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Wensheng Shu - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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characteristics of cd uptake translocation and accumulation in a novel cd accumulating tree star fruit averrhoa Carambola l oxalidaceae
Environmental and Experimental Botany, 2011Co-Authors: Bin Liao, C Y Lan, Ruimei Zhu, Z Y Dai, Wensheng ShuAbstract:Abstract Cadmium (Cd) accumulation by terrestrial higher plants is an intriguing phenomenon that may be exploited for phytoextraction of Cd-contaminated soils. Characterizing the physiological processes responsible for elevated concentrations of Cd in shoots is a first step towards a comprehensive understanding of the mechanisms underlying Cd accumulation in plants and may eventually improve the efficiency of phytoextraction. Woody species that can accumulate Cd have been recently recommended as good candidates for phytoextraction of Cd-contaminated soils. However, little is known about the mechanisms of Cd accumulation by woody species. In an attempt to understand the physiological processes contributing to Cd accumulation in woody species, Cd uptake and translocation by a novel tropical Cd-accumulating tree, star fruit ( Averrhoa Carambola ) were characterized and compared with those of a non-Cd-accumulating tree ( Clausena lansium ). Our results showed that A. Carambola had higher Cd uptake and root-to-shoot translocation efficiencies than C. lansium , which might account for its greater Cd-accumulating capacity. Furthermore, Cd accumulation by A. Carambola was not significantly affected by zinc (Zn), whereas Zn accumulation was greatly lowered by Cd. This phenomenon could not be fully explained by a simple competition between Cd 2+ and Zn 2+ , implying the existence of a transport system with a preference for Cd over Zn. Collectively, our results indicate that A. Carambola has noteworthy physiological traits associated with accumulation of Cd to high levels.
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intraspecific variation in cadmium tolerance and accumulation of a high biomass tropical tree averrhoa Carambola l implication for phytoextraction
Journal of Environmental Monitoring, 2011Co-Authors: Ziyun Dai, Wensheng Shu, Bin Liao, Caiyun WanAbstract:Averrhoa Carambola L., a high-biomass tropical tree, has recently been shown to be a strong accumulator of cadmium (Cd) and has great potential for Cd phytoextraction. In the present study, field studies and a controlled-environment experiment were combined to establish the extent of variation in Cd tolerance and accumulation at the cultivar level using 14 to 19 cultivars of A. Carambola. The results indicated that all cultivars tested could accumulate Cd at high but different levels, and that Cd tolerance also varied greatly between these cultivars. It is confirmed that the high Cd tolerance and accumulation capacity are species-level and constitutional traits in A. Carambola. However, no correlation was detected between tolerance index and accumulation of Cd in different cultivars, suggesting that the two traits are independent in this woody Cd accumulator. More importantly, cultivar Wuchuan Sweet (WCT) was shown to have the highest Cd-extraction potential; it yielded a high shoot biomass of 30 t ha−1 in 230 d, and extracted 330 g ha−1 Cd in the aerial tissues grown in Cd-contaminated field soil, which accounted for 12.8% of the total soil Cd in the top 20 cm of the soil profile.
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phytoextraction of cd contaminated soil by Carambola averrhoa Carambola in field trials
Chemosphere, 2009Co-Authors: Bin Liao, Ruimei Zhu, Z Y Dai, Wensheng ShuAbstract:Use of metal-accumulating woody species to extract metals from heavy metal contaminated soil has received more attention. While considerable studies have focused on the phytoextraction potential of willow (Salix spp.) and poplar (Populus spp.), similar information is rare for other woody species. Carambola (Averrhoa Carambola) is a high-biomass tree and has been identified as a new Cd-accumulating species. The present study aimed to evaluate the Cd phytoextraction potential of Carambola under field condition. After growing in a slightly Cd-contaminated site for about 170 d, the Carambola stand initiated by seed-seedling with high planting density (encoded with "HD-1yr") attained a high shoot biomass yield of 18.6 t ha(-1) and extracted 213 g Cdha(-1), resulting in a 1.6-fold higher Cd removal efficiency than that of a contrasting stand established by grafted-seedling with low planting density (5.3% vs. 2%). That is, "HD-1yr" would remove 50% of the total soil Cd with 13yr, assuming that the Cd removal efficiency would not change over time. Further, one crop of "HD-1yr" significantly decreased (63-69%) the Cd uptake by subsequent vegetables. Among the four Carambola stands established using grafted-seedling, the 2-yr-old stand exhibited the highest annual Cd removal efficiency (3.7%), which was yet lower than that of "HD-1yr". These results suggested that phytoextraction of Cd by Carambola (especially for "HD-1yr" stand) presented a feasible option to clean up agricultural soils slightly contaminated by Cd.
