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James L. Hardy - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Melao, Keystone and Trivittatus Viruses (Bunyaviridae, genus BunyaVirus, California serogroup)
2015Co-Authors: Michael D. Bowen, Andrew O. Jackson, Thomas D. Bruns, David L. Hackert, James L. HardyAbstract:The nucleotide sequences of the small (S) genomic RNAs of six California (CAL) serogroup bunyaViruses (Bunyaviridae: genus BunyaVirus) were determined. The S RNAs of two California Encephalitis Virus strains, two Jamestown Canyon Virus strains, Jerry Slough Virus, Melao Virus, Keystone Virus and Trivittatus Virus contained the overlapping nucleocapsid (N) and non-structural (NSs) protein open reading frames (ORFs) as described previously for the S RNAs of other CAL serogroup Viruses. All N protein ORFs were 708 nucleotides in length and encoded a putative 235 amino acid gene product. The NSs ORFs were found to be of two lengths, 279 and 294 nucleotides, which potentially encode 92 and 97 amino acid proteins, respectively. The complementary termini and a purine-rich sequence in the 3 ' non-coding region (genome-complementary sense) were highly conserved amongst CAL serogroup bunya-Virus S RNAs. Phylogenetic analyses of N ORF sequences indicate that the CAL serogroup bunyaViruses can be divided into three monophyletic lineages cor-responding to three of the complexes previously derived by serological classification. The truncated version of the NSs protein, which is found in five CAL serogroup bunyaViruses, appears to have arisen twice during Virus evolution
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Adsorptive endocytosis of California Encephalitis Virus into mosquito and mammalian cells: a role for G1.
Virology, 1997Co-Authors: Jill K. Hacker, James L. HardyAbstract:The G1 glycoprotein of California Encephalitis (CE) Virus plays a critical role in the infection of mosquito and mammalian cells. We found that CE Virus enters baby hamster kidney (BHK-21) and Aedes albopictus (C6/36) cells by the endocytic pathway. Ammonium chloride, a lysosomotropic amine that prevents release of Virus from endosomes, inhibited infection of both cell types when added within 10 min after viral adsorption. In addition, infected cells formed polykaryons when the extracellular pH was lowered to 6.3; optimal fusion occurred at pH 5.8 and 6.0 (C6/36 and BHK-21 cells, respectively). Two neutralizing G1 MAba, 6D5.5 and 7D4.5, inhibited low pH-induced syncytia formation without affecting viral attachment, suggesting a role for G1 in viral entry. Since viral fusion proteins have been demonstrated to undergo conformational changes at low pH, acid-induced changes in G1 and G2 were assessed. While both G1 and G2 demonstrated low pH-induced alterations in detergent binding, only G1 displayed an altered protease cleavage pattern at the fusion pH. These results indicate that the G1 protein of CE Virus undergoes conformational changes necessary for low pH-mediated entry into both mosquito and mammalian cells.
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Determination and comparative analysis of the small RNA genomic sequences of California Encephalitis, Jamestown Canyon, Jerry Slough, Melao, Keystone and Trivittatus Viruses (Bunyaviridae, genus BunyaVirus, California serogroup).
Journal of General Virology, 1995Co-Authors: Michael D. Bowen, Andrew O. Jackson, Thomas D. Bruns, David L. Hacker, James L. HardyAbstract:The nucleotide sequences of the small (S) genomic RNAs of six California (CAL) serogroup bunyaViruses (Bunyaviridae: genus BunyaVirus) were determined. The S RNAs of two California Encephalitis Virus strains, two Jamestown Canyon Virus strains, Jerry Slough Virus, Melao Virus, Keystone Virus and Trivittatus Virus contained the overlapping nucleocapsid (N) and nonstructural (NSs) protein open reading frames (ORFs) as described previously for the S RNAs of other CAL serogroup Viruses. All N protein ORFs were 708 nucleotides in length and encoded a putative 235 amino acid gene product. The NSs ORFs were found to be of two lengths, 279 and 294 nucleotides, which potentially encode 92 and 97 amino acid proteins, respectively. The complementary termini and a purine-rich sequence in the 3′ non-coding region (genome-complementary sense) were highly conserved amongst CAL serogroup bunya-Virus S RNAs. Phylogenetic analyses of N ORF sequences indicate that the CAL serogroup bunyaViruses can be divided into three monophyletic lineages corresponding to three of the complexes previously derived by serological classification. The truncated version of the NSs protein, which is found in five CAL serogroup bunyaViruses, appears to have arisen twice during Virus evolution.
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Requirement for the G1 protein of California Encephalitis Virus in infection in vitro and in vivo.
