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Michael W. I. Schmidt - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Pedogenesis of Chernozems in Central Europe — A review
Geoderma, 2007Co-Authors: Eileen Eckmeier, Renate Gerlach, Ernst Gehrt, Michael W. I. SchmidtAbstract:Abstract Since Dokuchaev's investigations of Russian Chernozems, Central European Chernozems were established as steppe soils, with their pedogenesis dominated by humus accumulation as a result of dry continental climate and steppe vegetation, with carbonaceous parent material and bioturbation as other prerequisites. The WRB-FAO classification defined Chernozems by their morphological characteristics, but was biased by the climo-genetic formation model. However, the assumption that modern Central European Chernozems are relics of steppe soils conflicts with palaeobotanical evidence from an early reforestation that started in the Late Glacial, and also with pedological studies that dated Chernozem formation to the Early Holocene. In this review we compile the most important literature on pedogenesis of Central European Chernozems since the 1920s, according to the soil forming factors climate, time, vegetation, relief and man. Our review demonstrates that there is no consensus on the factors controlling the formation, conservation and degradation of Central European Chernozems in published literature. We found that (1) no absolute time of formation could be stated so far, and that (2) Central European Chernozems formed not only under steppe but also under forest vegetation; (3) the spatial distribution of Chernozems and Phaeozems did not correlate with climate conditions or topographic position, and (4) until now no other factors were considered to be responsible for Chernozem development. Recent studies showed that these unknown factors could include anthropogenic activity and vegetation burning as they could form black soils or strongly affect the composition of soil organic matter. We concluded that not all soils classified as Chernozems in Central Europe are steppe soils and thus, as they do not necessarily reflect past climate, the classification may be misleading.
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pedogenesis of Chernozems in central europe a review
Geoderma, 2007Co-Authors: Eileen Eckmeier, Renate Gerlach, Ernst Gehrt, Michael W. I. SchmidtAbstract:Abstract Since Dokuchaev's investigations of Russian Chernozems, Central European Chernozems were established as steppe soils, with their pedogenesis dominated by humus accumulation as a result of dry continental climate and steppe vegetation, with carbonaceous parent material and bioturbation as other prerequisites. The WRB-FAO classification defined Chernozems by their morphological characteristics, but was biased by the climo-genetic formation model. However, the assumption that modern Central European Chernozems are relics of steppe soils conflicts with palaeobotanical evidence from an early reforestation that started in the Late Glacial, and also with pedological studies that dated Chernozem formation to the Early Holocene. In this review we compile the most important literature on pedogenesis of Central European Chernozems since the 1920s, according to the soil forming factors climate, time, vegetation, relief and man. Our review demonstrates that there is no consensus on the factors controlling the formation, conservation and degradation of Central European Chernozems in published literature. We found that (1) no absolute time of formation could be stated so far, and that (2) Central European Chernozems formed not only under steppe but also under forest vegetation; (3) the spatial distribution of Chernozems and Phaeozems did not correlate with climate conditions or topographic position, and (4) until now no other factors were considered to be responsible for Chernozem development. Recent studies showed that these unknown factors could include anthropogenic activity and vegetation burning as they could form black soils or strongly affect the composition of soil organic matter. We concluded that not all soils classified as Chernozems in Central Europe are steppe soils and thus, as they do not necessarily reflect past climate, the classification may be misleading.
