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Philippe Bourgois - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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structural vulnerability to narcotics driven firearm violence an ethnographic and epidemiological study of philadelphia s puerto rican inner city
PLOS ONE, 2019Co-Authors: Joseph Friedman, George Karandinos, Laurie Kain Hart, Fernando Montero Castrillo, Nicholas Graetz, Philippe BourgoisAbstract:Author(s): Friedman, Joseph; Karandinos, George; Hart, Laurie Kain; Castrillo, Fernando Montero; Graetz, Nicholas; Bourgois, Philippe | Abstract: BackgroundThe United States is experiencing a continuing crisis of gun violence, and economically marginalized and racially segregated inner-city areas are among the most affected. To decrease this violence, public health interventions must engage with the complex social factors and structural drivers-especially with regard to the clandestine sale of narcotics-that have turned the neighborhood streets of specific vulnerable subgroups into concrete killing fields. Here we present a mixed-methods ethnographic and epidemiological assessment of narcotics-driven firearm violence in Philadelphia's impoverished, majority Puerto Rican neighborhoods.MethodsUsing an exploratory sequential study design, we formulated hypotheses about ethnic/racial vulnerability to violence, based on half a dozen years of intensive participant-observation ethnographic fieldwork. We subsequently tested them statistically, by combining geo-referenced incidents of narcotics- and firearm-related crime from the Philadelphia police department with Census Information representing race and poverty levels. We explored the racialized relationships between poverty, narcotics, and violence, melding ethnography, graphing, and Poisson regression.FindingsEven controlling for poverty levels, impoverished majority-Puerto Rican areas in Philadelphia are exposed to significantly higher levels of gun violence than majority-white or black neighborhoods. Our mixed methods data suggest that this reflects the unique social position of these neighborhoods as a racial meeting ground in deeply segregated Philadelphia, which has converted them into a retail endpoint for the sale of astronomical levels of narcotics.ImplicationsWe document racial/ethnic and economic disparities in exposure to firearm violence and contextualize them ethnographically in the lived experience of community members. The exceptionally concentrated and high-volume retail narcotics trade, and the violence it generates in Philadelphia's poor Puerto Rican neighborhoods, reflect unique structural vulnerability and cultural factors. For most young people in these areas, the narcotics economy is the most readily accessible form of employment and social mobility. The performance of violence is an implicit part of survival in these lucrative, illegal narcotics markets, as well as in the overcrowded jails and prisons through which entry-level sellers cycle chronically. To address the structural drivers of violence, an inner-city Marshall Plan is needed that should include well-funded formal employment programs, gun control, re-training police officers to curb the routinization of brutality, reform of criminal justice to prioritize rehabilitation over punishment, and decriminalization of narcotics possession and low-level sales.
Bailliet Graciela - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Variability of paternal lineages in two populations from the Argentinian Northwest: Santiago del Estero and Tucumán
2020Co-Authors: Schwab, Marisol Elisabet, Jurado Medina, Laura Smeldy, Beltramo Julieta, Sala Camila, Sepúlveda, Paula Paz, Alfaro Gómez, Emma Laura, Dipierri, José Edgardo, Bravi, Claudio Marcelo, Bailliet GracielaAbstract:Se analiza el origen continental de los haplogrupos del cromosoma Y en poblaciones de Santiago del Estero y San Miguel de Tucumán con el fin de ampliar el mapa filogeográfico de los linajes paternos argentinos. Se recolectaron 283 muestras de sangre con encuestas genealógicas a donantes voluntarios de sexo masculino en centros de salud públicos y privados de ambas localidades. Mediante PCR alelo-específica se tipificaron 18 marcadores bialélicos de la región no recombinante del cromosoma Y de presencia ampliamente confirmada en Argentina. El 89% de los linajes fueron de origen euroasiático, el 7% americano y el 4% fueron identificados como de posible ascendencia africana y/o del sudoeste asiático, debido a su asignación al linaje E1b1a. Las frecuencias de haplogrupos de las poblaciones muestreadas fueron semejantes a las de poblaciones de las regiones Pampeana, Cuyo y Noreste. La muestra procedente del centro privado de Tucumán presentó en sus haplogrupos alóctonos frecuencias similares a las reportadas para Europa y Medio Oriente, corroborando que los tres contingentes migratorios que han aportado mayor