The Experts below are selected from a list of 324 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
Rens Van Beek - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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the influence of Cellulose Content on tensile strength in tree roots
Plant and Soil, 2005Co-Authors: Marie Genet, Alexia Stokes, Franck Salin, Slobodan B Mickovski, Thierry Fourcaud, Jeanfrancois Dumail, Rens Van BeekAbstract:Root tensile strength is an important factor to consider when choosing suitable species for reinforcing soil on unstable slopes. Tensile strength has been found to increase with decreasing root diameter, however, it is not known how this phenomenon occurs. We carried out tensile tests on roots 0.2–12.0 mm in diameter of three conifer and two broadleaf species, in order to determine the relationship between tensile strength and diameter. Two species, Pinus pinaster Ait. and Castanea sativa Mill., were then chosen for a quantitative analysis of root Cellulose Content. Cellulose is responsible for tensile strength in wood due to its microfibrillar structure. Results showed that in all species, a significant power relationship existed between tensile strength and root diameter, with a sharp increase of tensile strength in roots with a diameter 1.0 mm, Fagus sylvatica L. was the most resistant to failure, followed by Picea abies L. and C. sativa., P. pinaster and Pinus nigra Arnold roots were the least resistant in tension for the same diameter class. Extremely high values of strength (132–201 MPa) were found in P. abies, C. sativa and P. pinaster, for the smallest roots (0.4 mm in diameter). The power relationship between tensile strength and root diameter cannot only be explained by a scaling effect typical of that found in fracture mechanics. Therefore, this relationship could be due to changes in Cellulose Content as the percentage of Cellulose was also observed to increase with decreasing root diameter and increasing tensile strength in both P. pinaster and C. sativa.
Yong Jiang - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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latitudinal pattern of soil lignin Cellulose Content and the activity of their degrading enzymes across a temperate forest ecosystem
Ecological Indicators, 2019Co-Authors: Shan Yang, Fei Yao, Shuai Fang, Zhirui Wang, Ruzhen Wang, Qinglong Zhang, Xugao Wang, Yong JiangAbstract:Abstract Temperate mixed forests, along with other high latitudinal ecosystems, are more vulnerable to global warming in comparison with warm sites, because of the slower carbon (C) turnover and higher soil organic carbon (SOC) accumulation. Lignin and Cellulose are two major components of plant litter, and usually make contributions to the recalcitrant and labile SOC pool, respectively. Because the chemical composition of SOC plays key role in regulating the bioavailability of soil C pool, understanding the relationship between soil lignin or Cellulose Content and temperature are of great significance in evaluating the feedbacks between SOC pool and the future scenarios of global warming. The biological degradation of soil lignin or Cellulose is mainly dependent on soil enzymatic activities, and thus, the response of ligninolytic and cellulolytic enzymes to increased temperature would determine C release under future warming scenarios. However, the responses of the soil lignin/Cellulose Content and the activity of cellulolytic and ligninolytic enzymes to increased mean annual temperature (MAT) have rarely been studied, and the factors driving these changes are not fully understood. Latitudinal gradients are often used for monitoring global-warming-related problems, because of its natural gradients of temperature. In this study, we demonstrate the latitudinal pattern of lignin/Cellulose Content and the activities of Cellulose- and lignin- degrading enzymes in a temperate Broad-leaved Korean pine mixed forests distributed along a latitudinal gradient (with MAT ranging from −1.9 to 5.1 °C) in northeastern China. The linear mixed model revealed that soil lignin Content was negatively correlated with MAT (Slope = −7.604, t = −2.608, P = 0.011), whereas soil Cellulose Content showed no response to increased MAT. The activity of soil polyphenol oxidase (PPO), one of the enzymes catalyze lignin decomposition, was higher in high-latitude sites, in contrast, the activity of the cellulase (CEL) complex was higher in low-latitude plots. Structural equation model (SEM) analysis indicates that MAT can directly influence soil lignin or Cellulose Content, and indirectly through changing NRCB, plant litter C/N, microbial biomass, and degrading enzymatic activities. The value of soil lignin/(lignin + Cellulose) ratio and soil lignoCellulose index (LCI, lignin/(lignin + holoCellulose) ratio), varied between 0.8–0.9, and 0.6–0.8, respectively, indicating that the SOC pool in this temperate ecosystem is dominated by recalcitrant components. The negative correlations between MAT and LCI, soil lignin/(lignin + Cellulose), and log (PPO + PER)/log(CEL) (Slope = −0.008, t = −2.363, P = 0.021; Slope = −0.004, t = −3.134, P = 0.003, and Slope = −0.057, t = −4.477, P
