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Manuel Dominguezrodrigo - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • geometric morphometric analysis of tooth pits and the identification of felid and hyenid agency in bone modification
    Quaternary International, 2019
    Co-Authors: Mari Carmen Arriaza, Julia Aramendi, Miguel Angel Mategonzalez, Jose Yravedra, Enrique Baquedano, Diego Gonzalezaguilera, Manuel Dominguezrodrigo
    Abstract:

    Abstract Carnivore bone modification has been one of the targets of taphonomic research during the last decades. Discerning carnivore involvement in the archaeo-paleontological record during the Plio-Pleistocene is especially important due to the capability of several Carnivores of creating bone assemblages, to the interaction with other species in the modification of bones across the landscape and to the potential interspecific competition (e.g., with other Carnivores or hominins). Several variables have been explored to discern the carnivore taxa involved in bone modification, but most of them led to equifinality. Recently, the application of computer vision and geometric morphometric techniques for the reconstruction of tooth mark morphology has provided satisfactory results in terms of differentiating among carnivore taxa with similar body size. Here we apply this new technique to the study of pits from the Olduvai Carnivore site (OCS), which has been interpreted as the first bone assemblage generated by lions and subsequently ravaged by hyenas. Results support the lions' involvement and post-ravaging action of hyenas in the OCS assemblage. Lastly, we also explore the potential of applying these new techniques to other bone assemblages in which different carnivore taxa were involved in their modification.

  • the use of tooth pits to identify carnivore taxa in tooth marked archaeofaunas and their relevance to reconstruct hominid carcass processing behaviours
    Journal of Archaeological Science, 2003
    Co-Authors: Manuel Dominguezrodrigo, Ana Piqueras
    Abstract:

    Abstract Tooth marks on bones have been used as a proof of carnivore involvement in carcass modification in archaeological assemblages. Recognition of the array of potential Carnivores that may intervene in the consumption of carcass elements accumulated at archaeological sites may condition the way archaeologists reconstruct hominid–carnivore interaction and resource availability for both types of taphonomic agents. The development of techniques aimed at discerning carnivore taxa according to tooth mark location and size has proven problematic so far. The present work introduces new information, based on the use of tooth pit size, to determine the types of Carnivores that have modified bone surfaces. It is concluded that tooth marks alone cannot be used to differentiate among specific taxa, unless the analysis of tooth pits is carried out taking into account their distribution and ranges of variation in large samples, together with other variables, such as the location of tooth marks according to bone section and element, and the anatomical distribution of furrowing. Even so, the attribution of specific bone damage to determined Carnivores can only be confidently made when comparing small-sized versus large-sized Carnivores.

Felix Lankester - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • carnivore parvovirus ecology in the serengeti ecosystem vaccine strains circulating and new host species identified
    Journal of Virology, 2019
    Co-Authors: Olga Calatayud, Fernando Esperon, Sarah Cleaveland, Roman Biek, Julius Keyyu, Ernest Eblate, Elena Neves, Tiziana Lembo, Felix Lankester
    Abstract:

    Carnivore parvoviruses infect wild and domestic Carnivores, and cross-species transmission is believed to occur. However, viral dynamics are not well understood, nor are the consequences for wild carnivore populations of the introduction of new strains into wild ecosystems. To clarify the ecology of these viruses in a multihost system such as the Serengeti ecosystem and identify potential threats for wildlife conservation, we analyzed, through real-time PCR, 152 samples belonging to 14 wild carnivore species and 62 samples from healthy domestic dogs. We detected parvovirus DNA in several wildlife tissues. Of the wild carnivore and domestic dog samples tested, 13% and 43%, respectively, were positive for carnivore parvovirus infection, but little evidence of transmission between the wild and domestic Carnivores was detected. Instead, we describe two different epidemiological scenarios with separate routes of transmission: first, an endemic feline parvovirus (FPV) route of transmission maintained by wild Carnivores inside the Serengeti National Park (SNP) and, second, a canine parvovirus (CPV) route of transmission among domestic dogs living around the periphery of the SNP. Twelve FPV sequences were characterized; new host-virus associations involving wild dogs, jackals, and hyenas were discovered; and our results suggest that mutations in the fragment of the vp2 gene were not required for infection of different carnivore species. In domestic dogs, 6 sequences belonged to the CPV-2a strain, while 11 belonged to the CPV-2 vaccine-derived strain. This is the first description of a vaccine-derived parvovirus strain being transmitted naturally.IMPORTANCE Carnivore parvoviruses are widespread among wild and domestic Carnivores, which are vulnerable to severe disease under certain circumstances. This study furthers the understanding of carnivore parvovirus epidemiology, suggesting that feline parvoviruses are endemic in wild Carnivores in the Serengeti National Park (SNP), with new host species identified, and that canine parvoviruses are present in the dog population living around the SNP. Little evidence of transmission of canine parvoviruses into wild carnivore species was found; however, the detection of vaccine-derived virus (described here for the first time to be circulating naturally in domestic dogs) highlights the importance of performing epidemiological research in the region.

