The Experts below are selected from a list of 5802 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
Egid B. Mubofu - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
Chemical Valorization of Cashew Nut Shell Waste
Topics in Current Chemistry, 2018Co-Authors: Egid B. Mubofu, J. E. MgayaAbstract:Cashew Nut shells are agro-wastes produced from Cashew Nut processing factories and contain about 30–35 wt% oil called Cashew Nut shell liquid (CNSL). This liquid is a mixture of four potential compounds, namely anacardic acid, cardanol, cardol and 2-methyl cardol. Various reactions have been developed to convert the components of Cashew Nut shell liquid into industrially important chemicals, and these materials are herein described. Such reactions employed in the transformation include transfer hydrogenation reactions, isomerization reactions, metathesis reactions, carbonylation reactions, polymerization reactions, isomerizing metathesis reaction, and isomerizing carbonylation reactions. Through these descriptions, one realizes that Cashew Nut shells are not a waste, but they are rather a good source of a potential liquid, CNSL, which is a promising renewable resource for synthesizing various industrial chemicals.
-
From Cashew Nut shell wastes to high value chemicals
Pure and Applied Chemistry, 2016Co-Authors: Egid B. MubofuAbstract:AbstractThe amount of waste generated in Cashew Nut processing factories has caused serious problems for a long time. However, this situation is about to change because they are being turned into an opportunity by a variety of bio-based chemicals. Todate, Cashew Nut shells (CNS) have proven to be among the most versatile renewable resource as they produce Cashew Nut shell liquid (CNSL). CNSL which is a dark reddish brown viscous liquid (ca. 30–35 wt%) is extracted from the soft honeycomb of the CNS. The shells have been regarded as a by-product of the Cashew industry though now it is a cheaper source of natural unsaturated phenols. CNSL offers a multitude of interesting possibilities for the synthesis of speciality chemicals, high value products and polymers. Our recent research efforts have demonstrated that its constituents can be transformed into diverse functional chemicals. This paper reports some key results on how Cashew Nut shells (an agro waste from Cashew Nut processing factories) have been employed to produce several functional materials and chemicals. The materials that are highlighted include the synthesis of 3-propylphenol from cardanol and anacardic acid, some polymers prepared from CNSL components, heterogeneous catalysts prepared using CNSL as a templating agent and anacardic acid capped chalcogenide nanoparticles.
I. Irohibe - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
Gender Roles and Challenges of Small Scale Processed Cashew Nut Marketers in Enugu North, Nigeria
Journal of Educational and Social Research, 2013Co-Authors: Enwelu I. A, S. T Ugwu, I. IrohibeAbstract:The study examined gender roles and challenges of small scale processed Cashew Nut marketers in Enugu North senatorial zone of Enugu State. Interview schedule was used to collect data from 72 respondents. The data collected were analysed using descriptive statistics. Small scale processed Cashew Nut marketers were dominated by female youths with mean age of 31 years and making a monthly income of between ₦10,000.00 - ₦14,999.00 from Cashew Nut marketing. The marketing strategy mostly used by marketers of processed Cashew Nut products in the study area was lowering of the product price (73.6%). The roles performed by marketers of small scale processed Cashew Nut products across gender were effective except selling of the products in which men were not involved at all. None of the extension services received by Cashew Nut marketers across gender was effective. The major challenges facing small scale processed Cashew Nut marketing enterprise were lack of institutional support (M=3.86) and poor quality of products (M=3.26). The study therefore recommends that the government critically examines its policy thrust on Cashew Nut production so as to attract private sector participation. DOI: 10.5901/jesr.2013.v3n4p21
Enwelu I. A - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
Gender Roles and Challenges of Small Scale Processed Cashew Nut Marketers in Enugu North, Nigeria
Journal of Educational and Social Research, 2013Co-Authors: Enwelu I. A, S. T Ugwu, I. IrohibeAbstract:The study examined gender roles and challenges of small scale processed Cashew Nut marketers in Enugu North senatorial zone of Enugu State. Interview schedule was used to collect data from 72 respondents. The data collected were analysed using descriptive statistics. Small scale processed Cashew Nut marketers were dominated by female youths with mean age of 31 years and making a monthly income of between ₦10,000.00 - ₦14,999.00 from Cashew Nut marketing. The marketing strategy mostly used by marketers of processed Cashew Nut products in the study area was lowering of the product price (73.6%). The roles performed by marketers of small scale processed Cashew Nut products across gender were effective except selling of the products in which men were not involved at all. None of the extension services received by Cashew Nut marketers across gender was effective. The major challenges facing small scale processed Cashew Nut marketing enterprise were lack of institutional support (M=3.86) and poor quality of products (M=3.26). The study therefore recommends that the government critically examines its policy thrust on Cashew Nut production so as to attract private sector participation. DOI: 10.5901/jesr.2013.v3n4p21
-
Gender Roles and Challenges of Small Scale Processed Cashew Nut Marketers in Enugu North Senatorial Zone of Enugu State, Nigeria
2013Co-Authors: Enwelu I. A, Ugwu S. T, Irohibe I.Abstract:The study examined gender roles and challenges of small scale processed Cashew Nut marketers in Enugu North senatorial zone of Enugu State. Interview schedule was used to collect data from 72 respondents. The data collected were analysed using descriptive statistics. Small scale processed Cashew Nut marketers were dominated by female youths with mean age of 31 years and making a monthly income of between ₦10,000.00 - ₦14,999.00 from Cashew Nut marketing. The marketing strategy mostly used by marketers of processed Cashew Nut products in the study area was lowering of the product price (73.6%). The roles performed by marketers of small scale processed Cashew Nut products across gender were effective except selling of the products in which men were not involved at all. None of the extension services received by Cashew Nut marketers across gender was effective. The major challenges facing small scale processed Cashew Nut marketing enterprise were lack of institutional support (M=3.86) and poor quality of products (M=3.26). The study therefore recommends that the government critically examines its policy thrust on Cashew Nut production so as to attract private sector participation.
