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Ulrich Förstermann - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Nitric oxide synthase-immunoreactive vagal afferent fibers in rat superior Cervical Ganglia
Neuroscience, 1995Co-Authors: Tanemichi Chiba, Ulrich FörstermannAbstract:Abstract Chronic (5–14 days) preganglionic denervation of the rat superior Cervical Ganglia by sectioning the Cervical sympathetic trunk resulted in a time-related partial or complete loss of nitric oxide synthase (isoform I)-immunoreactive fibers and terminals surrounding many sympathetic ganglionic neurons. Unexpectedly, denervation unmasked many varicose nitric oxide synthase-immunoreactive fibers, some of which could be traced the entire length of the superior Cervical Ganglia. Injection of the retrograde tracer Fluorogold into the superior Cervical Ganglia labeled a population of nodose ganglion cells and of dorsal root ganglion cells from C8 to T3 segments. When the same sections were processed for nitric oxide synthase-immunoreactivity, 40% of the Fluorogold-containing nodose ganglion cells also expressed nitric oxide synthase-immunoreactivity, whereas colocalization was observed in only a few dorsal root ganglion cells. Similarly, injection of Fluorogold into denervated superior Cervical Ganglia labeled a population of nodose ganglion cells. Sectioning of all nerve trunks associated with the superior Cervical ganglion prior to injection of Fluorogold, except the Cervical sympathetic trunk, resulted in no detectable labeling of Fluorogold in the ipsilateral nodose ganglion cells. These results indicate that a population of rat nodose ganglion cells contain nitric oxide synthase and that some of these neurons project their axons through the superior Cervical ganglion and terminate in the peripheral target tissues. The possibility that nitric oxide synthase-immunoreactive vagal afferent fibers may participate in nociception is considered.
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nitric oxide synthase immunoreactivity in rat superior Cervical Ganglia and adrenal glands
Neuroscience Letters, 1993Co-Authors: N J Dun, S L Dun, Ulrich FörstermannAbstract:Abstract Nitric oxide synthase-immunoreactivity (NOS-IR) was detected in strands of nerve fibers entering the rat superior Cervical Ganglia (SCG) and in nerve fibers forming a plexus beneath the capsule of adrenal glands. Within the SCG, varicose NOS-IR fibers encircled virtually all postganglionic neurons and small diameter cells, presumably small intensely fluorescent (SIF) cells. Perikarya of SIF cells exhibited strong NOS-IR, whereas the level appeared to be low in postganglionic neurons. Decentralization of the SCG for 4–6 days markedly reduced the number as well as the intensity of NOS-IR fibers without causing a detectable change of NOS-IR in the postganglionic neurons and SIF cells. Beneath the adrenal capsule, bundles of NOS-IR fibers bifurcated and made a sharp turn to reach the adrenal medulla. Chromaffin cells, which themselves exhibited fairly strong NOS-IR, appeared to be surrounded by NOS-IR fibers. The result shows that NOS-IR is present in pre- and post-synaptic elements of the sympathetic Ganglia and adrenal medulla, representing a complex system that may regulate the activity of ganglionic neurons and chromaffin cells via a number of sites of action.
Geoffrey Burnstock - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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tyrosine hydroxylase containing fibres extend from the rat corpus striatum into grafts of muscularis externa and myenteric plexus
Neuroscience Letters, 1995Co-Authors: Elizabeth M.m. Tew, Alison Fearon, P N Anderson, Geoffrey BurnstockAbstract:Intrastriatal grafts of myenteric plexus produce a vigorous sprouting response in the surrounding rat brain. Since the striatum receives profuse dopaminergic innervation from the substantia nigra, we have investigated whether central catecholaminergic neurons participated in the sprouting response and grew into grafts of adult myenteric plexus (surrounded by smooth muscle) implanted in the adult corpus striatum. Three weeks after implantation, tyrosine hydroxylase-containing fibres were observed to have grown into, and ramified within, the grafts. The extent of innervation was increased 6 weeks after implantation, and was not diminished if the superior Cervical Ganglia were removed (to destroy any fibres of sympathetic origin).
