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Elisabetta Làdavas - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • A pilot study for rehabilitation of Central Executive deficits after traumatic brain injury
    Brain injury, 2007
    Co-Authors: Andrea Serino, Anna Di Santantonio, Elisa Ciaramelli, Susanna Malagù, Franco Servadei, Elisabetta Làdavas
    Abstract:

    Primary objective: An impairment of the Central Executive System (CES) of working memory (WM) is a common consequence of traumatic brain injury (TBI), and may also explain deficits in divided attention, long-term memory and Executive functions. Here we investigated the efficacy of a rehabilitative program (working memory training: WMT) targeting the CES in improving WM and other cognitive functions dependent on this System.Methods and procedures: Nine TBI patients with severe WM deficits underwent the WMT (experimental training). The WMT was preceded by a general stimulation training (GST; control training). Patients’ cognitive performance was evaluated at the admission, after the GST and at the end of the WMT.Main outcomes and results: Whereas the GST had no effect on patients’ performance, after the WMT patients improved in all the cognitive functions dependent on the CES, but not in those functions not thought to tap this System. Importantly, a beneficial WMT effect was found on patients’ everyday life...

  • Central Executive System impairment in traumatic brain injury.
    Brain and cognition, 2006
    Co-Authors: Elisa Ciaramelli, Anna Di Santantonio, Andrea Serino, Elisabetta Làdavas
    Abstract:

    The aim of the present study was to identify cognitive functions affected by traumatic brain injury (TBI) and to verify the mechanism underlying cognitive impairment. More precisely, cognitive deficits following TBI can be considered as a consequence of (a) a speed processing deficit, that is a general slowing of perceptual, motor and cognitive subroutines; (b) an impairment of the Central Executive System of working memory (CES).Thirty-seven patients were submitted to a neuropsychological battery, aimed to evaluate different cognitive functions. Results showed severe deficits in speed processing, divided attention,working memory, Executive functions and long term memory. Regression analyses, performed to test the two hypotheses, showed that the working memory deficit hypothesis is able to explain divided attention, Executive functions and long term memory deficits more than speed processing hypothesis.

  • Central Executive System impairment in traumatic brain injury.
    Brain injury, 2006
    Co-Authors: Andrea Serino, Anna Di Santantonio, Elisa Ciaramelli, Susanna Malagù, Franco Servadei, Elisabetta Làdavas
    Abstract:

    Primary objective: This study investigated whether cognitive impairment after traumatic brain injury (TBI) can be considered a consequence of (1) a speed processing deficit or (2) an impairment of the Central Executive System (CES) of working memory.Methods and procedures: Thirty-seven TBI patients underwent a standardized battery of neuropsychological tests evaluating speed processing, sustained attention, short-term memory, working memory, divided attention, Executive functions and long-term memory.Main outcomes and results: Patients showed severe deficits in working memory, divided attention, Executive functions and long-term memory. Divided attention, long-term memory and Executive functions deficits significantly correlated with working memory, but not with speed processing deficits. Moreover, multiple regression analyses showed that a CES impairment and not a speed processing deficit predicted divided attention, Executive functions and long-term memory deficits. The severity and the site of brain le...

  • A rehabilitative program for Central Executive deficits after traumatic brain injury.
    Brain and cognition, 2006
    Co-Authors: Andrea Serino, Elisa Ciaramelli, Di Santantonio A, Elisabetta Làdavas
    Abstract:

    Deficits affecting Central Executive System (CES) of working memory (WM) are the main neuropsychological outcome after traumatic brain injury (TBI) and can also explain deficits in other domains, like divided attention, Executive functions and long-term memory. For this reason we developed a rehabilitative program based on CES functions and we expected to find an improvement in WM as well as in those cognitive functions controlled by the CES. The experimental group was composed by 9 TBIs, selected for WM deficits, whereas the control group was composed by 6 TBIs, without WM deficits, but with speed processing deficits. All patients performed a cognitive training, based on PASAT (Gronwall & Wrightson, 1981)and two new versions of this task. The results showed in the experimental group an improvement in WM and in the cognitive functions controlled by the CES, whereas control patients did not show any improvement after the cognitive training.