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carbon isotope geochemistry and nanomorphology of soil black carbon black Chernozemic soils in central europe originate from ancient biomass burning
Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 2002Co-Authors: Michael W. I. Schmidt, J O Skjemstad, C JagerAbstract:[1] A common paradigm is that Chernozem soils developed in the Holocene under grassland steppes, with their formation largely determined by three factors, parent material, climate and faunal mixing. For European Chernozems, however, pollen records show that steppes were rare. Here, using high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, electron energy loss spectroscopy, micro Raman spectroscopy and radiocarbon dating, we characterized the nanomorphology and chemical structure of soil organic carbon (SOC) from central European Chernozems. We identified submicron remnants of burned biomass (15–45 percent of SOC), coexisting as amorphous char-black carbon (BC) derived from pyrolized cellulose or soot-BC. The BC was several millenia in age (1160–5040 carbon-14 years) and up to 3990 radiocarbon years older than bulk SOC, indicating significant residence times for BC in soils. These results challenge common paradigms on Chernozem formation and add fire as an important novel factor. It is also clear that the role of fire in soil formation has been underestimated outside classical fire prone biomes. Furthermore, our results demonstrate the importance of quantifying BC in soils because of its large contribution, longevity and potential role in the global biogeochemical carbon cycle.
Thomas Saile - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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anthropogenic pedogenesis of Chernozems in germany a critical review
Quaternary International, 2011Co-Authors: Carsten Lorz, Thomas SaileAbstract:Abstract Recently, the idea of an anthropogenic formation of Chernozems in Germany during the Early Neolithic (second half of the sixth millennium BC) has been proposed. This study reviews this idea in an interdisciplinary discourse, involving aspects of geosciences, palaeobotany, and archaeology. The paper discusses three major topics: (i) evidence of fire use in land clearing, from Black Carbon in soil organic matter (SOM); (ii) evidence of Chernozem formation during the Early Neolithic, indicated by radiocarbon dating, and (iii) evidence of anthropogenic pedogenesis based on the spatial coincidence of farmland of the Early Neolithic Bandkeramik (LBK) with Chernozems. However, the idea of anthropogenic formation of Chernozems during the Early Neolithic in Northern Germany is rejected. The suggested relationship between Chernozem formation and LBK does not exist. Although humans may have influenced the evolution of Chernozems by degradation or preservation, fire clearance by LBK settlers is very likely not the main factor in their formation. However, there is a strong need to include Black Carbon formation in the concept of SOM formation in Chernozems.
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Anthropogenic pedogenesis of Chernozems in Germany? – A critical review
Quaternary International, 2011Co-Authors: Carsten Lorz, Thomas SaileAbstract:Abstract Recently, the idea of an anthropogenic formation of Chernozems in Germany during the Early Neolithic (second half of the sixth millennium BC) has been proposed. This study reviews this idea in an interdisciplinary discourse, involving aspects of geosciences, palaeobotany, and archaeology. The paper discusses three major topics: (i) evidence of fire use in land clearing, from Black Carbon in soil organic matter (SOM); (ii) evidence of Chernozem formation during the Early Neolithic, indicated by radiocarbon dating, and (iii) evidence of anthropogenic pedogenesis based on the spatial coincidence of farmland of the Early Neolithic Bandkeramik (LBK) with Chernozems. However, the idea of anthropogenic formation of Chernozems during the Early Neolithic in Northern Germany is rejected. The suggested relationship between Chernozem formation and LBK does not exist. Although humans may have influenced the evolution of Chernozems by degradation or preservation, fire clearance by LBK settlers is very likely not the main factor in their formation. However, there is a strong need to include Black Carbon formation in the concept of SOM formation in Chernozems.