S. T Ugwu - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
Gender Roles and Challenges of Small Scale Cashew Nut ProcessingEnterprise in Enugu North, Nigeria
Journal of Educational and Social Research, 2014Co-Authors: I. A. Enwelu, S. T Ugwu, C. J. Ayogu, O. I. OgbonnaAbstract:Small scale Cashew Nut processing enterprise is important in meeting the needs of the local processors and strategic in the current transformation agenda of the government. The study examined the gender roles and challenges of small scale Cashew Nut processing enterprise in Enugu North Senatorial zone of Enugu State. Seventy two small scale Cashew Nut processors were identified and interviewed to elicit information for the study. The study revealed that youths on the whole were found to be more effective in most of the activities of Cashew Nut processing namely packaging (M=2.0), grading (M=1.90), sizing (M=1.50 and cleaning (M=1.50). On the other hand, men played more effective role in two processing activities- shelling (M=2.0) and peeling (M=2.0) while women played more effective role only in one activity- roasting/frying (M=1.80). It was found that all the respondents (100.0%) were still using local processing method like open pan roasting. About 19.0% of the respondents processed 3-5kg per day while 12.4%, 2.2% and 1.4% processed 6-8kg, 9-11kg and 12-14kg per day respectively. The challenges of small scale Cashew Nut processors were chemical burns (M=3.86), damage of kernels by fire through non regulation of heat (M=3.67), high cost of kernels (M=3.57) and excess heat affecting the body. The study concluded that the contribution of Cashew Nut processing enterprise to the transformation agenda was hampered by the use of local processing equipment which also adversely affected the livelihood survival of local processors. DOI: 10.5901/jesr.2014.v4n7p74
-
Gender Roles and Challenges of Small Scale Processed Cashew Nut Marketers in Enugu North, Nigeria
Journal of Educational and Social Research, 2013Co-Authors: Enwelu I. A, S. T Ugwu, I. IrohibeAbstract:The study examined gender roles and challenges of small scale processed Cashew Nut marketers in Enugu North senatorial zone of Enugu State. Interview schedule was used to collect data from 72 respondents. The data collected were analysed using descriptive statistics. Small scale processed Cashew Nut marketers were dominated by female youths with mean age of 31 years and making a monthly income of between ₦10,000.00 - ₦14,999.00 from Cashew Nut marketing. The marketing strategy mostly used by marketers of processed Cashew Nut products in the study area was lowering of the product price (73.6%). The roles performed by marketers of small scale processed Cashew Nut products across gender were effective except selling of the products in which men were not involved at all. None of the extension services received by Cashew Nut marketers across gender was effective. The major challenges facing small scale processed Cashew Nut marketing enterprise were lack of institutional support (M=3.86) and poor quality of products (M=3.26). The study therefore recommends that the government critically examines its policy thrust on Cashew Nut production so as to attract private sector participation. DOI: 10.5901/jesr.2013.v3n4p21
Marek A. Wójtowicz - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
Cashew Nut Shells Pyrolysis: Individual Gas Evolution Rates and Yields
Energy & Fuels, 2007Co-Authors: Alberto Júlio Tsamba, Weihong Yang, Wlodzimierz Blasiak, Marek A. WójtowiczAbstract:Cashew Nut shells are one type of the most abundant biomass tropical wastes, which can be used for energy generation. However, there is lack of data for the thermal conversion process of Cashew Nut ...
-
Modeling the evolved gas species from Cashew Nut shells pyrolysis
2006Co-Authors: Alberto Júlio Tsamba, Weihong Yang, Wlodzimierz Blasiak, Marek A. WójtowiczAbstract:Cashew Nut shells are important biomass wastes abundant in most of the tropical countries. As biomass feedstock, they are important energy sources that can play an important role as fuel for energy generation through the ordinary thermochemical processes. However, although this potential as fuel, Cashew Nut shells are still rarely and weakly studied. In fact, studies on pyrolysis, gasification or combustion of Cashew Nut shells are not commonly found as it happens with wood related biomasses. On the other hand, it is known that pyrolysis plays a key role in any thermochemical conversion of biomass. In fact, biomass pyrolysis is a complex process that influences any of the three main thermochemical conversion processes of biomass into useful energy. This is due to the fact that pyrolysis characteristics do determine the char quality in which gasification and combustion are heavily dependent. Therefore, characterization of pyrolysis process is essential in thermochemical conversion processes. This makes the study of pyrolysis as mandatory in biomass fuels research. In this study, Cashew Nut shells are pyrolysed at three different low heating rates (10, 30 and 100°C/mn) using thermogravimetric analyser coupled with Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (TG-FTIR). Gas and tar evolution rates as well as yields and pyrolysis kinetics are obtained and compared with the data available in the literature for wood pellets and Miscanthus Giganteus under the same testing conditions. Further, these results are used as reference data for modeling pyrolysis at high heating rates as l,000and 10,000°C/s. The modeling aims at predicting yields and evolution rates of the pyrolysis products.
