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Hans Degryse - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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interbank exposures an empirical examination of contagion risk in the belgian banking system
2012Co-Authors: Hans Degryse, Gregory NguyenAbstract:Robust (cross-border) interbank markets are important for the well functioning of modern financial systems. Yet, a network of interbank exposures may lead to domino effects following the event of an initial bank failure. The Structure of the interbank market is a potential important driving factor in the risk and impact of interbank contagion. We investigate the evolution of contagion risk for the Belgian banking system over the period 1993-2002 using detailed information on aggregate interbank exposures of individual banks and on large bilateral interbank exposures. We find that a change from a complete Structure (where all banks have symmetric links) towards a multiple money Centre Structure (where the money Centres are symmetrically linked to some banks, which are themselves not linked together) as well as a more concentrated banking market have decreased the risk and impact of contagion. Moreover, an increase in the proportion of cross-border interbank assets has lowered the risk and impact of local contagion. Yet, this reduction was probably accompanied by an increase in contagion risk generated by foreign banks, although even here the contagion risk appears fairly limited.
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interbank exposures an empirical examination of systemic risk in the belgian banking system
Social Science Research Network, 2004Co-Authors: Hans Degryse, Gregory NguyenAbstract:Robust (cross-border) interbank markets are important for the well functioning of modern financial systems. Yet, a network of interbank exposures may lead to domino effects following the event of an initial bank failure. We investigate the evolution and determinants of contagion risk for the Belgian banking system over the period 1993-2002 using detailed information on aggregate interbank exposures of individual banks, large bilateral interbank exposures, and cross-border interbank exposures. The Structure of the interbank market affects contagion risk. We find that a change from a complete Structure (where all banks have symmetric links) towards a "multiple money Centre" Structure (where money Centres are symmetrically linked to otherwise disconnected banks) has decreased the risk and impact of contagion. In addition, an increase in the relative importance of cross-border interbank exposures has lowered local contagion risk. Yet, this reduction may have been compensated by an increase in contagion risk stemming from foreign banks.
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interbank exposures an empirical examination of systemic risk in the belgian banking system
Research Papers in Economics, 2004Co-Authors: Hans Degryse, Gregory NguyenAbstract:Robust (cross-border) interbank markets are important for the well functioning of modern financial systems. Yet, a network of interbank exposures may lead to domino effects following the event of an initial bank failure. The Structure of the interbank market is a potential important driving factor in the risk and impact of interbank contagion. We investigate the evolution of contagion risk for the Belgian banking system over the period 1993-2002 using detailed information on aggregate interbank exposures of individual banks and on large bilateral interbank exposures. We find that a change from a complete Structure (where all banks have symmetric links) towards a multiple money Centre Structure (where the money Centres are symmetrically linked to some banks, which are themselves not linked together) as well as a more concentrated banking market have decreased the risk and impact of contagion. Moreover, an increase in the proportion of cross-border interbank assets has lowered the risk and impact of local contagion. Yet, this reduction was probably accompanied by an increase in contagion risk generated by foreign banks, although even here the contagion risk appears fairly limited.
Gregory Nguyen - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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interbank exposures an empirical examination of contagion risk in the belgian banking system
2012Co-Authors: Hans Degryse, Gregory NguyenAbstract:Robust (cross-border) interbank markets are important for the well functioning of modern financial systems. Yet, a network of interbank exposures may lead to domino effects following the event of an initial bank failure. The Structure of the interbank market is a potential important driving factor in the risk and impact of interbank contagion. We investigate the evolution of contagion risk for the Belgian banking system over the period 1993-2002 using detailed information on aggregate interbank exposures of individual banks and on large bilateral interbank exposures. We find that a change from a complete Structure (where all banks have symmetric links) towards a multiple money Centre Structure (where the money Centres are symmetrically linked to some banks, which are themselves not linked together) as well as a more concentrated banking market have decreased the risk and impact of contagion. Moreover, an increase in the proportion of cross-border interbank assets has lowered the risk and impact of local contagion. Yet, this reduction was probably accompanied by an increase in contagion risk generated by foreign banks, although even here the contagion risk appears fairly limited.
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interbank exposures an empirical examination of systemic risk in the belgian banking system
Social Science Research Network, 2004Co-Authors: Hans Degryse, Gregory NguyenAbstract:Robust (cross-border) interbank markets are important for the well functioning of modern financial systems. Yet, a network of interbank exposures may lead to domino effects following the event of an initial bank failure. We investigate the evolution and determinants of contagion risk for the Belgian banking system over the period 1993-2002 using detailed information on aggregate interbank exposures of individual banks, large bilateral interbank exposures, and cross-border interbank exposures. The Structure of the interbank market affects contagion risk. We find that a change from a complete Structure (where all banks have symmetric links) towards a "multiple money Centre" Structure (where money Centres are symmetrically linked to otherwise disconnected banks) has decreased the risk and impact of contagion. In addition, an increase in the relative importance of cross-border interbank exposures has lowered local contagion risk. Yet, this reduction may have been compensated by an increase in contagion risk stemming from foreign banks.