número de inmigrantes en San Miguel de Tucumán: españoles, italianos y árabes, han dejado su huella en el acervo genético de sus poblaciones actuales. El patrón de distribución de los haplogrupos nativo americanos del cromosoma Y no difiere sustancialmente del detectado en el noroeste y en otras poblaciones argentinas y el mismo es congruente con la información arqueológica, etnohistórica y censal de Santiago del Estero y San Miguel de Tucumán.Continental origin as inferred from Y chromosome haplogroups is analyzed in populations from Santiago del Estero and San Miguel de Tucumán with the purpose of expanding the phylogeographic map of Argentinian paternal lineages. Two hundred and eighty-three blood samples were collected with familial Information from male volunteer donors at public and private health centers. By means of allele-specific PCR, 18 biallelic markers commonly found in contemporary Argentina were typed from the non-recombinant region of the Y chromosome. Eightynine percent of the lineages were from Eurasian origin, 7% American and 4% were identified as African and/or Southwest Asian descent, owing to their assignment to the E1b1a1 lineage. Haplogroup frequencies of current populations were similar to the populations from Pampa, Cuyo and Northwest regions. Samples from the private health center of Tucumán demonstrated allochthonous haplogroup in similar frequencies to those reported in Europe and the Middle East, confirming that the migratory contingents with the greatest number of immigrants —Spaniards, Italians and Arabs— have left their mark on the gene pool of current populations. The pattern of distribution of continental Y-chromosomal haplogroups is indistinguishable from that found among Argentine populations in the northwest or in other regions, and it is consistent with archaeological, ethnohistorical and Census Information from Santiago del Estero and San Miguel de Tucumán.Asociación de Antropología Biológica de la República Argentin
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Variabilidad de linajes paternos en dos poblaciones del Noroeste argentino: Santiago del Estero y Tucumán
Asociación de Antropología Biológica Argentina, 2019Co-Authors: Schwab, Marisol Elisabet, Jurado Medina, Laura Smeldy, Beltramo Julieta, Sala Camila, Sepúlveda, Paula Paz, Alfaro Gómez, Emma Laura, Dipierri, José Edgardo, Bravi, Claudio Marcelo, Bailliet GracielaAbstract:Continental origin as inferred from Y chromosome haplogroups is analyzed in populations from Santiago del Estero and San Miguel de Tucumán with the purpose of expanding the phylogeographic map of Argentinian paternal lineages. Two hundred and eighty-three blood samples were collected with familial Information from male volunteer donors at public and private health centers. By means of allele-specific PCR, 18 biallelic markers commonly found in contemporary Argentina were typed from the non-recombinant region of the Y chromosome. Eighty-nine percent of the lineages were from Eurasian origin, 7% American and 4% were identified as African and/or Southwest Asian descent, owing to their assignment to the E1b1a1 lineage. Haplogroup frequencies of current populations were similar to the populations from Pampa, Cuyo and Northwest regions. Samples from the private health center of Tucumán demonstrated allochthonous haplogroup in similar frequencies to those reported in Europe and the Middle East, confirming that the migratory contingents with the greatest number of immigrants —Spaniards, Italians and Arabs— have left their mark on the gene pool of current populations. The pattern of distribution of continental Y-chromosomal haplogroups is indistinguishable from that found among Argentine populations in the northwest or in other regions, and it is consistent with archaeological, ethnohistorical and Census Information from Santiago del Estero and San Miguel de Tucumán.Se analiza el origen continental de los haplogrupos del cromosoma Y en poblaciones de Santiago del Estero y San Miguel de Tucumán con el fin de ampliar el mapa filogeográfico de los linajes paternos argentinos. Se recolectaron 283 muestras de sangre con encuestas genealógicas a donantes voluntarios de sexo masculino en centros de salud públicos y privados de ambas localidades. Mediante PCR alelo-específica se tipificaron 18 marcadores bialélicos de la región no recombinante del cromosoma Y de presencia ampliamente confirmada en Argentina. El 89% de los linajes fueron de origen euroasiático, el 7% americano y el 4% fueron identificados como de posible ascendencia africana y/o del sudoeste asiático, debido a su asignación al linaje E1b1a1. Las frecuencias de haplogrupos de las poblaciones muestreadas fueron semejantes a las de poblaciones de las regiones Pampeana, Cuyo y Noreste. La muestra procedente del centro privado de Tucumán presentó en sus haplogrupos alóctonos frecuencias similares a las reportadas para Europa y Medio Oriente, corroborando que los tres contingentes migratorios que han aportado mayor número de inmigrantes en San Miguel de Tucumán: españoles, italianos y árabes, han dejado su huella en el acervo genético de sus poblaciones actuales. El patrón de distribución de los haplogrupos nativo americanos del cromosoma Y no difiere sustancialmente del detectado en el noroeste y en otras poblaciones argentinas y el mismo es congruente con la información arqueológica, etnohistórica y censal de Santiago del Estero y San Miguel de Tucumán