Eileen Eckmeier - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Pedogenesis of Chernozems in Central Europe — A review
Geoderma, 2007Co-Authors: Eileen Eckmeier, Renate Gerlach, Ernst Gehrt, Michael W. I. SchmidtAbstract:Abstract Since Dokuchaev's investigations of Russian Chernozems, Central European Chernozems were established as steppe soils, with their pedogenesis dominated by humus accumulation as a result of dry continental climate and steppe vegetation, with carbonaceous parent material and bioturbation as other prerequisites. The WRB-FAO classification defined Chernozems by their morphological characteristics, but was biased by the climo-genetic formation model. However, the assumption that modern Central European Chernozems are relics of steppe soils conflicts with palaeobotanical evidence from an early reforestation that started in the Late Glacial, and also with pedological studies that dated Chernozem formation to the Early Holocene. In this review we compile the most important literature on pedogenesis of Central European Chernozems since the 1920s, according to the soil forming factors climate, time, vegetation, relief and man. Our review demonstrates that there is no consensus on the factors controlling the formation, conservation and degradation of Central European Chernozems in published literature. We found that (1) no absolute time of formation could be stated so far, and that (2) Central European Chernozems formed not only under steppe but also under forest vegetation; (3) the spatial distribution of Chernozems and Phaeozems did not correlate with climate conditions or topographic position, and (4) until now no other factors were considered to be responsible for Chernozem development. Recent studies showed that these unknown factors could include anthropogenic activity and vegetation burning as they could form black soils or strongly affect the composition of soil organic matter. We concluded that not all soils classified as Chernozems in Central Europe are steppe soils and thus, as they do not necessarily reflect past climate, the classification may be misleading.
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pedogenesis of Chernozems in central europe a review
Geoderma, 2007Co-Authors: Eileen Eckmeier, Renate Gerlach, Ernst Gehrt, Michael W. I. SchmidtAbstract:Abstract Since Dokuchaev's investigations of Russian Chernozems, Central European Chernozems were established as steppe soils, with their pedogenesis dominated by humus accumulation as a result of dry continental climate and steppe vegetation, with carbonaceous parent material and bioturbation as other prerequisites. The WRB-FAO classification defined Chernozems by their morphological characteristics, but was biased by the climo-genetic formation model. However, the assumption that modern Central European Chernozems are relics of steppe soils conflicts with palaeobotanical evidence from an early reforestation that started in the Late Glacial, and also with pedological studies that dated Chernozem formation to the Early Holocene. In this review we compile the most important literature on pedogenesis of Central European Chernozems since the 1920s, according to the soil forming factors climate, time, vegetation, relief and man. Our review demonstrates that there is no consensus on the factors controlling the formation, conservation and degradation of Central European Chernozems in published literature. We found that (1) no absolute time of formation could be stated so far, and that (2) Central European Chernozems formed not only under steppe but also under forest vegetation; (3) the spatial distribution of Chernozems and Phaeozems did not correlate with climate conditions or topographic position, and (4) until now no other factors were considered to be responsible for Chernozem development. Recent studies showed that these unknown factors could include anthropogenic activity and vegetation burning as they could form black soils or strongly affect the composition of soil organic matter. We concluded that not all soils classified as Chernozems in Central Europe are steppe soils and thus, as they do not necessarily reflect past climate, the classification may be misleading.
Christopher J. Post - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Organic carbon stocks in the Russian Chernozem
European Journal of Soil Science, 2005Co-Authors: Elena A. Mikhailova, Christopher J. PostAbstract:Summary Chernozems (Mollisols) play an important role in the global carbon cycle, but their contribution to the global carbon stock is often underestimated. We have estimated stocks of organic carbon in the upper 2 m in the Russian Chernozem (Haplic Chernozem) under four management regimes: a native grassland (not cultivated for at least 300 years), an adjacent continuous fallow field, a yearly-cut meadow and an arable field in the Kursk region of Russia. The organic carbon stored in the top 2 m was 462 t ha−1 for the grassland, 451 t ha−1 for the yearly-cut meadow, 387 t ha−1 for the arable field and 349 t ha−1 for the continuous fallow. From 18 to 26% of the total organic C in the top 2 m was between 1 and 2 m in all four regimes. Vertical distribution of organic C was modelled by an exponential function for which the R2 values lay in the range 0.89–0.95, depending on the regime. This exponential function was used to predict organic C below 2 m in the Haplic Chernozem. Model estimates showed that if we include organic C stored in the Russian Chernozem between 1 and 3 m we shall increase our estimates of C stored by 27–30%.