Virology, 1995Co-Authors: Jill K. Hacker, Loy E. Volkman, James L. HardyAbstract:Abstract A role for the large glycoprotein (G1) of California Encephalitis (CE) Virus was examined in the infection of baby hamster kidney (BHK-21) and Aedes albopictus (C6/36) cell lines and the mosquito Ae. dorsalis using G1 monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) and selective protein cleavage. Five MAbs neutralized CE viral infectivity in both cell lines. One MAb, 7D45, efficiently neutralized the peroral infection of Ae. dorsalis females fed CE Virus in artificial bloodmeals. To determine if MAbs to G1 neutralized CE Virus by sterically hindering the small glycoprotein (G2), portions of G1 were trypsinized, and viral infectivity was assayed in vivo and in vitro. Cleavage of G1 resulted in a complete loss of infectivity both in mosquitoes and in culture, even though a significant amount of G2 remained intact. The loss of infectivity by both neutralization with G1 MAbs and trypsinization indicates that the G1 protein of CE Virus is required for infection of mosquito and mammalian cells in vitro and of mosquitoes by the peroral route.
Don J. Young - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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California Encephalitis Virus
Annals of Internal Medicine, 2020Co-Authors: Don J. YoungAbstract:Excerpt California Encephalitis Virus is an ungrouped neurotropic arthropod-borne Virus first isolated in Kern County, Calif., in 1943. Only four cases in humans have been described in detail (1, 2...
Jill K. Hacker - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Adsorptive endocytosis of California Encephalitis Virus into mosquito and mammalian cells: a role for G1.
Virology, 1997Co-Authors: Jill K. Hacker, James L. HardyAbstract:The G1 glycoprotein of California Encephalitis (CE) Virus plays a critical role in the infection of mosquito and mammalian cells. We found that CE Virus enters baby hamster kidney (BHK-21) and Aedes albopictus (C6/36) cells by the endocytic pathway. Ammonium chloride, a lysosomotropic amine that prevents release of Virus from endosomes, inhibited infection of both cell types when added within 10 min after viral adsorption. In addition, infected cells formed polykaryons when the extracellular pH was lowered to 6.3; optimal fusion occurred at pH 5.8 and 6.0 (C6/36 and BHK-21 cells, respectively). Two neutralizing G1 MAba, 6D5.5 and 7D4.5, inhibited low pH-induced syncytia formation without affecting viral attachment, suggesting a role for G1 in viral entry. Since viral fusion proteins have been demonstrated to undergo conformational changes at low pH, acid-induced changes in G1 and G2 were assessed. While both G1 and G2 demonstrated low pH-induced alterations in detergent binding, only G1 displayed an altered protease cleavage pattern at the fusion pH. These results indicate that the G1 protein of CE Virus undergoes conformational changes necessary for low pH-mediated entry into both mosquito and mammalian cells.
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Requirement for the G1 protein of California Encephalitis Virus in infection in vitro and in vivo.
Virology, 1995Co-Authors: Jill K. Hacker, Loy E. Volkman, James L. HardyAbstract:Abstract A role for the large glycoprotein (G1) of California Encephalitis (CE) Virus was examined in the infection of baby hamster kidney (BHK-21) and Aedes albopictus (C6/36) cell lines and the mosquito Ae. dorsalis using G1 monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) and selective protein cleavage. Five MAbs neutralized CE viral infectivity in both cell lines. One MAb, 7D45, efficiently neutralized the peroral infection of Ae. dorsalis females fed CE Virus in artificial bloodmeals. To determine if MAbs to G1 neutralized CE Virus by sterically hindering the small glycoprotein (G2), portions of G1 were trypsinized, and viral infectivity was assayed in vivo and in vitro. Cleavage of G1 resulted in a complete loss of infectivity both in mosquitoes and in culture, even though a significant amount of G2 remained intact. The loss of infectivity by both neutralization with G1 MAbs and trypsinization indicates that the G1 protein of CE Virus is required for infection of mosquito and mammalian cells in vitro and of mosquitoes by the peroral route.
Henry G. Cramblett - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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A Longitudinal Study of Children with Learning Disabilities Subsequent to
2016Co-Authors: Hospitalization For Viral, Henry G. CramblettAbstract:California encephalitic Virus is a known etiology underlying an unknown but possible residual cerebral pathology. The study of such a specific viral Encephalitis assists us to establish a scientific data base between the clinical findings and the behavioral deficits that underlie academic achievement More importantly, the children with behavioral difficulties appear normal (and are in language function) but they neither outgrow a developing underachievement deficit related to perceptual problems nor are the perceptual problems altered by regular classroom instruction. This is the second report (Part II) on a three year follow-up study of the learning disabilities associated with thirteen school age children subsequent to their hospitalization for California Encephalitis Virus (CEV). In Part I, we reported on the physical concomitants during the acute illness when the children were hospitalized. The psychological data and results of the academic achievement test at each of the three assessment periods were also discussed. The trend that was clearly established showed that academic underachievement increased through time in all skill areas measured. Only two children showed any reversal of the under-achievement trend in reading comprehension over the thirty-six month interval. The older children evidenced a growing level of academic underachievement in arithmetic. The younger children seemed to have more academic prob
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Behavioral sequelae of California Encephalitis Virus infection in children.
