The Experts below are selected from a list of 201 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform

Vitali Tatartchenko - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Infrared Characteristic Radiation of water condensation and freezing in connection with atmospheric phenomena; Part 3: Experimental data
    Earth-Science Reviews, 2012
    Co-Authors: Vitali Tatartchenko, Liu Yifan, Chen Wenyuan, Pavel V. Smirnov
    Abstract:

    This paper is the third one from the series of papers with the same titles published in this journal. The papers consider the infrared Characteristic Radiation (IRCR) during the first order phase transitions of water: crystallization, water vapor condensation, and water vapor deposition. Experimental results are analyzed in terms of their correspondence to the theoretical model. This model is based on the assertion that the particle's (atom, molecule, or cluster) transition from the higher energetic level in a metastable phase (vapor or liquid) to a lower level in a stable phase (liquid or crystal) produces an emission of one or more photons. The energy of these photons depends on the latent energy of the phase transition and the character of bonds formed by the particle in the new phase. For all investigated substances, this energy falls in the infrared range. Recorded in the atmosphere, numerous sources of the infrared Radiation seem to be a result of crystallization, condensation and deposition of water during fog and cloud formation. The effect under investigation must play a very important role in atmospheric phenomena: it is one of the sources of Earth's cooling; formation of hailstorm clouds is accompanied by intensive IRCR that could be detected for process characterization and meteorological warnings. IRCR seems to be used for atmospheric energy accumulation and together with the wind, falling water, solar and geothermal energies makes available the fifth source of ecologically pure energy.

  • Infrared Characteristic Radiation of water condensation and freezing in connection with atmospheric phenomena; part 2: New data
    Earth-Science Reviews, 2011
    Co-Authors: Vitali Tatartchenko
    Abstract:

    This paper considers the infrared Characteristic Radiation (IRCR) during the first order phase transitions (crystallization, condensation and sublimation) of water. Experimental results are analyzed in terms of their correspondence to the theoretical model. This model is based on the assumption that the particle's (atom, molecule, or cluster) transition from the higher energetic level in a metastable phase (vapor or liquid) to a lower level in a stable phase (liquid or crystal) produces an emission of one or more photons. The energy of these photons depends on the latent energy of the phase transition and the character of bonds formed by the particle in the new phase. For all investigated substances, this energy falls in the infrared range. Recorded in the atmosphere, many sources of the infrared Radiation seem to be a result of crystallization, condensation and sublimation of water during fog and cloud formation. The effect under investigation must play a very important role in atmospheric phenomena: it is one of the sources of Earth's cooling; formation of hailstorm clouds is accompanied by intensive Characteristic infrared Radiation that could be detected for process characterization and meteorological warnings. IRCR seems to be used for atmospheric energy accumulation and together with the wind, falling water, solar and geothermal energies makes available the fifth source of ecologically pure energy. This phenomenon may either be used to search the water in the atmospheres of other planets.

  • Infrared Characteristic Radiation of water condensation and freezing in connection with atmospheric phenomena
    Earth-Science Reviews, 2010
    Co-Authors: Vitali Tatartchenko
    Abstract:

    article i nfo This paper considers the emission of infrared Characteristic Radiation during the first order phase transitions of water (condensation and crystallization). Experimental results are analyzed in terms of their correspondence to the theoretical models. These models are based on the assumption that the particle's (atom, molecule, or cluster) transition from the higher energetic level (vapor or liquid) to a lower one (liquid or crystal) produces an emission of one or more photons. The energy of these photons depends on the latent energy of the phase transition and the character of bonds formed by the particle in the new phase. Based on experimental data, the author proposes a model explaining the appearance of a window of transparency for the Characteristic Radiation in the substances when first order phase transitions take place. The effect under investigation must play a very important role in atmospheric phenomena: it is one of the sources of Earth's cooling; formation of hailstorm clouds in the atmosphere is accompanied by intensive Characteristic infrared Radiation that could be detected for process characterization and meteorological warnings. The effect can be used for atmospheric heat accumulation. Together with the energy of wind, falling water, and solar energy, fog and cloud formation could give us a forth source of ecologically pure energy. Searching for the presence of water in the atmospheres of other planets might also be possible using this technique. Furthermore, this Radiation might explain the red color and infrared emission of Jupiter.