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Variability of paternal lineages in two populations from the Argentinian Northwest: Santiago del Estero and Tucumán
'Universidad Nacional de La Plata', 2019Co-Authors: Schwab, Marisol Elisabet, Jurado Medina, Laura Smeldy, Beltramo Julieta, Sala Camila, Alfaro Gómez, Emma Laura, Dipierri, José Edgardo, Bravi, Claudio Marcelo, Paz Sepúlveda, Paula Beatriz, Bailliet GracielaAbstract:Se analiza el origen continental de los haplogrupos del cromosoma Y en poblaciones de Santiago del Estero y San Miguel de Tucumán con el fin de ampliar el mapa filogeográfico de los linajes paternos argentinos. Se recolectaron 283 muestras de sangre con encuestas genealógicas a donantes voluntarios de sexo masculino en centros de salud públicos y privados de ambas localidades. Mediante PCR alelo-específica se tipificaron 18 marcadores bialélicos de la región no recombinante del cromosoma Y de presencia ampliamente confirmada en Argentina. El 89% de los linajes fueron de origen euroasiático, el 7% americano y el 4% fueron dentificados como de posible ascendencia africana y/o del sudoeste asiático, debido a su asignación al linaje E1b1a1. Las frecuencias de haplogrupos de las poblaciones muestreadas fueron semejantes a las de poblaciones de las regiones Pampeana, Cuyo y Noreste. La muestra procedente del centro privado de Tucumán presentó en sus haplogrupos alóctonos frecuencias similares a las reportadas para Europa y Medio Oriente, corroborando que los tres contingentes migratorios que han aportado mayor número de inmigrantes en San Miguel de Tucumán: españoles, italianos y árabes, han dejado su huella en el acervo genético de sus poblaciones actuales. El patrón de distribución de los haplogrupos nativo americanos del cromosoma Y no difiere sustancialmente del detectado en el noroeste y en otras poblaciones argentinas y el mismo es congruente con la información arqueológica, etnohistórica y censal de Santiago del Estero y San Miguel de TucumánContinental origin as inferred from Y chromosome haplogroups is analyzed in populations from Santiago del Estero and San Miguel de Tucumán with the purpose of expanding the phylogeographic map of Argentinian paternal lineages. Two hundred and eighty-three blood samples were collected with familial Information from male volunteer donors at public and private health centers. By means of allele-specific PCR, 18 biallelic markers commonly found in contemporary Argentina were typed from the non-recombinant region of the Y chromosome. Eightynine percent of the lineages were from Eurasian origin, 7% American and 4% were identified as African and/or Southwest Asian descent, owing to their assignment to the E1b1a1 lineage. Haplogroup frequencies of current populations were similar to the populations from Pampa, Cuyo and Northwest regions. Samples from the private health center of Tucumán demonstrated allochthonous haplogroup in similar frequencies to those reported in Europe and the Middle East, confirming that the migratory contingents with the greatest number of immigrants —Spaniards, Italians and Arabs— have left their mark on the gene pool of current populations. The pattern of distribution of continental Y-chromosomal haplogroups is indistinguishable from that found among Argentine populations in the northwest or in other regions, and it is consistent with archaeological, ethnohistorical and Census Information from Santiago del Estero and San Miguel de TucumánFil: Schwab, Marisol Elisabet. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Celular. Provincia de Buenos Aires. Gobernación. Comisión de Investigaciones Científicas. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Celular. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Celular; ArgentinaFil: Jurado Medina, Laura Smeldy. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Celular. Provincia de Buenos Aires. Gobernación. Comisión de Investigaciones Científicas. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Celular. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Celular; ArgentinaFil: Beltramo, Julieta. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Celular. Provincia de Buenos Aires. Gobernación. Comisión de Investigaciones Científicas. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Celular. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Celular; ArgentinaFil: Sala, Camila. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Celular. Provincia de Buenos Aires. Gobernación. Comisión de Investigaciones Científicas. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Celular. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Celular; ArgentinaFil: Paz Sepúlveda, Paula Beatriz. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Celular. Provincia de Buenos Aires. Gobernación. Comisión de Investigaciones Científicas. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Celular. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Celular; ArgentinaFil: Alfaro Gómez, Emma Laura. Universidad Nacional de Jujuy. Instituto de Ecorregiones Andinas. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Salta. Instituto de Ecorregiones Andinas; ArgentinaFil: Dipierri, Jose Edgardo. Universidad Nacional de Jujuy. Instituto de Ecorregiones Andinas. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Salta. Instituto de Ecorregiones Andinas; ArgentinaFil: Bravi, Claudio Marcelo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Celular. Provincia de Buenos Aires. Gobernación. Comisión de Investigaciones Científicas. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Celular. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Celular; ArgentinaFil: Bailliet, Graciela. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Celular. Provincia de Buenos Aires. Gobernación. Comisión de Investigaciones Científicas. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Celular. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Celular; Argentin
Joseph Friedman - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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structural vulnerability to narcotics driven firearm violence an ethnographic and epidemiological study of philadelphia s puerto rican inner city
PLOS ONE, 2019Co-Authors: Joseph Friedman, George Karandinos, Laurie Kain Hart, Fernando Montero Castrillo, Nicholas Graetz, Philippe BourgoisAbstract:Author(s): Friedman, Joseph; Karandinos, George; Hart, Laurie Kain; Castrillo, Fernando Montero; Graetz, Nicholas; Bourgois, Philippe | Abstract: BackgroundThe United States is experiencing a continuing crisis of gun violence, and economically marginalized and racially segregated inner-city areas are among the most affected. To decrease this violence, public health interventions must engage with the complex social factors and structural drivers-especially with regard to the clandestine sale of narcotics-that have turned the neighborhood streets of specific vulnerable subgroups into concrete killing fields. Here we present a mixed-methods ethnographic and epidemiological assessment of narcotics-driven firearm violence in Philadelphia's impoverished, majority Puerto Rican neighborhoods.MethodsUsing an exploratory sequential study design, we formulated hypotheses about ethnic/racial vulnerability to violence, based on half a dozen years of intensive participant-observation ethnographic fieldwork. We subsequently tested them statistically, by combining geo-referenced incidents of narcotics- and firearm-related crime from the Philadelphia police department with Census Information representing race and poverty levels. We explored the racialized relationships between poverty, narcotics, and violence, melding ethnography, graphing, and Poisson regression.FindingsEven controlling for poverty levels, impoverished majority-Puerto Rican areas in Philadelphia are exposed to significantly higher levels of gun violence than majority-white or black neighborhoods. Our mixed methods data suggest that this reflects the unique social position of these neighborhoods as a racial meeting ground in deeply segregated Philadelphia, which has converted them into a retail endpoint for the sale of astronomical levels of narcotics.ImplicationsWe document racial/ethnic and economic disparities in exposure to firearm violence and contextualize them ethnographically in the lived experience of community members. The exceptionally concentrated and high-volume retail narcotics trade, and the violence it generates in Philadelphia's poor Puerto Rican neighborhoods, reflect unique structural vulnerability and cultural factors. For most young people in these areas, the narcotics economy is the most readily accessible form of employment and social mobility. The performance of violence is an implicit part of survival in these lucrative, illegal narcotics markets, as well as in the overcrowded jails and prisons through which entry-level sellers cycle chronically. To address the structural drivers of violence, an inner-city Marshall Plan is needed that should include well-funded formal employment programs, gun control, re-training police officers to curb the routinization of brutality, reform of criminal justice to prioritize rehabilitation over punishment, and decriminalization of narcotics possession and low-level sales.