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cadmium contamination in orchard soils and fruit trees and its potential health risk in guangzhou china
Environmental Pollution, 2006Co-Authors: Jianwen Qiu, Xiaojie Wang, Yin Zhong, C Y Lan, Wensheng ShuAbstract:This study examines cadmium (Cd) contamination in orchard soils and fruit trees in Guangzhou, China, and assesses its potential health risk. Soils and tissues samples of three species of fruit trees were collected from three orchards. The average soil Cd concentration was 1.27, 1.84 and 0.68 mg/kg in orchards I, II, and III, respectively. The Carambola (Averrhoa Carambola) accumulated exceptionally high concentrations of Cd (7.57, 10.84, 9.01 and 2.15 mg/kg dw in root, twig, leaf and fruit, respectively), being 6.0-24 times and 4.0-10 times the corresponding tissue Cd in the longan (Dimocarpus longan) and wampee (Clausena lansium), respectively. Furthermore, all Cd concentrations (0.04-0.25 mg Cd/kg fw) of the fruits exceeded the tolerance limit of cadmium in foods of PR China (0.03 mg/kg fw). Our results indicate that the Carambola tree has high Cd accumulation capacity and might be a Cd accumulator; and its fruit, among the three species of fruits studied, also poses the highest potential health risk to local residents.
T J Ohare - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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use of modified atmosphere to extend shelf life of fresh cut Carambola averrhoa Carambola l cv fwang tung
International Symposium on Tropical and Subtropical Fruits, 2010Co-Authors: Gustavo Henrique De Almeida Teixeira, Jose Fernando Durigan, Ricardo Elesbao Alves, T J OhareAbstract:Fresh-cut fruit products, including Carambola (Averrhoa Carambola L.) have limited marketability due to cut surface browning attributed to oxidation of phenolic compounds by enzymes such as polyphenol oxidase (PPO). The objective of this study was to evaluate postharvest changes of Carambola slices in three different packagings. Carambola fruit (cv. Fwang Tung) were picked from the orchard of Estacao Experimental de Citricultura de Bebedouro at mature-green stage. Fruit were washed, dipped in NaOCl solution (200 mg.L -1 for 5 minutes), and stored overnight at 10°C. Fruit were manually sliced into pieces of approximately 1 cm. Slices were rinsed with NaOCl solution at 20 mg.L , drained for 3 minutes, and packaged in polyethylene terephthalate (PET) trays (Neoform N94); polystyrene trays covered with PVC 0.017 mm (Vitafilm - Goodyear); and vacuum sealed polyolefin bags (PLO, Cryovac PD900). The packages were stored at 6.8°C and 90%RH for 12 days and samples taken every 4 days. PET trays and PVC film did not significantly modify internal atmosphere and the high water permeability of PVC led to more rapid slice desiccation. PPO activity was lower when slices were packaged in PLO vacuum sealed bags, which reduced discolouration and led to better appearance maintenance for up to 12 days.