  • SOME PECULIARITIES OF FIRST ORDER PHASE TRANSITIONS
    2009
    Co-Authors: Vitali Tatartchenko
    Abstract:

    The paper presents evidence of the existence of infrared Characteristic Radiation ac- companying phase transitions of the first order, especially crystallization. Experimental results of the author and other researchers concerning crystallization from the melt of some infrared trans- parent substances (alkali halides, sapphire) and nontransparent ones (tellurium, ice, copper) as well as condensation of water vapor, are presented. The author has critically analyzed these ex- perimental data in terms of correspondence to theoretical models. The last ones are based on the assumption that a particle, during transition from a higher energetic level (vapor or melt) to the lower energetic level (crystal), emits one or more photons equal to the latent energy of the transi- tion, or part of the energy. Based on the experimental data, the author proposes a model explain- ing the appearance of a window of transparency for the Characteristic Radiation in the substances when first order phase transitions take place. It is possible to imagine several applications of this phenomenon in different fields, for instance, new types of crystallization process regulation; crys- tallization stimulated by the Characteristic Radiation; an infra-red laser based on the condensation of water vapor, or crystallization of lithium fluoride or sapphire. Formation of hailstorm clouds in the atmosphere should be accompanied by intensive Characteristic infrared Radiation that could be detected for process characterization and meteorological warnings. Detection of water in the at- mospheres of other planets can also be realized by this technique. This Radiation might explain the red color of Jupiter as well as the orange color of its satellite Io.

  • Characteristic IR Radiation accompanying crystallization and window of transparency for it
    Journal of Crystal Growth, 2008
    Co-Authors: Vitali Tatartchenko
    Abstract:

    The paper presents evidence of the existence of infrared Characteristic Radiation accompanying phase transitions of the first order, especially crystallization. Experimental results of the author and other researchers concerning crystallization from the melt of some infrared transparent substances (alkali halides, sapphire) and non-transparent ones (tellurium, ice, copper) are presented, as well as condensation of water vapor. The author has critically analyzed these experimental data in terms of correspondence to the theoretical models. The last ones are based on the assumption that the particle, during transition from higher energetic level (vapor or melt) to the lower energetic level (crystal), emits one or more photons equal to the latent energy of the transition, or part of the energy. Based on the experimental data, the author proposes a model explaining the appearance of a window of transparency for the Characteristic Radiation in the substances when first-order phase transitions take place. It is possible to imagine several applications of this phenomenon in different fields. For instance, new types of crystallization process regulation, crystallization stimulated by the Characteristic Radiation, an infrared laser based on the condensation of water vapor, or crystallization of lithium fluoride or sapphire. Formation of hailstorm clouds in the atmosphere should be accompanied by intensive Characteristic infrared Radiation that could be detected for process characterization and meteorological warnings.

A J Illig - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • The Characteristic Radiation of copper Kα1,2,3,4
    Acta Crystallographica Section A Foundations and Advances, 2019
    Co-Authors: H A Melia, L. F. Smale, Christopher T. Chantler, A J Illig
    Abstract:

    A characterization of the Cu Kα1,2 spectrum is presented, including the 2p satellite line, Kα3,4, the details of which are robust enough to be transferable to other experiments. This is a step in the renewed attempts to resolve inconsistencies in Characteristic X-ray spectra between theory, experiment and alternative experimental geometries. The spectrum was measured using a rotating anode, monolithic Si channel-cut double-crystal monochromator and backgammon detector. Three alternative approaches fitted five Voigt profiles to the data: a residual analysis approach; a peak-by-peak fit; and a simultaneous constrained method. The robustness of the fit is displayed across three spectra obtained with different instrumental broadening. Spectra were not well fitted by transfer of any of three prior characterizations from the literature. Integrated intensities, line widths and centroids are compared with previous empirical fits. The novel experimental setup provides insight into the portability of spectral characterizations of X-ray spectra. From the parameterization, an estimated 3d shake probability of 18% and a 2p shake probability of 0.5% are reported.