Developmental medicine and child neurology, 2008Co-Authors: David A. Sabatino, Henry G. CramblettAbstract:SUMMARY An extensive psychological study was made on 14 children after their hospitalisation for California Encephalitis Virus infection. The behavioral examination was made between 7 months and 2 years after the initial hospital admittance and on routine clinical examination the children appeared to be functioning normally. This is in sharp contrast with the picture they presented when in hospital, with high fever, seizures and severe headaches, and when some were comatose or semi-comatose. The data from the hebavioral studies indicated that the children had severe auditory and visual perceptual problems. There seemed to be no disturbance of higher language skills. A definite personality dimension was also reported, with school failure as a severe threat. RESUME On a effectue une etude psychologique approfondie de 14 enfants apres leur hospitalisation pour encephalite virale de Californie. L'examen du comportement a ete fait entre 7 mois et 2 ans apres l'admission initiale a l'hopital et alors qu'a l'examen clinique de routine, les enfants paraissaient se comporter normalement. Ceci, en contraste net avec le tableau qu'ils presentaient durant l'hospitalisation, avec fievre elevee, crises comitiales, maux de tete severes et pour certains d'entre eux, etat comateux ou sub-comateux. Les resultats des investigations du comportement ont indique que les enfants presentaient de graves difficultes perceptives, d'audition et de vision. En revanche, il ne semblait pas y avoir de troubles dans la sphere plus elevee du langage. Une modification bien definie de la personnalite a pu aussi etre rapportee, l'echec scolaire apparaissant comme une grave menace. RESUMEN Despues de su hospitalizacion por Virus de encefalitis de California, se lealizo un estudio psicologico extenso en 14 ninos. La exploracion de comportamiento se realizo entre 7 meses y 2 anos despues del ingreso inicial, y segun examenes clinicos rutinarios, los ninos parecian funcionar normalmente. Esto se contrastaba fuertemente con el cuadro que habian presentado durante su hospitalizacion, cuando estaban afectos de fiebres altas, ataques, y dolores fuertes de cabeza, y cuando algunos estaban comatosos o semicomatosos. Los datos de los estudios de comportamiento indicaban que los ninos tenian problemas graves de perception visual y auditoria. No se hallaban ningunos trastornos de lenguaje. Se notaba ademas una dimension definida de personalidad, el fracaso escolastico siendo un peligro grave.
Michael D. Bowen - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Melao, Keystone and Trivittatus Viruses (Bunyaviridae, genus BunyaVirus, California serogroup)
2015Co-Authors: Michael D. Bowen, Andrew O. Jackson, Thomas D. Bruns, David L. Hackert, James L. HardyAbstract:The nucleotide sequences of the small (S) genomic RNAs of six California (CAL) serogroup bunyaViruses (Bunyaviridae: genus BunyaVirus) were determined. The S RNAs of two California Encephalitis Virus strains, two Jamestown Canyon Virus strains, Jerry Slough Virus, Melao Virus, Keystone Virus and Trivittatus Virus contained the overlapping nucleocapsid (N) and non-structural (NSs) protein open reading frames (ORFs) as described previously for the S RNAs of other CAL serogroup Viruses. All N protein ORFs were 708 nucleotides in length and encoded a putative 235 amino acid gene product. The NSs ORFs were found to be of two lengths, 279 and 294 nucleotides, which potentially encode 92 and 97 amino acid proteins, respectively. The complementary termini and a purine-rich sequence in the 3 ' non-coding region (genome-complementary sense) were highly conserved amongst CAL serogroup bunya-Virus S RNAs. Phylogenetic analyses of N ORF sequences indicate that the CAL serogroup bunyaViruses can be divided into three monophyletic lineages cor-responding to three of the complexes previously derived by serological classification. The truncated version of the NSs protein, which is found in five CAL serogroup bunyaViruses, appears to have arisen twice during Virus evolution
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Determination and comparative analysis of the small RNA genomic sequences of California Encephalitis, Jamestown Canyon, Jerry Slough, Melao, Keystone and Trivittatus Viruses (Bunyaviridae, genus BunyaVirus, California serogroup).
Journal of General Virology, 1995Co-Authors: Michael D. Bowen, Andrew O. Jackson, Thomas D. Bruns, David L. Hacker, James L. HardyAbstract:The nucleotide sequences of the small (S) genomic RNAs of six California (CAL) serogroup bunyaViruses (Bunyaviridae: genus BunyaVirus) were determined. The S RNAs of two California Encephalitis Virus strains, two Jamestown Canyon Virus strains, Jerry Slough Virus, Melao Virus, Keystone Virus and Trivittatus Virus contained the overlapping nucleocapsid (N) and nonstructural (NSs) protein open reading frames (ORFs) as described previously for the S RNAs of other CAL serogroup Viruses. All N protein ORFs were 708 nucleotides in length and encoded a putative 235 amino acid gene product. The NSs ORFs were found to be of two lengths, 279 and 294 nucleotides, which potentially encode 92 and 97 amino acid proteins, respectively. The complementary termini and a purine-rich sequence in the 3′ non-coding region (genome-complementary sense) were highly conserved amongst CAL serogroup bunya-Virus S RNAs. Phylogenetic analyses of N ORF sequences indicate that the CAL serogroup bunyaViruses can be divided into three monophyletic lineages corresponding to three of the complexes previously derived by serological classification. The truncated version of the NSs protein, which is found in five CAL serogroup bunyaViruses, appears to have arisen twice during Virus evolution.