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use of modified atmosphere to extend shelf life of fresh cut Carambola averrhoa Carambola l cv fwang tung
Postharvest Biology and Technology, 2007Co-Authors: Gustavo Henrique De Almeida Teixeira, Jose Fernando Durigan, Ricardo Elesbao Alves, T J OhareAbstract:Fresh-cut fruit products, including Carambola (Averrhoa Carambola L.), have limited marketability due to cut surface browning attributed to phenolic compound oxidation by enzymes, such as polyphenol oxidase (PPO). The objective of this study was to evaluate postharvest changes in Carambola slices in three different packages. Carambola fruit (cv. Fwang Tung) were picked from the Estacao Experimental de Citricultura de Bebedouro orchard at the mature-green stage. The fruit were washed, dipped in NaOCl solution (200 mg L−1 for 5 min), stored overnight at 10 °C, then manually sliced into pieces of approximately 1 cm. The slices were rinsed with NaOCl solution at 20 mg L−1, drained for 3 min, and packaged in polyethylene terephthalate (PET) trays (Neoform® N94); polystyrene trays covered with PVC 0.017 mm (Vitafilm®, Goodyear); and vacuum sealed polyolefin bags (PLO, Cryovac® PD900). The packages were stored at 6.8 °C and 90% RH for 12 d, with samples taken every 4 d. PET trays and PVC film did not significantly modify the internal atmosphere and the high water permeability of PVC led to more rapid slice desiccation. PPO activity was lower when the slices were packaged in PLO vacuum sealed bags, which reduced degreening and led to better appearance maintenance for up to 12 d.
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postharvest physiology and storage of Carambola starfruit a review
Postharvest Biology and Technology, 1993Co-Authors: T J OhareAbstract:Carambola (Averrhoa Carambola L.) fruit are commercially harvested at colour-break to reduce susceptibility to mechanical injury during handling. The Carambola has the characteristics of a non-climacteric fruit. Increases in carbon dioxide and ethylene production rates occur after the fruit is considered ripe and these tend to be related to microbial decay or tissue senescence. Sugar levels remain constant during storage, although Carambolas will continue to lose chlorophyll and develop carotenoids after harvest. Acidity can decline during storage, and this is often undesirable as it can be associated with blandness. A storage temperature of 5°C is capable of maintaining fruit with a minimum of physiological changes for at least 6 weeks, provided moisture loss is controlled. Storage life is largely limited by disease, which commonly develops from lesions either present at harvest (e.g. insect damage) or occurring during product handling.
Bin Liao - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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characteristics of cd uptake translocation and accumulation in a novel cd accumulating tree star fruit averrhoa Carambola l oxalidaceae
Environmental and Experimental Botany, 2011Co-Authors: Bin Liao, C Y Lan, Ruimei Zhu, Z Y Dai, Wensheng ShuAbstract:Abstract Cadmium (Cd) accumulation by terrestrial higher plants is an intriguing phenomenon that may be exploited for phytoextraction of Cd-contaminated soils. Characterizing the physiological processes responsible for elevated concentrations of Cd in shoots is a first step towards a comprehensive understanding of the mechanisms underlying Cd accumulation in plants and may eventually improve the efficiency of phytoextraction. Woody species that can accumulate Cd have been recently recommended as good candidates for phytoextraction of Cd-contaminated soils. However, little is known about the mechanisms of Cd accumulation by woody species. In an attempt to understand the physiological processes contributing to Cd accumulation in woody species, Cd uptake and translocation by a novel tropical Cd-accumulating tree, star fruit ( Averrhoa Carambola ) were characterized and compared with those of a non-Cd-accumulating tree ( Clausena lansium ). Our results showed that A. Carambola had higher Cd uptake and root-to-shoot translocation efficiencies than C. lansium , which might account for its greater Cd-accumulating capacity. Furthermore, Cd accumulation by A. Carambola was not significantly affected by zinc (Zn), whereas Zn accumulation was greatly lowered by Cd. This phenomenon could not be fully explained by a simple competition between Cd 2+ and Zn 2+ , implying the existence of a transport system with a preference for Cd over Zn. Collectively, our results indicate that A. Carambola has noteworthy physiological traits associated with accumulation of Cd to high levels.
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intraspecific variation in cadmium tolerance and accumulation of a high biomass tropical tree averrhoa Carambola l implication for phytoextraction
Journal of Environmental Monitoring, 2011Co-Authors: Ziyun Dai, Wensheng Shu, Bin Liao, Caiyun WanAbstract:Averrhoa Carambola L., a high-biomass tropical tree, has recently been shown to be a strong accumulator of cadmium (Cd) and has great potential for Cd phytoextraction. In the present study, field studies and a controlled-environment experiment were combined to establish the extent of variation in Cd tolerance and accumulation at the cultivar level using 14 to 19 cultivars of A. Carambola. The results indicated that all cultivars tested could accumulate Cd at high but different levels, and that Cd tolerance also varied greatly between these cultivars. It is confirmed that the high Cd tolerance and accumulation capacity are species-level and constitutional traits in A. Carambola. However, no correlation was detected between tolerance index and accumulation of Cd in different cultivars, suggesting that the two traits are independent in this woody Cd accumulator. More importantly, cultivar Wuchuan Sweet (WCT) was shown to have the highest Cd-extraction potential; it yielded a high shoot biomass of 30 t ha−1 in 230 d, and extracted 330 g ha−1 Cd in the aerial tissues grown in Cd-contaminated field soil, which accounted for 12.8% of the total soil Cd in the top 20 cm of the soil profile.