Laurie Kain Hart - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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structural vulnerability to narcotics driven firearm violence an ethnographic and epidemiological study of philadelphia s puerto rican inner city
PLOS ONE, 2019Co-Authors: Joseph Friedman, George Karandinos, Laurie Kain Hart, Fernando Montero Castrillo, Nicholas Graetz, Philippe BourgoisAbstract:Author(s): Friedman, Joseph; Karandinos, George; Hart, Laurie Kain; Castrillo, Fernando Montero; Graetz, Nicholas; Bourgois, Philippe | Abstract: BackgroundThe United States is experiencing a continuing crisis of gun violence, and economically marginalized and racially segregated inner-city areas are among the most affected. To decrease this violence, public health interventions must engage with the complex social factors and structural drivers-especially with regard to the clandestine sale of narcotics-that have turned the neighborhood streets of specific vulnerable subgroups into concrete killing fields. Here we present a mixed-methods ethnographic and epidemiological assessment of narcotics-driven firearm violence in Philadelphia's impoverished, majority Puerto Rican neighborhoods.MethodsUsing an exploratory sequential study design, we formulated hypotheses about ethnic/racial vulnerability to violence, based on half a dozen years of intensive participant-observation ethnographic fieldwork. We subsequently tested them statistically, by combining geo-referenced incidents of narcotics- and firearm-related crime from the Philadelphia police department with Census Information representing race and poverty levels. We explored the racialized relationships between poverty, narcotics, and violence, melding ethnography, graphing, and Poisson regression.FindingsEven controlling for poverty levels, impoverished majority-Puerto Rican areas in Philadelphia are exposed to significantly higher levels of gun violence than majority-white or black neighborhoods. Our mixed methods data suggest that this reflects the unique social position of these neighborhoods as a racial meeting ground in deeply segregated Philadelphia, which has converted them into a retail endpoint for the sale of astronomical levels of narcotics.ImplicationsWe document racial/ethnic and economic disparities in exposure to firearm violence and contextualize them ethnographically in the lived experience of community members. The exceptionally concentrated and high-volume retail narcotics trade, and the violence it generates in Philadelphia's poor Puerto Rican neighborhoods, reflect unique structural vulnerability and cultural factors. For most young people in these areas, the narcotics economy is the most readily accessible form of employment and social mobility. The performance of violence is an implicit part of survival in these lucrative, illegal narcotics markets, as well as in the overcrowded jails and prisons through which entry-level sellers cycle chronically. To address the structural drivers of violence, an inner-city Marshall Plan is needed that should include well-funded formal employment programs, gun control, re-training police officers to curb the routinization of brutality, reform of criminal justice to prioritize rehabilitation over punishment, and decriminalization of narcotics possession and low-level sales.
Nicholas Graetz - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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structural vulnerability to narcotics driven firearm violence an ethnographic and epidemiological study of philadelphia s puerto rican inner city
PLOS ONE, 2019Co-Authors: Joseph Friedman, George Karandinos, Laurie Kain Hart, Fernando Montero Castrillo, Nicholas Graetz, Philippe BourgoisAbstract:Author(s): Friedman, Joseph; Karandinos, George; Hart, Laurie Kain; Castrillo, Fernando Montero; Graetz, Nicholas; Bourgois, Philippe | Abstract: BackgroundThe United States is experiencing a continuing crisis of gun violence, and economically marginalized and racially segregated inner-city areas are among the most affected. To decrease this violence, public health interventions must engage with the complex social factors and structural drivers-especially with regard to the clandestine sale of narcotics-that have turned the neighborhood streets of specific vulnerable subgroups into concrete killing fields. Here we present a mixed-methods ethnographic and epidemiological assessment of narcotics-driven firearm violence in Philadelphia's impoverished, majority Puerto Rican neighborhoods.MethodsUsing an exploratory sequential study design, we formulated hypotheses about ethnic/racial vulnerability to violence, based on half a dozen years of intensive participant-observation ethnographic fieldwork. We subsequently tested them statistically, by combining geo-referenced incidents of narcotics- and firearm-related crime from the Philadelphia police department with Census Information representing race and poverty levels. We explored the racialized relationships between poverty, narcotics, and violence, melding ethnography, graphing, and Poisson regression.FindingsEven controlling for poverty levels, impoverished majority-Puerto Rican areas in Philadelphia are exposed to significantly higher levels of gun violence than majority-white or black neighborhoods. Our mixed methods data suggest that this reflects the unique social position of these neighborhoods as a racial meeting ground in deeply segregated Philadelphia, which has converted them into a retail endpoint for the sale of astronomical levels of narcotics.ImplicationsWe document racial/ethnic and economic disparities in exposure to firearm violence and contextualize them ethnographically in the lived experience of community members. The exceptionally concentrated and high-volume retail narcotics trade, and the violence it generates in Philadelphia's poor Puerto Rican neighborhoods, reflect unique structural vulnerability and cultural factors. For most young people in these areas, the narcotics economy is the most readily accessible form of employment and social mobility. The performance of violence is an implicit part of survival in these lucrative, illegal narcotics markets, as well as in the overcrowded jails and prisons through which entry-level sellers cycle chronically. To address the structural drivers of violence, an inner-city Marshall Plan is needed that should include well-funded formal employment programs, gun control, re-training police officers to curb the routinization of brutality, reform of criminal justice to prioritize rehabilitation over punishment, and decriminalization of narcotics possession and low-level sales.