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Zoe S. Warwick - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Dietary fat content affects energy intake and weight gain independent of diet Caloric Density in rats.
Physiology & behavior, 2002Co-Authors: Zoe S. Warwick, Steven J Synowski, Kimberly R BellAbstract:Recent considerations of high-fat diet hyperphagia have focused on fat's relatively high energy Density as the critical variable which promotes overeating. However, a high-fat (HF) diet has been shown to enhance intake and weight gain relative to a high-carbohydrate (HC) diet when both energy Density and palatability are equated [Am. J. Physiol. 269 (1995) R30]. The present studies investigated the generality of this finding across manipulations of diet Caloric Density, diet physical form, and chow availability. Separate groups of male rats were fed HF or HC at either 2.3 or 1.15 kcal/ml for 16 days; HF feeding enhanced weight gain relative to HC across both levels of energy Density. HF hyperphagia also occurred when diets were presented in semisolid (gelled) form, and when chow was available in addition to liquid diet. These findings are consistent with previous observations that an HF diet can enhance daily kilocalorie intake and weight gain at least partly via a mechanism that is unrelated to Caloric Density.
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Role of dietary fat in calorie intake and weight gain.
Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews, 1992Co-Authors: Zoe S. Warwick, Susan S. SchiffmanAbstract:This paper reviews the literature on the role of dietary fat in calorie intake and body weight gain in humans and laboratory animals. An overview of 40 animal studies which compared growth on high-fat (HF) and high-carbohydrate (HC) solid/powdered diets indicated that the HF diet elicited greater weight gain in 33 out of 40 studies. Enhanced growth on the HF diet was often, but not exclusively, attributable to greater Caloric intake. Additional evidence for the growth-enhancing effect of HF diets emerges from "diet option" and "supermarket" feeding studies in rats, and experimental and epidemiological studies in humans. Three principal factors that contribute to the different responses to HF and HC diets are (a) Caloric Density, (b) sensory properties and palatability, and (c) postabsorptive processing. It is concluded that both calorie intake and metabolic energy expenditure are biased towards weight gain when a HF diet is consumed, and that the high Caloric Density of high-fat diets plays a primary role in weight gain. Humans may be biologically predisposed to gain weight when a HF diet is consumed.
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Flavor-calorie relationships: Effect on weight gain in rats ☆
Physiology & behavior, 1991Co-Authors: Zoe S. Warwick, Susan S. SchiffmanAbstract:The effects of flavor variety, Caloric Density variety, and inconsistency of flavor-Caloric Density relationships on Caloric intake and weight gain were studied in 36 young male rats. Lab chow was diluted with cellulose to produce three foods that differed in Caloric Density while having identical nutritional composition. High-Density (HD) food contained 3.33 kcal/g; mid-Density (MD) food contained 2.64 kcal/g; low-Density (LD) food contained 2.06 kcal/g. These foods were flavored with nonnutritive powders and were used in four different feeding regimens. For 15 days, group FLAV ate MD with one of 3 flavors added daily in a 3-day rotation. Groups DENS and NOVEL rotated daily among LD, HD, and MD. One of three flavors was added to each food. For group DENS, LD always contained one flavor, MD always contained another flavor, and HD always contained the third flavor. For group NOVEL, flavor-Density pairings were not consistent. A control group, CONT, ate only MD with a single flavor. Weight gain was greatest in group NOVEL. Neither Density variety nor flavor variety alone enhanced weight gain relative to control. In a subsequent experiment, group NOVEL did not display a preference for a glucose-paired flavor. These results suggest that reduced orosensory control of energy balance induced by uncoupling of flavor-calorie relationships contributes to weight gain.
Susan S. Schiffman - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Role of dietary fat in calorie intake and weight gain.
Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews, 1992Co-Authors: Zoe S. Warwick, Susan S. SchiffmanAbstract:This paper reviews the literature on the role of dietary fat in calorie intake and body weight gain in humans and laboratory animals. An overview of 40 animal studies which compared growth on high-fat (HF) and high-carbohydrate (HC) solid/powdered diets indicated that the HF diet elicited greater weight gain in 33 out of 40 studies. Enhanced growth on the HF diet was often, but not exclusively, attributable to greater Caloric intake. Additional evidence for the growth-enhancing effect of HF diets emerges from "diet option" and "supermarket" feeding studies in rats, and experimental and epidemiological studies in humans. Three principal factors that contribute to the different responses to HF and HC diets are (a) Caloric Density, (b) sensory properties and palatability, and (c) postabsorptive processing. It is concluded that both calorie intake and metabolic energy expenditure are biased towards weight gain when a HF diet is consumed, and that the high Caloric Density of high-fat diets plays a primary role in weight gain. Humans may be biologically predisposed to gain weight when a HF diet is consumed.
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Flavor-calorie relationships: Effect on weight gain in rats ☆
Physiology & behavior, 1991Co-Authors: Zoe S. Warwick, Susan S. SchiffmanAbstract:The effects of flavor variety, Caloric Density variety, and inconsistency of flavor-Caloric Density relationships on Caloric intake and weight gain were studied in 36 young male rats. Lab chow was diluted with cellulose to produce three foods that differed in Caloric Density while having identical nutritional composition. High-Density (HD) food contained 3.33 kcal/g; mid-Density (MD) food contained 2.64 kcal/g; low-Density (LD) food contained 2.06 kcal/g. These foods were flavored with nonnutritive powders and were used in four different feeding regimens. For 15 days, group FLAV ate MD with one of 3 flavors added daily in a 3-day rotation. Groups DENS and NOVEL rotated daily among LD, HD, and MD. One of three flavors was added to each food. For group DENS, LD always contained one flavor, MD always contained another flavor, and HD always contained the third flavor. For group NOVEL, flavor-Density pairings were not consistent. A control group, CONT, ate only MD with a single flavor. Weight gain was greatest in group NOVEL. Neither Density variety nor flavor variety alone enhanced weight gain relative to control. In a subsequent experiment, group NOVEL did not display a preference for a glucose-paired flavor. These results suggest that reduced orosensory control of energy balance induced by uncoupling of flavor-calorie relationships contributes to weight gain.
Lei Zhang - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Evaluation of nutrient content and Caloric Density in commercially available foods formulated for senior cats
Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine, 2020Co-Authors: Stacie C. Summers, Jonathan Stockman, Jennifer A. Larsen, Anais Sanchez Rodriguez, Lei ZhangAbstract:Author(s): Summers, SC; Stockman, J; Larsen, JA; Sanchez Rodriguez, A; Zhang, L | Abstract: © 2020 The Authors. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine published by Wiley Periodicals LLC. on behalf of the American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine. Background: Cat foods marketed for senior cats (≥7 years) are available to owners. The variability in the nutritional content of these foods is unknown. Objectives: To measure the Caloric Density and Caloric distribution of crude protein, crude fiber, crude fat, phosphorus, calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium, and vitamin D3 in commercially available foods for senior cats and to compare nutrient content with foods for adult cats. Samples: Thirty-one senior and 59 adult commercial nontherapeutic cat food products. Methods: Descriptive study. Crude protein, crude fiber, and crude fat were measured using Dumas nitrogen combustion, Ankom filter bag technique, and acid hydrolysis, respectively. Mineral concentrations were measured using inductively coupled argon plasma-optical emission spectroscopy. Vitamin D3 was determined by liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry. Caloric Density was calculated using modified Atwater values. Results: The evaluated nutrient concentrations in all foods for senior cats met the values of the Association of American Feed Control Officials Cat Food Nutrient Profile for adult maintenance. Foods for senior cats had significantly higher crude fiber content when compared to foods for adult cats (P l.0001). No significant difference in crude protein, crude fat and mineral concentrations was found between foods for senior and adult cats. Conclusions and Clinical Importance: Foods marketed for senior cats are highly variable in their Caloric Density and nutrient content and, except for crude fiber, are similar to foods for adult cats. Veterinarians should avoid broad recommendations regarding commercially available foods for senior cats, and dietary recommendations should reflect the patient's individual needs.
H Raybould - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Adaptation of lipid-induced satiation is not dependent on Caloric Density in rats.