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Latitudinal pattern of soil lignin/Cellulose Content and the activity of their degrading enzymes across a temperate forest ecosystem
Ecological Indicators, 2019Co-Authors: Shan Yang, Fei Yao, Shuai Fang, Zhirui Wang, Ruzhen Wang, Qinglong Zhang, Xugao Wang, Yong JiangAbstract:Abstract Temperate mixed forests, along with other high latitudinal ecosystems, are more vulnerable to global warming in comparison with warm sites, because of the slower carbon (C) turnover and higher soil organic carbon (SOC) accumulation. Lignin and Cellulose are two major components of plant litter, and usually make contributions to the recalcitrant and labile SOC pool, respectively. Because the chemical composition of SOC plays key role in regulating the bioavailability of soil C pool, understanding the relationship between soil lignin or Cellulose Content and temperature are of great significance in evaluating the feedbacks between SOC pool and the future scenarios of global warming. The biological degradation of soil lignin or Cellulose is mainly dependent on soil enzymatic activities, and thus, the response of ligninolytic and cellulolytic enzymes to increased temperature would determine C release under future warming scenarios. However, the responses of the soil lignin/Cellulose Content and the activity of cellulolytic and ligninolytic enzymes to increased mean annual temperature (MAT) have rarely been studied, and the factors driving these changes are not fully understood. Latitudinal gradients are often used for monitoring global-warming-related problems, because of its natural gradients of temperature. In this study, we demonstrate the latitudinal pattern of lignin/Cellulose Content and the activities of Cellulose- and lignin- degrading enzymes in a temperate Broad-leaved Korean pine mixed forests distributed along a latitudinal gradient (with MAT ranging from −1.9 to 5.1 °C) in northeastern China. The linear mixed model revealed that soil lignin Content was negatively correlated with MAT (Slope = −7.604, t = −2.608, P = 0.011), whereas soil Cellulose Content showed no response to increased MAT. The activity of soil polyphenol oxidase (PPO), one of the enzymes catalyze lignin decomposition, was higher in high-latitude sites, in contrast, the activity of the cellulase (CEL) complex was higher in low-latitude plots. Structural equation model (SEM) analysis indicates that MAT can directly influence soil lignin or Cellulose Content, and indirectly through changing NRCB, plant litter C/N, microbial biomass, and degrading enzymatic activities. The value of soil lignin/(lignin + Cellulose) ratio and soil lignoCellulose index (LCI, lignin/(lignin + holoCellulose) ratio), varied between 0.8–0.9, and 0.6–0.8, respectively, indicating that the SOC pool in this temperate ecosystem is dominated by recalcitrant components. The negative correlations between MAT and LCI, soil lignin/(lignin + Cellulose), and log (PPO + PER)/log(CEL) (Slope = −0.008, t = −2.363, P = 0.021; Slope = −0.004, t = −3.134, P = 0.003, and Slope = −0.057, t = −4.477, P
Shan Yang - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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latitudinal pattern of soil lignin Cellulose Content and the activity of their degrading enzymes across a temperate forest ecosystem
Ecological Indicators, 2019Co-Authors: Shan Yang, Fei Yao, Shuai Fang, Zhirui Wang, Ruzhen Wang, Qinglong Zhang, Xugao Wang, Yong JiangAbstract:Abstract Temperate mixed forests, along with other high latitudinal ecosystems, are more vulnerable to global warming in comparison with warm sites, because of the slower carbon (C) turnover and higher soil organic carbon (SOC) accumulation. Lignin and Cellulose are two major components of plant litter, and usually make contributions to the recalcitrant and labile SOC pool, respectively. Because the chemical composition of SOC plays key role in regulating the bioavailability of soil C pool, understanding the relationship between soil lignin or Cellulose Content and temperature are of great significance in evaluating the feedbacks between SOC pool and the future scenarios of global warming. The biological degradation of soil lignin or Cellulose is mainly dependent on soil enzymatic activities, and thus, the response of ligninolytic and cellulolytic enzymes to increased temperature would determine C release under future warming scenarios. However, the responses of the soil lignin/Cellulose Content and the activity of cellulolytic and ligninolytic enzymes to increased mean annual temperature (MAT) have rarely been studied, and the factors driving these changes are not fully understood. Latitudinal gradients are often used for monitoring global-warming-related problems, because of its natural gradients of temperature. In this study, we demonstrate the latitudinal pattern of lignin/Cellulose Content and the activities of Cellulose- and lignin- degrading enzymes in a temperate Broad-leaved Korean pine mixed forests distributed along a latitudinal gradient (with MAT ranging from −1.9 to 5.1 °C) in northeastern China. The linear mixed model revealed that soil lignin Content was negatively correlated with MAT (Slope = −7.604, t = −2.608, P = 0.011), whereas soil Cellulose Content showed no response to increased MAT. The activity of soil polyphenol oxidase (PPO), one of the enzymes catalyze lignin decomposition, was higher in high-latitude sites, in contrast, the activity of the cellulase (CEL) complex was higher in low-latitude plots. Structural equation model (SEM) analysis indicates that MAT can directly influence soil lignin or Cellulose Content, and indirectly through changing NRCB, plant litter C/N, microbial biomass, and degrading enzymatic activities. The value of soil lignin/(lignin + Cellulose) ratio and soil lignoCellulose index (LCI, lignin/(lignin + holoCellulose) ratio), varied between 0.8–0.9, and 0.6–0.8, respectively, indicating that the SOC pool in this temperate ecosystem is dominated by recalcitrant components. The negative correlations between MAT and LCI, soil lignin/(lignin + Cellulose), and log (PPO + PER)/log(CEL) (Slope = −0.008, t = −2.363, P = 0.021; Slope = −0.004, t = −3.134, P = 0.003, and Slope = −0.057, t = −4.477, P
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Latitudinal pattern of soil lignin/Cellulose Content and the activity of their degrading enzymes across a temperate forest ecosystem
Ecological Indicators, 2019Co-Authors: Shan Yang, Fei Yao, Shuai Fang, Zhirui Wang, Ruzhen Wang, Qinglong Zhang, Xugao Wang, Yong JiangAbstract:Abstract Temperate mixed forests, along with other high latitudinal ecosystems, are more vulnerable to global warming in comparison with warm sites, because of the slower carbon (C) turnover and higher soil organic carbon (SOC) accumulation. Lignin and Cellulose are two major components of plant litter, and usually make contributions to the recalcitrant and labile SOC pool, respectively. Because the chemical composition of SOC plays key role in regulating the bioavailability of soil C pool, understanding the relationship between soil lignin or Cellulose Content and temperature are of great significance in evaluating the feedbacks between SOC pool and the future scenarios of global warming. The biological degradation of soil lignin or Cellulose is mainly dependent on soil enzymatic activities, and thus, the response of ligninolytic and cellulolytic enzymes to increased temperature would determine C release under future warming scenarios. However, the responses of the soil lignin/Cellulose Content and the activity of cellulolytic and ligninolytic enzymes to increased mean annual temperature (MAT) have rarely been studied, and the factors driving these changes are not fully understood. Latitudinal gradients are often used for monitoring global-warming-related problems, because of its natural gradients of temperature. In this study, we demonstrate the latitudinal pattern of lignin/Cellulose Content and the activities of Cellulose- and lignin- degrading enzymes in a temperate Broad-leaved Korean pine mixed forests distributed along a latitudinal gradient (with MAT ranging from −1.9 to 5.1 °C) in northeastern China. The linear mixed model revealed that soil lignin Content was negatively correlated with MAT (Slope = −7.604, t = −2.608, P = 0.011), whereas soil Cellulose Content showed no response to increased MAT. The activity of soil polyphenol oxidase (PPO), one of the enzymes catalyze lignin decomposition, was higher in high-latitude sites, in contrast, the activity of the cellulase (CEL) complex was higher in low-latitude plots. Structural equation model (SEM) analysis indicates that MAT can directly influence soil lignin or Cellulose Content, and indirectly through changing NRCB, plant litter C/N, microbial biomass, and degrading enzymatic activities. The value of soil lignin/(lignin + Cellulose) ratio and soil lignoCellulose index (LCI, lignin/(lignin + holoCellulose) ratio), varied between 0.8–0.9, and 0.6–0.8, respectively, indicating that the SOC pool in this temperate ecosystem is dominated by recalcitrant components. The negative correlations between MAT and LCI, soil lignin/(lignin + Cellulose), and log (PPO + PER)/log(CEL) (Slope = −0.008, t = −2.363, P = 0.021; Slope = −0.004, t = −3.134, P = 0.003, and Slope = −0.057, t = −4.477, P
Markus Leuenberger - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Preliminary evaluation of the potential of tree-ring Cellulose Content as a novel supplementary proxy in dendroclimatology