  • Characterization of the titanium Kβ spectral profile
    Journal of Physics B, 2013
    Co-Authors: Christopher T. Chantler, L. F. Smale, D N Crosby, M. N. Kinnane, Justin A. Kimpton, A J Illig
    Abstract:

    Transition metals have K? and K? Characteristic Radiation possessing complex asymmetric spectral profiles. Instrumental broadening normally encountered in x-ray experiments shifts features of profiles used for calibration, such as peak energy, by many times the quoted accuracies. We measure and characterize the titanium K? spectral profile. The peak energy of the titanium K? spectral profile is found to be 4931.966 ? 0.022?eV prior to instrumental broadening. This 4.5?ppm result decreases the uncertainty over the past literature by a factor of 2.6 and is 2.4 standard deviations from the previous standard. The spectrum is analysed and the resolution-free lineshape is extracted and listed for use in other experiments. We also incorporate improvement in analysis applied to earlier results for V K?.

Pavel V. Smirnov - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Infrared Characteristic Radiation of water condensation and freezing in connection with atmospheric phenomena; Part 3: Experimental data
    Earth-Science Reviews, 2012
    Co-Authors: Vitali Tatartchenko, Liu Yifan, Chen Wenyuan, Pavel V. Smirnov
    Abstract:

    This paper is the third one from the series of papers with the same titles published in this journal. The papers consider the infrared Characteristic Radiation (IRCR) during the first order phase transitions of water: crystallization, water vapor condensation, and water vapor deposition. Experimental results are analyzed in terms of their correspondence to the theoretical model. This model is based on the assertion that the particle's (atom, molecule, or cluster) transition from the higher energetic level in a metastable phase (vapor or liquid) to a lower level in a stable phase (liquid or crystal) produces an emission of one or more photons. The energy of these photons depends on the latent energy of the phase transition and the character of bonds formed by the particle in the new phase. For all investigated substances, this energy falls in the infrared range. Recorded in the atmosphere, numerous sources of the infrared Radiation seem to be a result of crystallization, condensation and deposition of water during fog and cloud formation. The effect under investigation must play a very important role in atmospheric phenomena: it is one of the sources of Earth's cooling; formation of hailstorm clouds is accompanied by intensive IRCR that could be detected for process characterization and meteorological warnings. IRCR seems to be used for atmospheric energy accumulation and together with the wind, falling water, solar and geothermal energies makes available the fifth source of ecologically pure energy.

Christopher T. Chantler - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • The Characteristic Radiation of copper Kα1,2,3,4
    Acta Crystallographica Section A Foundations and Advances, 2019
    Co-Authors: H A Melia, L. F. Smale, Christopher T. Chantler, A J Illig
    Abstract:

    A characterization of the Cu Kα1,2 spectrum is presented, including the 2p satellite line, Kα3,4, the details of which are robust enough to be transferable to other experiments. This is a step in the renewed attempts to resolve inconsistencies in Characteristic X-ray spectra between theory, experiment and alternative experimental geometries. The spectrum was measured using a rotating anode, monolithic Si channel-cut double-crystal monochromator and backgammon detector. Three alternative approaches fitted five Voigt profiles to the data: a residual analysis approach; a peak-by-peak fit; and a simultaneous constrained method. The robustness of the fit is displayed across three spectra obtained with different instrumental broadening. Spectra were not well fitted by transfer of any of three prior characterizations from the literature. Integrated intensities, line widths and centroids are compared with previous empirical fits. The novel experimental setup provides insight into the portability of spectral characterizations of X-ray spectra. From the parameterization, an estimated 3d shake probability of 18% and a 2p shake probability of 0.5% are reported.