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phytoextraction of cd contaminated soil by Carambola averrhoa Carambola in field trials
Chemosphere, 2009Co-Authors: Bin Liao, Ruimei Zhu, Z Y Dai, Wensheng ShuAbstract:Use of metal-accumulating woody species to extract metals from heavy metal contaminated soil has received more attention. While considerable studies have focused on the phytoextraction potential of willow (Salix spp.) and poplar (Populus spp.), similar information is rare for other woody species. Carambola (Averrhoa Carambola) is a high-biomass tree and has been identified as a new Cd-accumulating species. The present study aimed to evaluate the Cd phytoextraction potential of Carambola under field condition. After growing in a slightly Cd-contaminated site for about 170 d, the Carambola stand initiated by seed-seedling with high planting density (encoded with "HD-1yr") attained a high shoot biomass yield of 18.6 t ha(-1) and extracted 213 g Cdha(-1), resulting in a 1.6-fold higher Cd removal efficiency than that of a contrasting stand established by grafted-seedling with low planting density (5.3% vs. 2%). That is, "HD-1yr" would remove 50% of the total soil Cd with 13yr, assuming that the Cd removal efficiency would not change over time. Further, one crop of "HD-1yr" significantly decreased (63-69%) the Cd uptake by subsequent vegetables. Among the four Carambola stands established using grafted-seedling, the 2-yr-old stand exhibited the highest annual Cd removal efficiency (3.7%), which was yet lower than that of "HD-1yr". These results suggested that phytoextraction of Cd by Carambola (especially for "HD-1yr" stand) presented a feasible option to clean up agricultural soils slightly contaminated by Cd.
Caiyun Wan - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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intraspecific variation in cadmium tolerance and accumulation of a high biomass tropical tree averrhoa Carambola l implication for phytoextraction
Journal of Environmental Monitoring, 2011Co-Authors: Ziyun Dai, Wensheng Shu, Bin Liao, Caiyun WanAbstract:Averrhoa Carambola L., a high-biomass tropical tree, has recently been shown to be a strong accumulator of cadmium (Cd) and has great potential for Cd phytoextraction. In the present study, field studies and a controlled-environment experiment were combined to establish the extent of variation in Cd tolerance and accumulation at the cultivar level using 14 to 19 cultivars of A. Carambola. The results indicated that all cultivars tested could accumulate Cd at high but different levels, and that Cd tolerance also varied greatly between these cultivars. It is confirmed that the high Cd tolerance and accumulation capacity are species-level and constitutional traits in A. Carambola. However, no correlation was detected between tolerance index and accumulation of Cd in different cultivars, suggesting that the two traits are independent in this woody Cd accumulator. More importantly, cultivar Wuchuan Sweet (WCT) was shown to have the highest Cd-extraction potential; it yielded a high shoot biomass of 30 t ha−1 in 230 d, and extracted 330 g ha−1 Cd in the aerial tissues grown in Cd-contaminated field soil, which accounted for 12.8% of the total soil Cd in the top 20 cm of the soil profile.