Mark D'esposito - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Working memory impairments in traumatic brain injury: evidence from a dual-task paradigm
    Neuropsychologia, 1997
    Co-Authors: Sharon Mcdowell, John Whyte, Mark D'esposito
    Abstract:

    Although many individuals with traumatic brain injury (TBI) perform well on standard neuropsychological tests, they often exhibit marked functional difficulties. The functions which are impaired seem to be analogous to the role of the Central Executive System (CES) in Baddeley's [Working Memory, 1986, Oxford University Press, New York] widely accepted model of working memory. The purpose of this study was to investigate CES function in individuals with TBI with a dual-task paradigm. We studied 25 non-demented persons who were at various stages in their recovery from severe TBI and compared their performance on a dual-task paradigm to a group of age-matched controls. Our dual-task paradigm measured performance on a simple visual reaction time task both alone (baseline) and during concurrent tasks of articulation or digit span. Subjects were also assessed with other neuropsychological tests of Executive function. TBI patients had slower reaction times on the primary task when performed alone (P < 0.05) and greater decrements in performance during dual-task conditions (P < 0.01). They also exhibited significantly greater deficits than control subjects on other measures of Executive function. Although correlations between dual-task performance and other Executive measures were quite low, principle components analysis suggested that a common factor does exist between these measures. These findings support the conclusion that TBI patients have a working memory impairment that is due to dysfunction of the CES and which may be related to Executive function deficits as measured by standard neuropsychological testing.

  • Working Memory Impairments in Multiple Sclerosis: Evidence From a Dual-Task Paradigm
    Neuropsychology, 1996
    Co-Authors: Mark D'esposito, Kris Onishi, Heidi Thompson, Keith M. Robinson, Carol L. Armstrong, Murray Grossman
    Abstract:

    The aim of this study was to investigate working memory in multiple sclerosis (MS) patients. To test the hypothesis that the Central Executive System (CES) of working memory is impaired, 36 MS patients were administered a dual-task paradigm in which a judgment of line orientation measure was performed concurrently with finger tapping, humming a melody, or reciting the alphabet. MS patients exhibited a significantly greater decrement in performance than controls during the more demanding dual-task conditions (concurrent humming or alphabet recitation) as compared with the single-task condition. Dual-task performance in MS patients correlated with performance on the Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test but not with other cognitive or clinical measures. The authors conclude that MS patients have a working memory deficit reflecting an impaired Central Executive System. Moreover, impairments in speed of information processing in MS patients are associated with this CES deficit. Memory dysfunction is the most common cognitive impairment observed in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). A long-term memory deficit in these patients is well documented (Grafman, Rao, & Litvan, 1990), but most early studies of MS patients have concluded that short-term memory (STM) is intact. Support for this claim was derived from the observation of a normal digit span, as well as an intact recency effect on supraspan list learning, measures commonly used to assess STM (Caine, Bamford, Schiffer, Shoulson, & Levy, 1986; Rao, Hammeke, McQuillen, Khatri, & Lloyd, 1984). Although most studies continue to focus on the long-term memory impairments in MS patients (Rao, Leo, & Aubin-Faubert, 1989), evidence is accumulating that STM deficits may also exist (Grigsby, Ayarbe, Kravcism, & Busenbark, 1994; Rao et al., 1993). However, the nature of these deficits remain unclear. The purpose of this study was to further investigate STM processing in MS patients. Several experimental tasks have been useful for identifying impairment in various aspects of STM in MS patients. One experimental measure, the Brown-Peterson task (Peterson & Peterson, 1959), measures consolidation of information in STM and the effect of interference on temporarily stored information. With this task, two groups of investigators (Beatty, Goodkin, Monson, Beatty, & Hertsgaard, 1988; Grant,

  • The neural basis of the Central Executive System of working memory.
    Nature, 1995
    Co-Authors: Mark D'esposito, John A. Detre, David C. Alsop, Robert K. Shin, Scott W. Atlas, Murray Grossman
    Abstract:

    WORKING memory refers to a System for temporary storage and manipulation of information in the brain, a function critical for a wide range of cognitive operations. It has been proposed that working memory includes a Central Executive System (CES) to control attention and information flow to and from verbal and spatial short-term memory buffers1. Although the prefrontal cortex is activated during both verbal and spatial passive working memory tasks2–8, the brain regions involved in the CES component of working memory have not been identified. We have used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to examine brain activation during the concurrent performance of two tasks, which is expected to engage the CES. Activation of the prefrontal cortex was observed when both tasks are performed together, but not when they are performed separately. These results support the view that the prefrontal cortex is involved in human working memory.

Murray Grossman - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Working Memory Impairments in Multiple Sclerosis: Evidence From a Dual-Task Paradigm
    Neuropsychology, 1996
    Co-Authors: Mark D'esposito, Kris Onishi, Heidi Thompson, Keith M. Robinson, Carol L. Armstrong, Murray Grossman
    Abstract:

    The aim of this study was to investigate working memory in multiple sclerosis (MS) patients. To test the hypothesis that the Central Executive System (CES) of working memory is impaired, 36 MS patients were administered a dual-task paradigm in which a judgment of line orientation measure was performed concurrently with finger tapping, humming a melody, or reciting the alphabet. MS patients exhibited a significantly greater decrement in performance than controls during the more demanding dual-task conditions (concurrent humming or alphabet recitation) as compared with the single-task condition. Dual-task performance in MS patients correlated with performance on the Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test but not with other cognitive or clinical measures. The authors conclude that MS patients have a working memory deficit reflecting an impaired Central Executive System. Moreover, impairments in speed of information processing in MS patients are associated with this CES deficit. Memory dysfunction is the most common cognitive impairment observed in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). A long-term memory deficit in these patients is well documented (Grafman, Rao, & Litvan, 1990), but most early studies of MS patients have concluded that short-term memory (STM) is intact. Support for this claim was derived from the observation of a normal digit span, as well as an intact recency effect on supraspan list learning, measures commonly used to assess STM (Caine, Bamford, Schiffer, Shoulson, & Levy, 1986; Rao, Hammeke, McQuillen, Khatri, & Lloyd, 1984). Although most studies continue to focus on the long-term memory impairments in MS patients (Rao, Leo, & Aubin-Faubert, 1989), evidence is accumulating that STM deficits may also exist (Grigsby, Ayarbe, Kravcism, & Busenbark, 1994; Rao et al., 1993). However, the nature of these deficits remain unclear. The purpose of this study was to further investigate STM processing in MS patients. Several experimental tasks have been useful for identifying impairment in various aspects of STM in MS patients. One experimental measure, the Brown-Peterson task (Peterson & Peterson, 1959), measures consolidation of information in STM and the effect of interference on temporarily stored information. With this task, two groups of investigators (Beatty, Goodkin, Monson, Beatty, & Hertsgaard, 1988; Grant,

  • The neural basis of the Central Executive System of working memory.
    Nature, 1995
    Co-Authors: Mark D'esposito, John A. Detre, David C. Alsop, Robert K. Shin, Scott W. Atlas, Murray Grossman
    Abstract:

    WORKING memory refers to a System for temporary storage and manipulation of information in the brain, a function critical for a wide range of cognitive operations. It has been proposed that working memory includes a Central Executive System (CES) to control attention and information flow to and from verbal and spatial short-term memory buffers1. Although the prefrontal cortex is activated during both verbal and spatial passive working memory tasks2–8, the brain regions involved in the CES component of working memory have not been identified. We have used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to examine brain activation during the concurrent performance of two tasks, which is expected to engage the CES. Activation of the prefrontal cortex was observed when both tasks are performed together, but not when they are performed separately. These results support the view that the prefrontal cortex is involved in human working memory.