Tatiana Minkina - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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copper adsorption by Chernozem soils and parent rocks in southern russia
Geochemistry International, 2018Co-Authors: D. L. Pinskii, Tatiana Minkina, Saglara Mandzhieva, Tatiana Bauer, Dina Nevidomskaya, Marina BurachevskayaAbstract:Laboratory data in Cu2+ adsorption by Chernozems and parent rocks in Rostov region show that adsorption isotherms can be approximated by the Langmuir equation, whose parameters (Kl and C∞) were calculated for all of the samples. The values of C∞ show a strong negative correlation with the values of cationexchange capacity (CEC) (r =–0.88 at Р = 0.95), and Kl is correlated with the content of physical clay (particles <0.01 mm) (r = 0.78) and with clay (particles <0.001 mm) content in ordinary Chernozem and southern Chernozems of various particle size distribution (r = 0.80). Even stronger correlations were detected between these parameters in southern Chernozems (r = 0.89 for the physical clay (PC) and r = 0.91 for the silt). However, none of the samples displays a significant correlation of C∞ and Kl with the contents of physical clay and silt. This led us to conclude that the composition of the samples, for example, their organic matter, can affect Cu2+ adsorption by the soils and parent rocks. Acidification mechanisms of the equilibrium solutions during the Cu2+ adsorption by soils are discussed, as also are the reasons for the absence of balance between Cu2+ adsorbed by soils and exchangeable cations transferred into solution. Analysis of the fine structures of the XANES and EXAFS spectra suggests that Cu2+ can form coordinated chelate complex compounds with humic acids (HA) of soils and can substitute Al3+ at octahedral sites when interacting with clay minerals in soils.
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current state of haplic Chernozems in specially protected natural areas of the steppe zone
Journal of Biological Sciences, 2017Co-Authors: Saglara Mandzhieva, Tatiana Minkina, Lyudmila Yu Goncharova, Abdulmalik Batukaev, Tatiana Bauer, Aleksey K Shertnev, Victor Chaplygin, Svetlana Sushkova, Evgeny V Poluektov, Marina BurachevskayaAbstract:The current ecological state of Haplic Chernozems has been studied in three Specially Protected Natural Areas (SPNAs) of the Steppe zone in South of Russia. It has been found that the content of organic matter, texture and elements content of soils depend on the period and conditions of reservation in the SPNA. In accordance with the content and reserve of organic matter, the thickness of the humus-accumulative (A) and humus (A + B) horizons and the supply with macro- and micronutrients, the Haplic Chernozems of the SPNAs under study can be arranged in the following series: Persianovskaya Reserved Steppe > Botanical Garden of the Southern Federal University > Reserved Fallow land “Priazovskaya Steppe”, which corresponds to the duration of their reservation periods. The Botanical Garden, which is located in the center of a megalopolis (Rostov-on-Don, Russia), has higher contents of lead in the upper horizon of Haplic Chernozem than other soils on the plots considered.
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Sorption of Cu by Chernozems in southern Russia
Journal of Geochemical Exploration, 2017Co-Authors: Tatiana Minkina, D. L. Pinskii, Saglara Mandzhieva, Tatiana Bauer, Dina Nevidomskaya, Svetlana SushkovaAbstract:Abstract The adsorption of Cu2 + by Chernozems and parent rocks in Rostov region has been studied under laboratory conditions. It is shown that the adsorption isotherms are described by the Langmuir equation. The Langmuir equation parameters (KL and C∞) have been calculated for all of the studied samples. It is shown that the values of C∞ are in close negative correlation with the values of cation exchange capacity (r = − 0.88 at P = 0.95). A close correlation is revealed between the KL values and the content of clay (r = 0.78), as well as between KL and the content of silt in Chernozem haplic and Chernozems calcic of different textures (r = 0.80). An even closer correlation exists between these parameters in separate size fractions of Chernozems calcic (r = 0.89 for clay and r = 0.91 for the silt fraction). However, no significant correlation exists between the C∞ and KL values and the contents of silt and clay in all samples. Therefore, a conclusion is drawn about the effect of the sample composition, including organic matter, on the adsorption of Cu2 + by the objects studied. Mechanisms for the acidification of equilibrium solutions during the adsorption of Cu2 + by soils and the misbalance between the adsorbed Cu2 + cations and the exchangeable cations displaced into the solution are discussed. XANES and EXAFS analysis indicates a possibility for the formation of chelate Cu2 + complexes with humic acids and the substitution of Al3 + in octahedral positions by Cu2 + during the interactions with clay minerals.