  • Characterization of the titanium Kβ spectral profile
    Journal of Physics B, 2013
    Co-Authors: Christopher T. Chantler, L. F. Smale, D N Crosby, M. N. Kinnane, Justin A. Kimpton, A J Illig
    Abstract:

    Transition metals have K? and K? Characteristic Radiation possessing complex asymmetric spectral profiles. Instrumental broadening normally encountered in x-ray experiments shifts features of profiles used for calibration, such as peak energy, by many times the quoted accuracies. We measure and characterize the titanium K? spectral profile. The peak energy of the titanium K? spectral profile is found to be 4931.966 ? 0.022?eV prior to instrumental broadening. This 4.5?ppm result decreases the uncertainty over the past literature by a factor of 2.6 and is 2.4 standard deviations from the previous standard. The spectrum is analysed and the resolution-free lineshape is extracted and listed for use in other experiments. We also incorporate improvement in analysis applied to earlier results for V K?.

Joel E. Gray - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Technical aspects of twin screen-film chest radiography : cost effective lung and mediastinal imaging
    European journal of radiology, 1998
    Co-Authors: Donald Mclean, Joel E. Gray, Stephen J. Swensen, Thomas J. Vrieze
    Abstract:

    Abstract Objective : To determine the sensitometry and `cross-talk' of a twin screen-film cassette and to assess its clinical potential. Materials and Methods : The twin cassette utilises two sets of screens, divided by filter material, to provide an optimised image of the mediastinum and the lungs. The exposure difference for the two images was measured sensitometrically. The contribution to film density of visible light and K-Characteristic Radiation, from adjacent screens in the absence of a dividing filter, was investigated. Result : Clinical experience indicated that an exposure difference of 3.4 between the front and back screens, was optimal. Visible light and K-Characteristic Radiation from the front screens, contributed up to 20 and 24% respectively, of the back film exposure and screen absorbed energy respectively. This was reduced to 0 and 6% with the use of the filter. Conclusions : The twin screen-film cassette provides extended latitude to enable optimal visualisation of the lung and mediastinal regions. Adjacent screen `cross-talk' has been overcome to allow standard and portable chest applications.

  • K-Characteristic photon absorption from intensifying screens and other materials: theoretical calculations and measurements.
    Medical physics, 1996
    Co-Authors: Donald Mclean, Joel E. Gray
    Abstract:

    When an extended object is irradiated with primary x rays, K-Characteristic Radiation is produced throughout the object. At a given location, the ratio of the K-Characteristic Radiation received to the primary Radiation is not well understood. Knowledge of this ratio is important in the consideration of image detector design, as K-Characteristic Radiation generated within or proximal to the imaging detector may be considered as secondary Radiation and as a specialized form of scatter to primary ratio, will reduce image contrast. This article models the production of K-Characteristic Radiation and calculates the K-Characteristic to primary exposure and absorbed energy ratios for a number of sample materials, geometries, and detector types. Calculations have been experimentally verified for tin and gadolinium oxysulphide sample materials in some geometries using an ionization chamber detector. It was found from calculation that the magnitude of the K/p exposure and absorbed energy ratio were closely related to the ratio of the field size to the detector-to-sample distance when the detector-to-sample distances are small compared to the source-to-detector distance. It was also found that the K/p exposure and absorbed energy ratios were maximal and constant when the field size to detector-to-sample ratio was greater than 20:1 for an intensifying screen detector and greater than 100:1 for ionization chamber measurements. Calculation, also confirmed experimentally, indicated that significant ratios of K/p absorbed energy could be detected using intensifying screens proximal to fluorescing sample material.