Andrea Serino - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • A pilot study for rehabilitation of Central Executive deficits after traumatic brain injury
    Brain injury, 2007
    Co-Authors: Andrea Serino, Anna Di Santantonio, Elisa Ciaramelli, Susanna Malagù, Franco Servadei, Elisabetta Làdavas
    Abstract:

    Primary objective: An impairment of the Central Executive System (CES) of working memory (WM) is a common consequence of traumatic brain injury (TBI), and may also explain deficits in divided attention, long-term memory and Executive functions. Here we investigated the efficacy of a rehabilitative program (working memory training: WMT) targeting the CES in improving WM and other cognitive functions dependent on this System.Methods and procedures: Nine TBI patients with severe WM deficits underwent the WMT (experimental training). The WMT was preceded by a general stimulation training (GST; control training). Patients’ cognitive performance was evaluated at the admission, after the GST and at the end of the WMT.Main outcomes and results: Whereas the GST had no effect on patients’ performance, after the WMT patients improved in all the cognitive functions dependent on the CES, but not in those functions not thought to tap this System. Importantly, a beneficial WMT effect was found on patients’ everyday life...

  • Central Executive System impairment in traumatic brain injury.
    Brain and cognition, 2006
    Co-Authors: Elisa Ciaramelli, Anna Di Santantonio, Andrea Serino, Elisabetta Làdavas
    Abstract:

    The aim of the present study was to identify cognitive functions affected by traumatic brain injury (TBI) and to verify the mechanism underlying cognitive impairment. More precisely, cognitive deficits following TBI can be considered as a consequence of (a) a speed processing deficit, that is a general slowing of perceptual, motor and cognitive subroutines; (b) an impairment of the Central Executive System of working memory (CES).Thirty-seven patients were submitted to a neuropsychological battery, aimed to evaluate different cognitive functions. Results showed severe deficits in speed processing, divided attention,working memory, Executive functions and long term memory. Regression analyses, performed to test the two hypotheses, showed that the working memory deficit hypothesis is able to explain divided attention, Executive functions and long term memory deficits more than speed processing hypothesis.

  • Central Executive System impairment in traumatic brain injury.
    Brain injury, 2006
    Co-Authors: Andrea Serino, Anna Di Santantonio, Elisa Ciaramelli, Susanna Malagù, Franco Servadei, Elisabetta Làdavas
    Abstract:

    Primary objective: This study investigated whether cognitive impairment after traumatic brain injury (TBI) can be considered a consequence of (1) a speed processing deficit or (2) an impairment of the Central Executive System (CES) of working memory.Methods and procedures: Thirty-seven TBI patients underwent a standardized battery of neuropsychological tests evaluating speed processing, sustained attention, short-term memory, working memory, divided attention, Executive functions and long-term memory.Main outcomes and results: Patients showed severe deficits in working memory, divided attention, Executive functions and long-term memory. Divided attention, long-term memory and Executive functions deficits significantly correlated with working memory, but not with speed processing deficits. Moreover, multiple regression analyses showed that a CES impairment and not a speed processing deficit predicted divided attention, Executive functions and long-term memory deficits. The severity and the site of brain le...

  • A rehabilitative program for Central Executive deficits after traumatic brain injury.
    Brain and cognition, 2006
    Co-Authors: Andrea Serino, Elisa Ciaramelli, Di Santantonio A, Elisabetta Làdavas
    Abstract:

    Deficits affecting Central Executive System (CES) of working memory (WM) are the main neuropsychological outcome after traumatic brain injury (TBI) and can also explain deficits in other domains, like divided attention, Executive functions and long-term memory. For this reason we developed a rehabilitative program based on CES functions and we expected to find an improvement in WM as well as in those cognitive functions controlled by the CES. The experimental group was composed by 9 TBIs, selected for WM deficits, whereas the control group was composed by 6 TBIs, without WM deficits, but with speed processing deficits. All patients performed a cognitive training, based on PASAT (Gronwall & Wrightson, 1981)and two new versions of this task. The results showed in the experimental group an improvement in WM and in the cognitive functions controlled by the CES, whereas control patients did not show any improvement after the cognitive training.