Physiology & behavior, 2007Co-Authors: G Paulino, N Darcel, D Tome, H RaybouldAbstract:Food intake is modulated by ingestive (gastrointestinal) and post-ingestive signals; ingested fat is potent to produce short-term satiety (satiation) but this can be modified by long-term ingestion of a high fat diet. Determine whether altered lipid-induced satiation is dependent on the fat content of the diet, rather than increased Caloric Density or changes in adiposity. Initial experiments determined the differences in the microstructure of meal patterns in rats fed a high fat diet (HF: 38% fat kcal) and in rats pair-fed an isoCaloric, isonitrogenous low fat diet (LF: 10% fat kcal) and changes in meal patterns measured after long-term maintenance on the HF diet. Rats fed the HF diet had a significant 50% increase in meal frequency compared to rats fed the LF diet; in addition, there was a significant reduction in meal size (32%) and inter meal interval (38%) consistent with induction of satiation. After 8 weeks on the HF diet, these parameters tend to approach those of rats maintained on the LF diet. There was a significant 56% decrease in the activation of neurons in the NTS in response to intragastric gavage of lipid in rats maintained for 8 weeks on the HF compared to LF diet. Dietary fat alters meal patterns consistent with induction of a short-term satiety signal. This signal is attenuated with long-term exposure to dietary lipid, in the absence of ingestion of additional calories or changes in body weight. This adaptation of short-term satiety might contribute to diet-induced obesity.
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Adaptation of lipid-induced satiation is not dependent on Caloric Density in rats.
Physiology & Behavior, 2007Co-Authors: G Paulino, N Darcel, D Tome, H RaybouldAbstract:Abstract Food intake is modulated by ingestive (gastrointestinal) and post-ingestive signals; ingested fat is potent to produce short-term satiety (satiation) but this can be modified by long-term ingestion of a high fat diet. Aim Determine whether altered lipid-induced satiation is dependent on the fat content of the diet, rather than increased Caloric Density or changes in adiposity. Methods Initial experiments determined the differences in the microstructure of meal patterns in rats fed a high fat diet (HF: 38% fat kcal) and in rats pair-fed an isoCaloric, isonitrogenous low fat diet (LF: 10% fat kcal) and changes in meal patterns measured after long-term maintenance on the HF diet. Results Rats fed the HF diet had a significant 50% increase in meal frequency compared to rats fed the LF diet; in addition, there was a significant reduction in meal size (32%) and inter meal interval (38%) consistent with induction of satiation. After 8 weeks on the HF diet, these parameters tend to approach those of rats maintained on the LF diet. There was a significant 56% decrease in the activation of neurons in the NTS in response to intragastric gavage of lipid in rats maintained for 8 weeks on the HF compared to LF diet. Conclusion Dietary fat alters meal patterns consistent with induction of a short-term satiety signal. This signal is attenuated with long-term exposure to dietary lipid, in the absence of ingestion of additional calories or changes in body weight. This adaptation of short-term satiety might contribute to diet-induced obesity.
Kathryn G. Dewey - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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The relationship of eating frequency and Caloric Density to energy intake among rural Mexican preschool children.
European journal of clinical nutrition, 1990Co-Authors: S. E. Garcia, Lucia L. Kaiser, Kathryn G. DeweyAbstract:The energy intake of children in a population characterized by chronic malnutrition was measured in order to examine the effects of eating frequency and Caloric Density. Forty-five children aged 33-60 months were each observed continuously throughout one day. Food intake was determined by weighing and all aspects of food-related behavior were recorded. The children ate on average 13.5 +/- 4 times each day. Children who ate more frequently had significantly higher energy intake than children who ate fewer than 13 times [1655 vs. 1395 kcal (6928 vs. 5839 kJ)], and the excess was consumed during snacks. The Caloric Density of all foods consumed averaged 121 kcal (507 kJ) per 100 g. While children served meals of low Caloric Density [less than 100 kcal (419 kJ) per 100 g] consumed less energy at meals than did other children [709 vs. 900 kcal (2968 vs. 3767 kJ)], they consumed more energy from snacks [917 vs. 617 kcal (3839 vs. 2583 kJ]. Thus, total energy intake did not differ significantly between children served meals of lower vs. higher Caloric Density.