Olga Calatayud - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • carnivore parvovirus ecology in the serengeti ecosystem vaccine strains circulating and new host species identified
    Journal of Virology, 2019
    Co-Authors: Olga Calatayud, Fernando Esperon, Sarah Cleaveland, Roman Biek, Julius Keyyu, Ernest Eblate, Elena Neves, Tiziana Lembo, Felix Lankester
    Abstract:

    Carnivore parvoviruses infect wild and domestic Carnivores, and cross-species transmission is believed to occur. However, viral dynamics are not well understood, nor are the consequences for wild carnivore populations of the introduction of new strains into wild ecosystems. To clarify the ecology of these viruses in a multihost system such as the Serengeti ecosystem and identify potential threats for wildlife conservation, we analyzed, through real-time PCR, 152 samples belonging to 14 wild carnivore species and 62 samples from healthy domestic dogs. We detected parvovirus DNA in several wildlife tissues. Of the wild carnivore and domestic dog samples tested, 13% and 43%, respectively, were positive for carnivore parvovirus infection, but little evidence of transmission between the wild and domestic Carnivores was detected. Instead, we describe two different epidemiological scenarios with separate routes of transmission: first, an endemic feline parvovirus (FPV) route of transmission maintained by wild Carnivores inside the Serengeti National Park (SNP) and, second, a canine parvovirus (CPV) route of transmission among domestic dogs living around the periphery of the SNP. Twelve FPV sequences were characterized; new host-virus associations involving wild dogs, jackals, and hyenas were discovered; and our results suggest that mutations in the fragment of the vp2 gene were not required for infection of different carnivore species. In domestic dogs, 6 sequences belonged to the CPV-2a strain, while 11 belonged to the CPV-2 vaccine-derived strain. This is the first description of a vaccine-derived parvovirus strain being transmitted naturally.IMPORTANCE Carnivore parvoviruses are widespread among wild and domestic Carnivores, which are vulnerable to severe disease under certain circumstances. This study furthers the understanding of carnivore parvovirus epidemiology, suggesting that feline parvoviruses are endemic in wild Carnivores in the Serengeti National Park (SNP), with new host species identified, and that canine parvoviruses are present in the dog population living around the SNP. Little evidence of transmission of canine parvoviruses into wild carnivore species was found; however, the detection of vaccine-derived virus (described here for the first time to be circulating naturally in domestic dogs) highlights the importance of performing epidemiological research in the region.

Ana Piqueras - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • the use of tooth pits to identify carnivore taxa in tooth marked archaeofaunas and their relevance to reconstruct hominid carcass processing behaviours
    Journal of Archaeological Science, 2003
    Co-Authors: Manuel Dominguezrodrigo, Ana Piqueras
    Abstract:

    Abstract Tooth marks on bones have been used as a proof of carnivore involvement in carcass modification in archaeological assemblages. Recognition of the array of potential Carnivores that may intervene in the consumption of carcass elements accumulated at archaeological sites may condition the way archaeologists reconstruct hominid–carnivore interaction and resource availability for both types of taphonomic agents. The development of techniques aimed at discerning carnivore taxa according to tooth mark location and size has proven problematic so far. The present work introduces new information, based on the use of tooth pit size, to determine the types of Carnivores that have modified bone surfaces. It is concluded that tooth marks alone cannot be used to differentiate among specific taxa, unless the analysis of tooth pits is carried out taking into account their distribution and ranges of variation in large samples, together with other variables, such as the location of tooth marks according to bone section and element, and the anatomical distribution of furrowing. Even so, the attribution of specific bone damage to determined Carnivores can only be confidently made when comparing small-sized versus large-sized Carnivores.

Lamberski N. - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Flea diversity on small Carnivores in the Northern Cape Province, South Africa
    NISC (Pty) Ltd, 2017
    Co-Authors: Matthee S., Van Der Mescht L., Wilson B., Lamberski N.
    Abstract:

    Small Carnivores are parasitized by various ectoparasites that include fleas  (Siphonaptera). To date few parasite studies in South Africa, and especially the  Northern Cape, have focused on fleas, while those that have are biased by small sample sizes. In an attempt to address the paucity of information fleas were collected from five small carnivore species trapped at Loxton and Kimberley in the Northern Cape  Province, South Africa. The aim of the study was to contribute to current data on the flea diversity found on various small carnivore species. Small Carnivores were trapped and while anesthetized the fleas were manually removed from the fur of the animals. In total 48 small Carnivores were trapped of which 30 harboured fleas. Of the five flea species that were recorded the most numerous and prevalent was Echidnophaga  gallinacea followed by Ctenocephalides connatus and Ctenocephalides damarensis. Fleas were more numerous and prevalent on the small-spotted cat, Felis nigripes, followed by the yellow mongoose,  Cynictispenicillata. The flea community on the small Carnivores consisted of fleas that prefer Carnivores as principal hosts and also fleas that prefer rodents. The latter maybe acquired through predation on rodents.Key words: Siphonaptera, fleas, small Carnivores, South Africa

  • Flea diversity on small Carnivores in the Northern Cape Province, South Africa
    'African Zoology', 2011
    Co-Authors: Matthee S., Van Der Mescht L., Wilson B., Lamberski N.
    Abstract:

    ArticleSmall Carnivores are parasitized by various ectoparasites that include fleas (Siphonaptera). To date few parasite studies in South Africa, and especially the Northern Cape, have focused on fleas, while those that have are biased by small sample sizes. In an attempt to address the paucity of information fleas were collected from five small carnivore species trapped at Loxton and Kimberley in the Northern Cape Province, South Africa. The aim of the study was to contribute to current data on the flea diversity found on various small carnivore species. Small Carnivores were trapped and while anesthetized the fleas were manually removed from the fur of the animals. In total 48 small Carnivores were trapped of which 30 harboured fleas. Of the five flea species that were recorded the most numerous and prevalent was Echidnophaga gallinacea followed by Ctenocephalides connatus and Ctenocephalides damarensis. Fleas were more numerous and prevalent on the small-spotted cat, Felis nigripes, followed by the yellow mongoose, Cynictispenicillata. The flea community on the small Carnivores consisted of fleas that prefer Carnivores as principal hosts and also fleas that prefer rodents. The latter maybe acquired through predation on rodents