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Regularities of Cu, Pb and Zn adsorption by Chernozems of the South of Russia
EURASIAN JOURNAL OF SOIL SCIENCE, 2013Co-Authors: David Pinsky, Tatiana MinkinaAbstract:The parameters of Cu 2+ , Pb 2+ and Zn 2+ adsorption by Chernozems of the south of Russia and their particle-size fractions were studied. The adsorption capacity of Chernozems for Cu 2+ , Pb 2+ , and Zn 2+ depending on the particle-size distribution decreased in the following sequence: clay loamy ordinary Chernozem ~ clay loamy southern Chernozem > loamy southern Chernozem > loamy sandy southern Chernozem. According to the parameters of the adsorption by the different particle-size fractions ( C max and k ), the heavy metal cations form a sequence analogous to that obtained for the entire soils: Cu 2+ ≥ Pb 2+ > Zn 2+ . The parameters of the heavy metal adsorption by similar particle-size fractions separated from different soils decreased in the following order: clay loamy Chernozem > loamy Chernozem > loamy sandy Chernozem. The ratio between the content of exchangeable cations displaced from the soil adsorbing complex (SAC) into the solution and the content of adsorbed HMs decreased with the increasing concentration of adsorbed HMs. These values could be higher (for Cu 2+ and Pb 2+ ), equal, or lower than 1 (for Zn 2+ ) and depend on the properties of HMs. At the first case, this was due to the dissolution of readily soluble salts at low HM concentrations in the SAC. In the latter case, this was related to the adsorption of associated forms HMs and the formation of new phases localized on the surface of soil particles at high HM concentrations in the SAC.
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Effect of the particle-size distribution on the adsorption of copper, lead, and zinc by Chernozemic soils of Rostov oblast
Eurasian Soil Science, 2011Co-Authors: Tatiana Minkina, D. L. Pinskii, S. S. Mandzhieva, E. M. Antonenko, S. N. SushkovaAbstract:The parameters of adsorption of Cu^2+, Pb^2+, and Zn^2+ cations by soils and their particle-size fractions were studied. The adsorption of metals by soils and the strength of their fixation on the surface of soil particles under both mono- and polyelement contamination decreased with the decreasing proportion of fine fractions in the soil. The adsorption capacity of the Lower Don Chernozems for Cu^2+, Pb^2+, and Zn^2+ depending on the particle-size distribution decreased in the following sequence: clay loamy ordinary Chernozem ∼ clay loamy southern Chernozem > loamy southern Chernozem > loamy sandy southern Chernozem. According to the parameters of the adsorption by the different particle-size fractions ( C _max and k ), the heavy metal cations form a sequence analogous to that obtained for the entire soils: Cu^2+ ≥ Pb^2+ > Zn^2+. The parameters of the heavy metal adsorption by similar particle-size fractions separated from different soils decreased in the following order: clay loamy Chernozem > loamy Chernozem > loamy sandy Chernozem. The analysis of the changes in the parameters of the Cu^2+, Pb^2+, and Zn^2+ adsorption by soils and their particlesize fractions showed that the extensive adsorption characteristic, namely, the maximum adsorption ( C _max), was a less sensitive parameter characterizing the soil than the intensive characteristic of the process—the adsorption equilibrium constant ( k ).