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some effects of purines on neurones of guinea pig superior Cervical Ganglia
General Pharmacology-the Vascular System, 1994Co-Authors: Fiona M Reekie, Geoffrey BurnstockAbstract:1. The actions of adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) and related purine analogues on neurones of isolated superior Cervical Ganglia in guinea-pig were studied using intracellular recording techniques. 2. Application of ATP (0.1-1 mM) by superfusion evoked a response in half (26 out of 52) of the neurones studied. The response consisted of a slow depolarization (in 23 of the cells) or a hyperpolarization (in 3 cells). The amplitude of depolarization was concentration-dependent and was accompanied by a decrease in input resistance (in 12 of 23 responses). 3. Superfusion of the P2 chi-purinoceptor selective agonist alpha, beta-methylene ATP (1-100 microM), evoked a response in the majority (42 of 58) of neurones studied. The response consisted of a depolarization (in 39 cells) or a hyperpolarization (in 3 cells). The depolarization was also concentration-dependent and was accompanied by a decrease in input resistance (36 of 39 responses). Superfusion of another P2 chi-purinoceptor agonist, beta, gamma-methylene ATP (10 microns), also produced a small depolarization (5 of 8 cells) which was accompanied by a decrease in input resistance. 4. Application of the P2 gamma-purinoceptor selective agonist, 2-methylthio ATP (1-100 microM) evoked a response in approximately half (28 of 55) of the neurones studied. The response consisted of a depolarization (in 23 cells) or a hyperpolarization (in 5 cells). The amplitude of the depolarization was concentration-dependent and accompanied by a decrease in input resistance (13 of 21 responses). 5. Superfusion of the P1-purinoceptor selective agonist 2-chloroadenosine (100 microM) evoked a response in only a few (3 of 21) of the neurones tested.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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guanethidine sympathectomy of mature rats leads to increases in calcitonin gene related peptide and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide containing nerves
Neuroscience, 1992Co-Authors: J Aberdeen, P Milner, J Lincoln, Geoffrey BurnstockAbstract:Changes in the innervation of the heart (right atrium), mesenteric blood vessels, vas deferens and superior Cervical Ganglia have been examined following long-term sympathectomy of the mature rat. Patterns of innervation were investigated by histochemical and immunohistochemical techniques, while levels of noradrenaline and neuropeptides were measured by neurochemical assays. Large doses of guanethidine (80 mg/kg) were given daily for four weeks to 12-14 week-old male rats which were killed at 18-20 weeks of age. Catecholamine-containing nerves were severely depleted or absent in all tissues, together with a reduction in noradrenaline content. Neuropeptide Y levels were depleted by 97% in vas deferens, 78% in mesenteric vein and 50% in right atrium and superior Cervical ganglion. Increases in levels of calcitonin gene-related peptide were seen in the mesenteric vein (up seven-fold), superior Cervical Ganglia (up 11-fold) and vas deferens (prostatic portion up three-fold), which were also evident by assessment of immunolabelling of nerve fibres. Calcitonin gene-related peptide levels were not increased in the right atrium. In addition, an increase in vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-immunoreactive nerve fibre density was seen in the mesenteric artery and vas deferens, although no significant differences were observed in assays of vasoactive intestinal peptide levels in any tissue. No changes were seen in the innervation of any of the tissues by substance P-immunoreactive nerve fibres either by immunohistochemical or immunochemical assay assessment. This study indicates that there are selective changes in the mature nervous system in response to the loss of sympathetic nerves. Differences between these changes and the response of the developing nervous system to long-term sympathectomy are discussed.
John Bienenstock - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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nerve growth factor and cytokines mediate lymphoid tissue induced neurite outgrowth from mouse superior Cervical Ganglia in vitro
Journal of Immunology, 1996Co-Authors: Y Kannan, John Bienenstock, M Ohta, Andrzej M Stanisz, R H SteadAbstract:Superior Cervical Ganglia (SCG) from neonatal mice were cultured with adult murine lymphoid tissue explants in Matrigel (Collaborative Biomedical, Bedford, MA). After 1 and 2 days in culture, many neurites grew toward thymus and spleen. Normal mesenteric lymph node (MLN) induced a smaller effect; however, activated MLN (isolated from mice 10 days after infection with Nippostrongylus brasiliensis; Nb-MLN-10d) caused significantly increased neurite outgrowth. To determine the roles of nerve growth factor (NGF) and cytokines in the promotion of neuritogenesis by lymphoid tissues, anti-NGF and various anti-cytokines were added to cocultures. Anti-NGF inhibited most of the neurite outgrowth toward thymus and spleen but only partially that toward Nb-MLN-10d. Anti-mouse IL-1 beta also significantly reduced the number of neurites growing toward thymus, spleen, and normal MLN. The number of neurites growing toward Nb-MLN-10d was significantly reduced by anti-IL-1 beta, anti-IL-3, anti-IL-6, or anti-GM-CSF. Exogenous IL-1 beta and IL-3 caused neurite outgrowth in single SCG cultures; and the IL-1 beta-, but not the IL-3-, mediated effect was completely blocked by anti-NGF. In one-day thymus/SCG cocultures, endogenous IL-1 was not detectable at concentrations sufficient to cause nerve growth; however, ample NGF was present in the thymic tissues and culture supernatants, but not in SCG. These data suggest that IL-1 mediates NGF production in lymphoid tissues, which in turn induces the growth of sympathetic nerves. Moreover, IL-3, IL-6, or GM-CSF produced during inflammation might also play important roles in the stimulation of nerve growth in vivo.