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interbank exposures an empirical examination of systemic risk in the belgian banking system
Research Papers in Economics, 2004Co-Authors: Hans Degryse, Gregory NguyenAbstract:Robust (cross-border) interbank markets are important for the well functioning of modern financial systems. Yet, a network of interbank exposures may lead to domino effects following the event of an initial bank failure. The Structure of the interbank market is a potential important driving factor in the risk and impact of interbank contagion. We investigate the evolution of contagion risk for the Belgian banking system over the period 1993-2002 using detailed information on aggregate interbank exposures of individual banks and on large bilateral interbank exposures. We find that a change from a complete Structure (where all banks have symmetric links) towards a multiple money Centre Structure (where the money Centres are symmetrically linked to some banks, which are themselves not linked together) as well as a more concentrated banking market have decreased the risk and impact of contagion. Moreover, an increase in the proportion of cross-border interbank assets has lowered the risk and impact of local contagion. Yet, this reduction was probably accompanied by an increase in contagion risk generated by foreign banks, although even here the contagion risk appears fairly limited.
Vladimir Pena - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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crystal Structure of a dna catalyst
Nature, 2016Co-Authors: Almudena Poncesalvatierra, Claudia Höbartner, Katarzyna Wawrzyniakturek, Ulrich Steuerwald, Vladimir PenaAbstract:Both DNA and RNA molecules have been shown to exhibit catalytic activity, but only the Structure of catalytic RNAs has previously been determined; here the Structure of an RNA-ligating DNA in the post-catalytic state is solved. Both DNA and RNA molecules are foldable and can adopt conformations that exhibit catalytic activity. While the Structures of various catalytic RNAs — or ribozymes — have been determined, DNA enzymes have proved more difficult. Claudia Hobartner and colleagues have now solved the crystal Structure of the synthetic single-stranded DNA deoxyribozyme 9DB1 at 2.8 A resolution. 9DB1 is an RNA ligase catalysing phosphodiester bond formation between 3′-hydroxyl and the 5′-triphosphate termini of two RNA strands. The Structure reveals three-dimensional complexity comparable to that adopted by RNA, but with differences reflecting the specific properties of deoxyribose. Catalysis in biology is restricted to RNA (ribozymes) and protein enzymes, but synthetic biomolecular catalysts can also be made of DNA (deoxyribozymes)1 or synthetic genetic polymers2. In vitro selection from synthetic random DNA libraries identified DNA catalysts for various chemical reactions beyond RNA backbone cleavage3. DNA-catalysed reactions include RNA and DNA ligation in various topologies4,5, hydrolytic cleavage6,7 and photorepair of DNA8, as well as reactions of peptides9,10 and small molecules11,12. In spite of comprehensive biochemical studies of DNA catalysts for two decades, fundamental mechanistic understanding of their function is lacking in the absence of three-dimensional models at atomic resolution. Early attempts to solve the crystal Structure of an RNA-cleaving deoxyribozyme resulted in a catalytically irrelevant nucleic acid fold13. Here we report the crystal Structure of the RNA-ligating deoxyribozyme 9DB1 (ref. 14) at 2.8 A resolution. The Structure captures the ligation reaction in the post-catalytic state, revealing a compact folding unit stabilized by numerous tertiary interactions, and an unanticipated organization of the catalytic Centre. Structure-guided mutagenesis provided insights into the basis for regioselectivity of the ligation reaction and allowed remarkable manipulation of substrate recognition and reaction rate. Moreover, the Structure highlights how the specific properties of deoxyribose are reflected in the backbone conformation of the DNA catalyst, in support of its intricate three-dimensional organization. The structural principles underlying the catalytic ability of DNA elucidate differences and similarities in DNA versus RNA catalysts, which is relevant for comprehending the privileged position of folded RNA in the prebiotic world and in current organisms.