Elisa Ciaramelli - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • A pilot study for rehabilitation of Central Executive deficits after traumatic brain injury
    Brain injury, 2007
    Co-Authors: Andrea Serino, Anna Di Santantonio, Elisa Ciaramelli, Susanna Malagù, Franco Servadei, Elisabetta Làdavas
    Abstract:

    Primary objective: An impairment of the Central Executive System (CES) of working memory (WM) is a common consequence of traumatic brain injury (TBI), and may also explain deficits in divided attention, long-term memory and Executive functions. Here we investigated the efficacy of a rehabilitative program (working memory training: WMT) targeting the CES in improving WM and other cognitive functions dependent on this System.Methods and procedures: Nine TBI patients with severe WM deficits underwent the WMT (experimental training). The WMT was preceded by a general stimulation training (GST; control training). Patients’ cognitive performance was evaluated at the admission, after the GST and at the end of the WMT.Main outcomes and results: Whereas the GST had no effect on patients’ performance, after the WMT patients improved in all the cognitive functions dependent on the CES, but not in those functions not thought to tap this System. Importantly, a beneficial WMT effect was found on patients’ everyday life...

  • Central Executive System impairment in traumatic brain injury.
    Brain and cognition, 2006
    Co-Authors: Elisa Ciaramelli, Anna Di Santantonio, Andrea Serino, Elisabetta Làdavas
    Abstract:

    The aim of the present study was to identify cognitive functions affected by traumatic brain injury (TBI) and to verify the mechanism underlying cognitive impairment. More precisely, cognitive deficits following TBI can be considered as a consequence of (a) a speed processing deficit, that is a general slowing of perceptual, motor and cognitive subroutines; (b) an impairment of the Central Executive System of working memory (CES).Thirty-seven patients were submitted to a neuropsychological battery, aimed to evaluate different cognitive functions. Results showed severe deficits in speed processing, divided attention,working memory, Executive functions and long term memory. Regression analyses, performed to test the two hypotheses, showed that the working memory deficit hypothesis is able to explain divided attention, Executive functions and long term memory deficits more than speed processing hypothesis.

  • Central Executive System impairment in traumatic brain injury.
    Brain injury, 2006
    Co-Authors: Andrea Serino, Anna Di Santantonio, Elisa Ciaramelli, Susanna Malagù, Franco Servadei, Elisabetta Làdavas
    Abstract:

    Primary objective: This study investigated whether cognitive impairment after traumatic brain injury (TBI) can be considered a consequence of (1) a speed processing deficit or (2) an impairment of the Central Executive System (CES) of working memory.Methods and procedures: Thirty-seven TBI patients underwent a standardized battery of neuropsychological tests evaluating speed processing, sustained attention, short-term memory, working memory, divided attention, Executive functions and long-term memory.Main outcomes and results: Patients showed severe deficits in working memory, divided attention, Executive functions and long-term memory. Divided attention, long-term memory and Executive functions deficits significantly correlated with working memory, but not with speed processing deficits. Moreover, multiple regression analyses showed that a CES impairment and not a speed processing deficit predicted divided attention, Executive functions and long-term memory deficits. The severity and the site of brain le...

  • A rehabilitative program for Central Executive deficits after traumatic brain injury.
    Brain and cognition, 2006
    Co-Authors: Andrea Serino, Elisa Ciaramelli, Di Santantonio A, Elisabetta Làdavas
    Abstract:

    Deficits affecting Central Executive System (CES) of working memory (WM) are the main neuropsychological outcome after traumatic brain injury (TBI) and can also explain deficits in other domains, like divided attention, Executive functions and long-term memory. For this reason we developed a rehabilitative program based on CES functions and we expected to find an improvement in WM as well as in those cognitive functions controlled by the CES. The experimental group was composed by 9 TBIs, selected for WM deficits, whereas the control group was composed by 6 TBIs, without WM deficits, but with speed processing deficits. All patients performed a cognitive training, based on PASAT (Gronwall & Wrightson, 1981)and two new versions of this task. The results showed in the experimental group an improvement in WM and in the cognitive functions controlled by the CES, whereas control patients did not show any improvement after the cognitive training.