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lymphoid tissues induce ngf dependent and ngf independent neurite outgrowth from rat superior Cervical Ganglia explants in culture
Journal of Neuroscience Research, 1994Co-Authors: Y Kannan, R H Stead, Charles H Goldsmith, John BienenstockAbstract:Induction of neurite outgrowth from superior Cervical Ganglia (SCG) by rat lymphoid tissues was studied using a tissue culture model. Neonatal rat SCG were cultured with 6-12-week-old rat thymus, spleen, or mesenteric lymph node (MLN) explants in a Matrigel layer, in defined culture medium without exogenous nerve growth factor (NGF). SCG were also co-cultured with neonatal rat heart (as positive control) or spinal cord (SC; as negative control). To determine whether inflammation affects the ability of lymphoid tissues to induce neurite outgrowth, we also examined MLN at various times after infecting rats with Nip-postrongylus brasiliensis (Nb-MLN). In one series of experiments, a single lymphoid tissue explant was surrounded by four SCG at a distance of 1 mm. The extent of neurite outgrowth was determined by counting the number of neurites 0.5 mm away from each ganglion at several time points. Adult thymus and, to a lesser extent, spleen had strong stimulatory effects on neurite outgrowth from SCG after 12 hr or more in culture. For thymus tissue, this was similar to the positive control heart explants. MLN from normal rats had minimal effect on neurite outgrowth; however, Nb-MLN showed a time-dependent enhancement of the neurite outgrowth, maximal at 3 weeks after infection. The relative efficacy of neurite outgrowth induction (heart > or = thymus > or = Nb-MLN > or spleen > or = MLN > or = SC) was confirmed in a second series of experiments where one SCG was surrounded by three different tissue explants. We then examined the role of 2.5S NGF, a well-known trophic factor for sympathetic nerves, in the lymphoid tissue-induced neurite outgrowth. Anti-NGF treatment of co-cultures of SCG and heart almost completely blocked the neurite outgrowth. Anti-NGF also significantly inhibited thymus- and spleen-induced neurite outgrowth, but not as effectively as heart-induced neuritogenesis (93, 80, and 77% inhibition at 24 hr; 86, 70, and 68% inhibition at 48 hr for heart, thymus, and spleen, respectively). On the other hand, anti-NGF inhibited only 8% of neurite outgrowth induced by 3-week post-infection Nb-MLN at 24 hr, and 41% at 48 hr. These data show that several adult rat lymphoid tissues exert neurotrophic/tropic effects. The predominant growth factor in thymus and spleen is NGF, while Nb-MLN produces factor(s) which is (are) immunologically distinguishable from NGF.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
R H Stead - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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nerve growth factor and cytokines mediate lymphoid tissue induced neurite outgrowth from mouse superior Cervical Ganglia in vitro
Journal of Immunology, 1996Co-Authors: Y Kannan, John Bienenstock, M Ohta, Andrzej M Stanisz, R H SteadAbstract:Superior Cervical Ganglia (SCG) from neonatal mice were cultured with adult murine lymphoid tissue explants in Matrigel (Collaborative Biomedical, Bedford, MA). After 1 and 2 days in culture, many neurites grew toward thymus and spleen. Normal mesenteric lymph node (MLN) induced a smaller effect; however, activated MLN (isolated from mice 10 days after infection with Nippostrongylus brasiliensis; Nb-MLN-10d) caused significantly increased neurite outgrowth. To determine the roles of nerve growth factor (NGF) and cytokines in the promotion of neuritogenesis by lymphoid tissues, anti-NGF and various anti-cytokines were added to cocultures. Anti-NGF inhibited most of the neurite outgrowth toward thymus and spleen but only partially that toward Nb-MLN-10d. Anti-mouse IL-1 beta also significantly reduced the number of neurites growing toward thymus, spleen, and normal MLN. The number of neurites growing toward Nb-MLN-10d was significantly reduced by anti-IL-1 beta, anti-IL-3, anti-IL-6, or anti-GM-CSF. Exogenous IL-1 beta and IL-3 caused neurite outgrowth in single SCG cultures; and the IL-1 beta-, but not the IL-3-, mediated effect was completely blocked by anti-NGF. In one-day thymus/SCG cocultures, endogenous IL-1 was not detectable at concentrations sufficient to cause nerve growth; however, ample NGF was present in the thymic tissues and culture supernatants, but not in SCG. These data suggest that IL-1 mediates NGF production in lymphoid tissues, which in turn induces the growth of sympathetic nerves. Moreover, IL-3, IL-6, or GM-CSF produced during inflammation might also play important roles in the stimulation of nerve growth in vivo.
