoniae e relações fisiológicas do meloeiro
    Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2010
    Co-Authors: Silva, Edvar De Sousa Da
    Abstract:

    O controle químico tem sido utilizado freqüentemente com baixa eficiência para o fungo Didymella bryoniae, causador da doença crestamento gomoso ou cancro da haste em meloeiro. Porém, alternativas de controle como uso da enxertia e manipulação da nutrição devem ser estudadas. Avaliou-se porta-enxertos e concentrações de potássio na resistência de meloeiro rendilhado a Didymella bryoniae em ambiente protegido. No primeiro experimento, quatro porta-enxertos (melão „Dinero‟, melancia „Ojakkyo‟, abóbora „Strong Tosa‟ e cabaça „Calabash TI-191‟) foram inoculados com discos de micélio (7 mm de diâmetro) de quatro isolados de Didymella bryoniae (Dbr 34, Dbr 36, Dbr 37 e Dbr 39) em caule previamente ferido. Baseado no tamanho da lesão, o porta-enxerto „Dinero‟ foi susceptível, „Strong Tosa‟ moderadamente resistente, „Ojakkyo‟ e „Calabash TI-191‟ resistentes e o isolado Dbr 37 se mostrou mais agressivo dentre os isolados. No segundo experimento, o híbrido de meloeiro „Bônus II‟ foi enxertado nos porta-enxertos „Dinero‟ e „Strong Tosa‟, inoculadas com o isolado Dbr 37 do fungo e submetidas a diferentes concentrações de potássio (0; 62,5; 125; 187,5; 250 mg L-1), tanto plantas enxertadas como pé-franco. As plantas do híbrido „Bônus II‟ enxertadas foram resistentes ao fungo e as pé-franco susceptíveis. As concentrações de potássio não influenciaram no tamanho da lesão e na sobrevivência das plantas, porém influenciaram na condutância estomática e transpiração das plantas.Chemical control of the fungus Didymella bryoniae, causal agent of gummy stem blight of melon, is frequently inefficient. Alternative methods as grafting on resistant rootstocks and nutrition handling must be studied. Different rootstocks and potassium concentrations were tested to control the disease on net melon grown under plastic house conditions. In a first experiment four rootstocks (melon „Dinero‟, watermelon „Ojakkyo‟, squash „Strong Tosa‟ and Calabash „TI-191‟) were tested for resistance inoculated by disks mycelium (7 mm diameter) with four isolates ( Dbr 34, Dbr 36, Dbr 37 and Dbr 39) of D. bryoniae in stem previously injured. Based on lesion size „Dinero‟ proved to be susceptible to the fungus, „Strong Tosa‟ moderately resistant and „Ojakkyo‟ and „TI-191‟ resistant and the isolated Dbr 37 proved more aggressive among isolates. In a second experiment hybrid net melon „Bonus II‟ was grafted on rootstocks „Dinero‟ and „Strong Tosa‟, inoculated with isolate Dbr 37 of the fungus and submitted to different potassium concentration (0; 62,5; 125; 187,5; 250 mg L-1), inoculated both grafted plants as non grafted. Grafted plants of „Bonus II‟ were resistant to the fungus and the non grafted ones susceptible. Potassium concentrations did not influenced size of the lesion on the stem and also in the plants survival, however influence on stomatal conductance and transpiration plants.Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES

Silva, Edvar De Sousa Da [unesp] - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Porta-enxertos, concentrações de potássio na resistência à didymella bryoniae e relações fisiológicas do meloeiro
    Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2010
    Co-Authors: Silva, Edvar De Sousa Da [unesp]
    Abstract:

    O controle químico tem sido utilizado freqüentemente com baixa eficiência para o fungo Didymella bryoniae, causador da doença crestamento gomoso ou cancro da haste em meloeiro. Porém, alternativas de controle como uso da enxertia e manipulação da nutrição devem ser estudadas. Avaliou-se porta-enxertos e concentrações de potássio na resistência de meloeiro rendilhado a Didymella bryoniae em ambiente protegido. No primeiro experimento, quatro porta-enxertos (melão „Dinero‟, melancia „Ojakkyo‟, abóbora „Strong Tosa‟ e cabaça „Calabash TI-191‟) foram inoculados com discos de micélio (7 mm de diâmetro) de quatro isolados de Didymella bryoniae (Dbr 34, Dbr 36, Dbr 37 e Dbr 39) em caule previamente ferido. Baseado no tamanho da lesão, o porta-enxerto „Dinero‟ foi susceptível, „Strong Tosa‟ moderadamente resistente, „Ojakkyo‟ e „Calabash TI-191‟ resistentes e o isolado Dbr 37 se mostrou mais agressivo dentre os isolados. No segundo experimento, o híbrido de meloeiro „Bônus II‟ foi enxertado nos porta-enxertos „Dinero‟ e „Strong Tosa‟, inoculadas com o isolado Dbr 37 do fungo e submetidas a diferentes concentrações de potássio (0; 62,5; 125; 187,5; 250 mg L-1), tanto plantas enxertadas como pé-franco. As plantas do híbrido „Bônus II‟ enxertadas foram resistentes ao fungo e as pé-franco susceptíveis. As concentrações de potássio não influenciaram no tamanho da lesão e na sobrevivência das plantas, porém influenciaram na condutância estomática e transpiração das plantas.Chemical control of the fungus Didymella bryoniae, causal agent of gummy stem blight of melon, is frequently inefficient. Alternative methods as grafting on resistant rootstocks and nutrition handling must be studied. Different rootstocks and potassium concentrations were tested to control the disease on net melon grown under plastic house conditions. In a first experiment four rootstocks (melon „Dinero‟, watermelon „Ojakkyo‟, squash „Strong Tosa‟ and Calabash „TI-191‟) were tested for resistance inoculated by disks mycelium (7 mm diameter) with four isolates ( Dbr 34, Dbr 36, Dbr 37 and Dbr 39) of D. bryoniae in stem previously injured. Based on lesion size „Dinero‟ proved to be susceptible to the fungus, „Strong Tosa‟ moderately resistant and „Ojakkyo‟ and „TI-191‟ resistant and the isolated Dbr 37 proved more aggressive among isolates. In a second experiment hybrid net melon „Bonus II‟ was grafted on rootstocks „Dinero‟ and „Strong Tosa‟, inoculated with isolate Dbr 37 of the fungus and submitted to different potassium concentration (0; 62,5; 125; 187,5; 250 mg L-1), inoculated both grafted plants as non grafted. Grafted plants of „Bonus II‟ were resistant to the fungus and the non grafted ones susceptible. Potassium concentrations did not influenced size of the lesion on the stem and also in the plants survival, however influence on stomatal conductance and transpiration plants

Theresa B Ekanem - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • maternal geophagy of Calabash chalk on foetal cerebral cortex histomorphology
    The Malaysian journal of medical sciences, 2015
    Co-Authors: Theresa B Ekanem, Moses B Ekong, Mokutima A Eluwa, Anozeng Oyono Igiri, E E Osim
    Abstract:

    Background Calabash chalk, a kaolin-base substance is a common geophagic material mostly consumed by pregnant women. This study investigated its effect on the histomorphology of the foetal cerebral cortex. Methods Twelve gestating Wistar rats were divided equally into groups 1 and 2. On pregnancy day seven (PD7), group 2 animals were administered 200 mg/kg body weight of Calabash chalk suspension, while group 1 animals served as the control and received 1 ml of distilled water, by oral gavages and for 14 days (PD7-PD20). On PD21, the dams were sacrificed, and the foetuses removed, examined for gross malformations, weighed and culled to two foetuses per mother. Their whole brains were excised, weighed and preserved using 10% buffered formalin, and routinely processed by haematoxylin and eosin, and Luxol fast blue methods. Results The foetuses showed no morphological change, but their mean body weights was higher (p=0.0001). Histomorphological sections of the cerebral cortex showed hypertrophy and hyperplasia of cells in all the cortical layers, with less demonstrated Nissl and higher (p=0.001) cellular population compared with the control group. Conclusion Calabash chalk cause body weight increase and histomorphological changes in the cerebral cortex of foetuses.