C Y Lan - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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characteristics of cd uptake translocation and accumulation in a novel cd accumulating tree star fruit averrhoa Carambola l oxalidaceae
Environmental and Experimental Botany, 2011Co-Authors: Bin Liao, C Y Lan, Ruimei Zhu, Z Y Dai, Wensheng ShuAbstract:Abstract Cadmium (Cd) accumulation by terrestrial higher plants is an intriguing phenomenon that may be exploited for phytoextraction of Cd-contaminated soils. Characterizing the physiological processes responsible for elevated concentrations of Cd in shoots is a first step towards a comprehensive understanding of the mechanisms underlying Cd accumulation in plants and may eventually improve the efficiency of phytoextraction. Woody species that can accumulate Cd have been recently recommended as good candidates for phytoextraction of Cd-contaminated soils. However, little is known about the mechanisms of Cd accumulation by woody species. In an attempt to understand the physiological processes contributing to Cd accumulation in woody species, Cd uptake and translocation by a novel tropical Cd-accumulating tree, star fruit ( Averrhoa Carambola ) were characterized and compared with those of a non-Cd-accumulating tree ( Clausena lansium ). Our results showed that A. Carambola had higher Cd uptake and root-to-shoot translocation efficiencies than C. lansium , which might account for its greater Cd-accumulating capacity. Furthermore, Cd accumulation by A. Carambola was not significantly affected by zinc (Zn), whereas Zn accumulation was greatly lowered by Cd. This phenomenon could not be fully explained by a simple competition between Cd 2+ and Zn 2+ , implying the existence of a transport system with a preference for Cd over Zn. Collectively, our results indicate that A. Carambola has noteworthy physiological traits associated with accumulation of Cd to high levels.
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cadmium tolerance and accumulation in cultivars of a high biomass tropical tree averrhoa Carambola and its potential for phytoextraction
Journal of Environmental Quality, 2010Co-Authors: B Liao, C Y Lan, Alan J M Baker, W S ShuAbstract:Averrhoa Carambola is a high-biomass tropical tree that has been identified as a Cd accumulator. In the present study, field survey, pot, and hydroponic experiments were conducted to investigate the variation of Cd tolerance and accumulation in cultivars of A. Carambola as well as its potential for phytoextraction. In the field survey, it was found that concentrations of Cd in aerial tissues of A. Carambola varied greatly among sites and cultivars. The Cd bioconcentration factors (BCFs) and Cd removals by the field-grown A. Carambola differed significantly among sites but not among cultivars. Nonetheless, all four Carambola cultivars investigated were able to accumulate considerably high concentrations of Cd in their shoots, which indicated that the 4-yr-old Carambola stands could remove 0.3 to 51.8% of the total Cd content in the top 20-cm soil layer. When cultured in Cd-spiked soils, the Carambola cultivar Hua-Di always showed higher Cd tolerance than the other cultivars; however, this tendency was not confirmed by hydroponic experiment. The Cd BCFs of cultivar Thailand grown in soils with 6 and 12 mg Cd kg(-1) were highest among cultivars, whereas this trend was reversed at 120 mg Cd kg(-1) treatment. Nevertheless, the pot- and hydroponics-grown Carambola cultivars generally showed higher capacities to tolerate and accumulate Cd, compared with the control species. The present results indicate that a strong ability to tolerate and accumulate Cd seems to be a trait at the species level in A. Carambola, although some degree of variances in both Cd tolerance and accumulation exists among cultivars.
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cadmium contamination in orchard soils and fruit trees and its potential health risk in guangzhou china
Environmental Pollution, 2006Co-Authors: Jianwen Qiu, Xiaojie Wang, Yin Zhong, C Y Lan, Wensheng ShuAbstract:This study examines cadmium (Cd) contamination in orchard soils and fruit trees in Guangzhou, China, and assesses its potential health risk. Soils and tissues samples of three species of fruit trees were collected from three orchards. The average soil Cd concentration was 1.27, 1.84 and 0.68 mg/kg in orchards I, II, and III, respectively. The Carambola (Averrhoa Carambola) accumulated exceptionally high concentrations of Cd (7.57, 10.84, 9.01 and 2.15 mg/kg dw in root, twig, leaf and fruit, respectively), being 6.0-24 times and 4.0-10 times the corresponding tissue Cd in the longan (Dimocarpus longan) and wampee (Clausena lansium), respectively. Furthermore, all Cd concentrations (0.04-0.25 mg Cd/kg fw) of the fruits exceeded the tolerance limit of cadmium in foods of PR China (0.03 mg/kg fw). Our results indicate that the Carambola tree has high Cd accumulation capacity and might be a Cd accumulator; and its fruit, among the three species of fruits studied, also poses the highest potential health risk to local residents.