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lymphoid tissues induce ngf dependent and ngf independent neurite outgrowth from rat superior Cervical Ganglia explants in culture
Journal of Neuroscience Research, 1994Co-Authors: Y Kannan, R H Stead, Charles H Goldsmith, John BienenstockAbstract:Induction of neurite outgrowth from superior Cervical Ganglia (SCG) by rat lymphoid tissues was studied using a tissue culture model. Neonatal rat SCG were cultured with 6-12-week-old rat thymus, spleen, or mesenteric lymph node (MLN) explants in a Matrigel layer, in defined culture medium without exogenous nerve growth factor (NGF). SCG were also co-cultured with neonatal rat heart (as positive control) or spinal cord (SC; as negative control). To determine whether inflammation affects the ability of lymphoid tissues to induce neurite outgrowth, we also examined MLN at various times after infecting rats with Nip-postrongylus brasiliensis (Nb-MLN). In one series of experiments, a single lymphoid tissue explant was surrounded by four SCG at a distance of 1 mm. The extent of neurite outgrowth was determined by counting the number of neurites 0.5 mm away from each ganglion at several time points. Adult thymus and, to a lesser extent, spleen had strong stimulatory effects on neurite outgrowth from SCG after 12 hr or more in culture. For thymus tissue, this was similar to the positive control heart explants. MLN from normal rats had minimal effect on neurite outgrowth; however, Nb-MLN showed a time-dependent enhancement of the neurite outgrowth, maximal at 3 weeks after infection. The relative efficacy of neurite outgrowth induction (heart > or = thymus > or = Nb-MLN > or spleen > or = MLN > or = SC) was confirmed in a second series of experiments where one SCG was surrounded by three different tissue explants. We then examined the role of 2.5S NGF, a well-known trophic factor for sympathetic nerves, in the lymphoid tissue-induced neurite outgrowth. Anti-NGF treatment of co-cultures of SCG and heart almost completely blocked the neurite outgrowth. Anti-NGF also significantly inhibited thymus- and spleen-induced neurite outgrowth, but not as effectively as heart-induced neuritogenesis (93, 80, and 77% inhibition at 24 hr; 86, 70, and 68% inhibition at 48 hr for heart, thymus, and spleen, respectively). On the other hand, anti-NGF inhibited only 8% of neurite outgrowth induced by 3-week post-infection Nb-MLN at 24 hr, and 41% at 48 hr. These data show that several adult rat lymphoid tissues exert neurotrophic/tropic effects. The predominant growth factor in thymus and spleen is NGF, while Nb-MLN produces factor(s) which is (are) immunologically distinguishable from NGF.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Betul Gundogdu - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Paradoxic Relations between Basilar Artery Reconfiguration and Superior Cervical Ganglia Ischemia After Bilateral Common Carotid Artery Ligation.
World neurosurgery, 2019Co-Authors: Mustafa Kilic, Ilhan Yilmaz, Metehan Eseoglu, Mehmet Dumlu Aydin, Betul Kilic, Ayhan Kanat, Betul GundogduAbstract:Background The relationship between superior Cervical Ganglia (SCG) ischemia due to bilateral common carotid artery ligation (BCCAL) and basilar artery (BA) reconfiguration was investigated. Methods Twenty-three rabbits were randomly divided into 3 groups: group III rabbits underwent BCCAL (n = 13), group II rabbits were sham-operated controls (n = 5), and group I rabbits did not undergo surgery (n = 5). Degenerated neuron densities (DND) within the SCG were correlated with the BA vasodilatation index (VDI). Results Mean live and DND in SCG of group I rabbits were 11.235 ± 982/μm3 and 11 ± 3/μm3, respectively, with a mean heart rate of 294 ± 21 beats/min. Mean SCG DND and heart rates were 213 ± 42/μm3 and 242 ± 17 beats/min for the sham group (group II) rabbits and 1743 ± 285/μm3 and 199 ± 19 beats/min for the study group (group III) rabbits, respectively. The BA VDI values in the sham group (group II) (1.32 ± 0.10) and the study group (group III) (0.976 ± 0.112) significantly differed from those in the control group (group I) (1.65 ± 0.12; P Conclusions A meaningful and paradoxic correlation was detected between the BA VDI values and degenerated neuron density of SCG after BCCAL. Although a low degenerated neuron density within SCG may provoke excessive sympathetic activity and prevent excessive BA dilatation with steno-occlusive carotid artery diseases, a high degenerated neuron density may cause dangerous vasodilatation of BA.