Biogeosciences, 2018Co-Authors: Malin Michelle Ziehmer, Kurt Nicolussi, Christian Schlüchter, Markus LeuenbergerAbstract:Abstract. Cellulose Content (CC (%)) in tree rings is usually utilised as a tool to control the quality of the α -Cellulose extraction from tree rings in the preparation of stable-isotope analysis in wooden tissues. Reported amounts of CC (%) are often limited to mean values per tree. For the first time, CC (%) series from two high-Alpine species, Larix decidua Mill. (European Larch, LADE) and Pinus cembra L. (Swiss stone pine, PICE) are investigated in modern wood samples and Holocene wood remains from the Early and mid-Holocene. Modern CC (%) series reveal a species-specific low-frequency trend independent of their sampling site over the past 150 years. Climate–Cellulose relationships illustrate the ability of CC (%) to record temperature in both species but for slightly different periods within the growing season. The Holocene CC (%) series illustrate diverging low-frequency trends in both species, independent of sampling site characteristics (latitude, longitude and elevation). Moreover, potential age trends are not apparent in the two coniferous species. The arithmetic mean of CC (%) series in the Early and mid-Holocene indicate low CC (%) succeeding cold events. In conclusion, CC (%) in tree rings show high potential to be established as novel supplementary proxy in dendroclimatology.
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The potential of tree-ring Cellulose Content as a novel supplementary proxy in dendroclimatology
2017Co-Authors: Malin Michelle Ziehmer, Kurt Nicolussi, Christian Schlüchter, Markus LeuenbergerAbstract:Cellulose Content (CC [%]) in tree rings is usually utilized as a tool to control the quality of the α-Cellulose extraction from tree-rings in the preparation of stable isotope analysis in wooden tissues. Reported amounts of CC [%] are often limited to mean values per tree. For the first time, CC [%] series from two high Alpine species, Larix decidua Mill. (European Larch, LADE) and Pinus cembra L. (Swiss stone pine, PICE) are investigated in modern wood samples and Holocene wood remains from the Early and Mid-Holocene. Modern CC [%] series reveal a species-specific low-frequency trend independent from their sampling site over the past 150 years. Climate-Cellulose relationships illustrate the ability of CC [%] to record temperature in both species, but for slightly different periods within the growing season. The Holocene CC [%] series illustrate diverging low-frequency trends in both species, independent of sampling site characteristics (latitude, longitude and elevation). Moreover, potential age trends are not apparent in the two coniferous species. The arithmetic mean of CC [%] series in the Early and Mid-Holocene indicate low CC [%] succeeding cold events. In conclusion, CC [%] in tree rings show high potential to be established as novel supplementary proxy in dendroclimatology.
Kanwarpal S. Dhugga - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Genome-Wide Association Study Reveals Novel Genes Associated with Culm Cellulose Content in Bread Wheat (Triticum aestivum, L.).
Frontiers in plant science, 2017Co-Authors: Simerjeet Kaur, Xu Zhang, Amita Mohan, Haixiao Dong, Prashant Vikram, Sukhwinder Singh, Zhiwu Zhang, Kulvinder S. Gill, Kanwarpal S. Dhugga, Jaswinder SinghAbstract:Plant cell wall formation is a complex, coordinated and developmentally regulated process. Cellulose is the most dominant constituent of plant cell walls. Because of its paracrystalline structure, Cellulose is the main determinant of mechanical strength of plant tissues. As the most abundant polysaccharide on earth, it is also the focus of cellulosic biofuel industry. To reduce culm lodging in wheat and for improved ethanol production, delineation of the variation for stem Cellulose Content could prove useful. We present results on the analysis of the stem Cellulose Content of 288 diverse wheat accessions and its genome-wide association study (GWAS). Cellulose concentration ranged from 35 to 52% (w/w). Cellulose Content was normally distributed in the accessions around a mean and median of 45% (w/w). Genome-wide marker-trait association study using 21,073 SNPs helped identify nine SNPs that were associated (p < 1E-05) with Cellulose Content. Four strongly associated (p < 8.17E-05) SNP markers were linked to wheat unigenes, which included β-tubulin, Auxin-induced protein 5NG4, and a putative transmembrane protein of unknown function. These genes may be directly or indirectly involved in the formation of Cellulose in wheat culms. GWAS results from this study have the potential for genetic manipulation of Cellulose Content in bread wheat and other small grain cereals to enhance culm strength and improve biofuel production.