  • Calabash chalk s geophagy affects gestating rats behavior and the histomorphology of the cerebral cortex
    International Journal of Brain Science, 2014
    Co-Authors: Moses B Ekong, Theresa B Ekanem, Mokutima A Eluwa, Aniekan I Peter, Christopher C Mbadugha, E E Osim
    Abstract:

    Introduction. Calabash chalk contains heavy metals, and this lead to this study on the effect of this chalk on the behavior and the histomorphology of the cerebral cortex of gestating rats. Material & Methods. 24 female rats were equally divided into 4 groups and were mated at preostrous with the males. The day after mating was designated as day 1 of gestation. On gestation days 7–20, groups 1, 2, 3, and 4 animals were treated with 1 mL of distilled water, and 1 mL (200 mg/kg), 2 mL (400 mg/kg), and 3 mL (600 mg/kg) of Calabash chalk suspension, respectively. On pregnancy day 21, behavioral tests using the open field and the light/dark mazes were carried out and the animals subsequently euthanized and their brains were routinely processed. Results. There was no difference in ambulatory activities, but group 4 animals had more () transition frequency and were more averse to the dark in the light and dark field, while sections of the cerebral cortex showed a higher () cellular population, hypertrophied pyramidal cells, and vacuolations in the treatment groups. Conclusion. Calabash chalk may have anxiolytic effect especially at high dose in the light and dark field but not in the open field and can stimulate maternal cerebral cortical cellular changes.

  • Calabash Chalk's Geophagy Affects Gestating Rats' Behavior and the Histomorphology of the Cerebral Cortex
    Hindawi Publishing Corporation, 2014
    Co-Authors: Moses B Ekong, Theresa B Ekanem, Mokutima A Eluwa, Aniekan I Peter, Christopher C Mbadugha, E E Osim
    Abstract:

    Introduction. Calabash chalk contains heavy metals, and this lead to this study on the effect of this chalk on the behavior and the histomorphology of the cerebral cortex of gestating rats. Material & Methods. 24 female rats were equally divided into 4 groups and were mated at preostrous with the males. The day after mating was designated as day 1 of gestation. On gestation days 7–20, groups 1, 2, 3, and 4 animals were treated with 1 mL of distilled water, and 1 mL (200 mg/kg), 2 mL (400 mg/kg), and 3 mL (600 mg/kg) of Calabash chalk suspension, respectively. On pregnancy day 21, behavioral tests using the open field and the light/dark mazes were carried out and the animals subsequently euthanized and their brains were routinely processed. Results. There was no difference in ambulatory activities, but group 4 animals had more (P

  • the effect of Calabash chalk on some hematological parameters in female adult wistar rats
    Turkish journal of haematology : official journal of Turkish Society of Haematology, 2010
    Co-Authors: Amabe O Akpantah, Mokutima A Eluwa, Moses B Ekong, Ofon Samuel Ibok, Theresa B Ekanem
    Abstract:

    OBJECTIVE Calabash chalk is a naturally occurring mineral consumed among the Nigerian community for pleasure and commonly by pregnant women as a remedy for morning sickness. Reports have shown that it contains different toxic substances, with lead being the most abundant. This study was therefore undertaken to ascertain the effect of two commonly available preparations of this chalk on some hematological parameters. METHODS Twenty-four adult female Wistar rats with average weight of 100 g were assigned into three groups (1, 2, 3). Group 1 served as the control and the animals received distilled water, while Groups 2 and 3 were treated by oral gavage with 40 mg/kg of non-salted (NSCC) and salted Calabash chalk (SCC), respectively, for 14 days. RESULTS The hemoglobin (Hb) concentration and red blood cell (RBC) count were significantly (p<0.05, 0.001 respectively) lower in the NSCC group, while erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) was significantly (p<0.05) higher in the NSCC group compared to the control. There were no significant differences in packed cell volume (PCV), white blood cell (WBC) and platelet (Pl) counts compared to the control. The SCC group presented no significant difference in all blood count parameters compared to the control. CONCLUSION This infers that Calabash chalk, particularly the non-salted form, alters the normal concentration of Hb, RBC and Pl counts, and ESR, as observed in the female Wistar rats studied.