Almudena Poncesalvatierra - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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crystal Structure of a dna catalyst
Nature, 2016Co-Authors: Almudena Poncesalvatierra, Claudia Höbartner, Katarzyna Wawrzyniakturek, Ulrich Steuerwald, Vladimir PenaAbstract:Both DNA and RNA molecules have been shown to exhibit catalytic activity, but only the Structure of catalytic RNAs has previously been determined; here the Structure of an RNA-ligating DNA in the post-catalytic state is solved. Both DNA and RNA molecules are foldable and can adopt conformations that exhibit catalytic activity. While the Structures of various catalytic RNAs — or ribozymes — have been determined, DNA enzymes have proved more difficult. Claudia Hobartner and colleagues have now solved the crystal Structure of the synthetic single-stranded DNA deoxyribozyme 9DB1 at 2.8 A resolution. 9DB1 is an RNA ligase catalysing phosphodiester bond formation between 3′-hydroxyl and the 5′-triphosphate termini of two RNA strands. The Structure reveals three-dimensional complexity comparable to that adopted by RNA, but with differences reflecting the specific properties of deoxyribose. Catalysis in biology is restricted to RNA (ribozymes) and protein enzymes, but synthetic biomolecular catalysts can also be made of DNA (deoxyribozymes)1 or synthetic genetic polymers2. In vitro selection from synthetic random DNA libraries identified DNA catalysts for various chemical reactions beyond RNA backbone cleavage3. DNA-catalysed reactions include RNA and DNA ligation in various topologies4,5, hydrolytic cleavage6,7 and photorepair of DNA8, as well as reactions of peptides9,10 and small molecules11,12. In spite of comprehensive biochemical studies of DNA catalysts for two decades, fundamental mechanistic understanding of their function is lacking in the absence of three-dimensional models at atomic resolution. Early attempts to solve the crystal Structure of an RNA-cleaving deoxyribozyme resulted in a catalytically irrelevant nucleic acid fold13. Here we report the crystal Structure of the RNA-ligating deoxyribozyme 9DB1 (ref. 14) at 2.8 A resolution. The Structure captures the ligation reaction in the post-catalytic state, revealing a compact folding unit stabilized by numerous tertiary interactions, and an unanticipated organization of the catalytic Centre. Structure-guided mutagenesis provided insights into the basis for regioselectivity of the ligation reaction and allowed remarkable manipulation of substrate recognition and reaction rate. Moreover, the Structure highlights how the specific properties of deoxyribose are reflected in the backbone conformation of the DNA catalyst, in support of its intricate three-dimensional organization. The structural principles underlying the catalytic ability of DNA elucidate differences and similarities in DNA versus RNA catalysts, which is relevant for comprehending the privileged position of folded RNA in the prebiotic world and in current organisms.
Claudia Höbartner - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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crystal Structure of a dna catalyst
Nature, 2016Co-Authors: Almudena Poncesalvatierra, Claudia Höbartner, Katarzyna Wawrzyniakturek, Ulrich Steuerwald, Vladimir PenaAbstract:Both DNA and RNA molecules have been shown to exhibit catalytic activity, but only the Structure of catalytic RNAs has previously been determined; here the Structure of an RNA-ligating DNA in the post-catalytic state is solved. Both DNA and RNA molecules are foldable and can adopt conformations that exhibit catalytic activity. While the Structures of various catalytic RNAs — or ribozymes — have been determined, DNA enzymes have proved more difficult. Claudia Hobartner and colleagues have now solved the crystal Structure of the synthetic single-stranded DNA deoxyribozyme 9DB1 at 2.8 A resolution. 9DB1 is an RNA ligase catalysing phosphodiester bond formation between 3′-hydroxyl and the 5′-triphosphate termini of two RNA strands. The Structure reveals three-dimensional complexity comparable to that adopted by RNA, but with differences reflecting the specific properties of deoxyribose. Catalysis in biology is restricted to RNA (ribozymes) and protein enzymes, but synthetic biomolecular catalysts can also be made of DNA (deoxyribozymes)1 or synthetic genetic polymers2. In vitro selection from synthetic random DNA libraries identified DNA catalysts for various chemical reactions beyond RNA backbone cleavage3. DNA-catalysed reactions include RNA and DNA ligation in various topologies4,5, hydrolytic cleavage6,7 and photorepair of DNA8, as well as reactions of peptides9,10 and small molecules11,12. In spite of comprehensive biochemical studies of DNA catalysts for two decades, fundamental mechanistic understanding of their function is lacking in the absence of three-dimensional models at atomic resolution. Early attempts to solve the crystal Structure of an RNA-cleaving deoxyribozyme resulted in a catalytically irrelevant nucleic acid fold13. Here we report the crystal Structure of the RNA-ligating deoxyribozyme 9DB1 (ref. 14) at 2.8 A resolution. The Structure captures the ligation reaction in the post-catalytic state, revealing a compact folding unit stabilized by numerous tertiary interactions, and an unanticipated organization of the catalytic Centre. Structure-guided mutagenesis provided insights into the basis for regioselectivity of the ligation reaction and allowed remarkable manipulation of substrate recognition and reaction rate. Moreover, the Structure highlights how the specific properties of deoxyribose are reflected in the backbone conformation of the DNA catalyst, in support of its intricate three-dimensional organization. The structural principles underlying the catalytic ability of DNA elucidate differences and similarities in DNA versus RNA catalysts, which is relevant for comprehending the privileged position of folded RNA in the prebiotic world and in current organisms.