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A genome-wide association study for culm Cellulose Content in barley reveals candidate genes co-expressed with members of the Cellulose synthase a gene family
PloS one, 2015Co-Authors: Kelly Houston, Kanwarpal S. Dhugga, Rachel A. Burton, Beata Sznajder, Antoni Rafalski, Diane E. Mather, Jillian Taylor, Brian J. Steffenson, Robbie Waugh, Geoffrey B. FincherAbstract:Cellulose is a fundamentally important component of cell walls of higher plants. It provides a scaffold that allows the development and growth of the plant to occur in an ordered fashion. Cellulose also provides mechanical strength, which is crucial for both normal development and to enable the plant to withstand both abiotic and biotic stresses. We quantified the Cellulose concentration in the culm of 288 two – rowed and 288 six – rowed spring type barley accessions that were part of the USDA funded barley Coordinated Agricultural Project (CAP) program in the USA. When the population structure of these accessions was analysed we identified six distinct populations, four of which we considered to be comprised of a sufficient number of accessions to be suitable for genome-wide association studies (GWAS). These lines had been genotyped with 3072 SNPs so we combined the trait and genetic data to carry out GWAS. The analysis allowed us to identify regions of the genome containing significant associations between molecular markers and Cellulose concentration data, including one region cross-validated in multiple populations. To identify candidate genes we assembled the gene Content of these regions and used these to query a comprehensive RNA-seq based gene expression atlas. This provided us with gene annotations and associated expression data across multiple tissues, which allowed us to formulate a supported list of candidate genes that regulate Cellulose biosynthesis. Several regions identified by our analysis contain genes that are co-expressed with Cellulose SYNTHASE A (HvCesA) across a range of tissues and developmental stages. These genes are involved in both primary and secondary cell wall development. In addition, genes that have been previously linked with Cellulose synthesis by biochemical methods, such as HvCOBRA, a gene of unknown function, were also associated with Cellulose levels in the association panel. Our analyses provide new insights into the genes that contribute to Cellulose Content in cereal culms and to a greater understanding of the interactions between them.
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Powerful regulatory systems and post-transcriptional gene silencing resist increases in Cellulose Content in cell walls of barley
BMC plant biology, 2015Co-Authors: Hwei-ting Tan, Kanwarpal S. Dhugga, Neil J. Shirley, Rohan Singh, Marilyn Henderson, Gwenda M. Mayo, Geoffrey B. Fincher, Rachel A. BurtonAbstract:The ability to increase Cellulose Content and improve the stem strength of cereals could have beneficial applications in stem lodging and producing crops with higher Cellulose Content for biofuel feedstocks. Here, such potential is explored in the commercially important crop barley through the manipulation of Cellulose synthase genes (CesA). Barley plants transformed with primary cell wall (PCW) and secondary cell wall (SCW) barley Cellulose synthase (HvCesA) cDNAs driven by the CaMV 35S promoter, were analysed for growth and morphology, transcript levels, Cellulose Content, stem strength, tissue morphology and crystalline Cellulose distribution. Transcript levels of the PCW HvCesA transgenes were much lower than expected and silencing of both the endogenous CesA genes and introduced transgenes was often observed. These plants showed no aberrant phenotypes. Although attempts to over-express the SCW HvCesA genes also resulted in silencing of the transgenes and endogenous SCW HvCesA genes, aberrant phenotypes were sometimes observed. These included brittle nodes and, with the 35S:HvCesA4 construct, a more severe dwarfing phenotype, where xylem cells were irregular in shape and partially collapsed. Reductions in Cellulose Content were also observed in the dwarf plants and transmission electron microscopy showed a significant decrease in cell wall thickness. However, there were no increases in overall crystalline Cellulose Content or stem strength in the CesA over-expression transgenic plants, despite the use of a powerful constitutive promoter. The results indicate that the Cellulose biosynthetic pathway is tightly regulated, that individual CesA proteins may play different roles in the synthase complex, and that the sensitivity to CesA gene manipulation observed here suggests that in planta engineering of Cellulose levels is likely to require more sophisticated strategies.