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Agustin Gonzalez - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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comparative analysis of the organization of the Cholinergic System in the brains of two holostean fishes the florida gar lepisosteus platyrhincus and the bowfin amia calva
Brain Behavior and Evolution, 2013Co-Authors: Ruth Morona, Glenn R Northcutt, Jesus M Lopez, Agustin GonzalezAbstract:The Cholinergic System in the brain has been widely studied in most vertebrate groups, but there is no information available about this neurotransmission System in the brains of holostean fishes, a primitive and poorly understood group of actinopterygian fishes. The present study provides the first detailed information on the distribution of Cholinergic cell bodies and fibers in the central nervous System in two holostean species, the Florida gar, Lepisosteus platyrhincus, and the bowfin, Amia calva. Immmunohistochemistry against the enzyme choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) revealed distinct groups of ChAT-immunoreactive (ChAT-ir) cells in the habenula, isthmic nucleus, laterodorsal tegmental nucleus, octavolateral area, reticular formation, cranial nerve motor nuclei and the motor column of the spinal cord, all of which seem to be highly conserved among vertebrates. Some ChAT-ir cells were detected in the basal telencephalon that appear in actinopterygians for the first time in the evolution of this neurotransmission System, whereas the remarkable Cholinergic population in the optic tectum is a peculiar characteristic, the presence of which varies throughout evolution, although it is present in all teleosts studied. Abundant Cholinergic fibers were found in the pretectal region and optic tectum, where they probably modulate vision, and in the hypothalamus and the interpeduncular neuropil. Some interspecific differences were also observed, such as the presence of ChAT-ir cells in the supraoptoparaventricular band only in Lepisosteus and in in the nucleus subglomerulosus only in Amia. In addition, ChAT-ir fibers in the olfactory bulb were detected only in Amia. Comparison of these results with those from other classes of vertebrates, and a segmental analysis to correlate cell populations, reveal that the pattern of the Cholinergic System in holosteans is very close to that in ancestral actinopterygian fishes, as recently described in the bichir (Cladistia), although an important evolutionary novelty in holosteans is the presence of Cholinergic cells in the basal telencephalon.
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comparative analysis of the organization of the Cholinergic System in the brains of two holostean fishes the florida gar lepisosteus platyrhincus and the bowfin amia calva
Brain Behavior and Evolution, 2013Co-Authors: Ruth Morona, Glenn R Northcutt, Jesus M Lopez, Agustin GonzalezAbstract:The Cholinergic System in the brain has been widely studied in most vertebrate groups, but there is no information available about this neurotransmission System in the brains of holostean fishes, a pr
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neuroanatomical organization of the Cholinergic System in the central nervous System of a basal actinopterygian fish the senegal bichir polypterus senegalus
The Journal of Comparative Neurology, 2013Co-Authors: Jesus M Lopez, Glenn R Northcutt, Ruth Morona, Jorge Perlado, Agustin GonzalezAbstract:Polypterid bony fishes are believed to be basal to other living ray-finned fishes, and their brain organization is therefore critical in providing information as to primitive neural characters that existed in the earliest ray-finned fishes. The Cholinergic System has been characterized in more advanced ray-finned fishes, but not in polypterids. In order to establish which Cholinergic neural centers characterized the earliest ray-finned fishes, the distribution of choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) is described in Polypterus and compared with the distribution of this molecule in other ray-finned fishes. Cell groups immunoreactive for ChAT were observed in the hypothalamus, the habenula, the optic tectum, the isthmus, the cranial motor nuclei, and the spinal motor column. Cholinergic fibers were observed in both the telencephalic pallium and the subpallium, in the thalamus and pretectum, in the optic tectum and torus semicircularis, in the mesencephalic tegmentum, in the cerebellar crest, in the solitary nucleus, and in the dorsal column nuclei. Comparison of the data within a segmental neuromeric context indicates that the Cholinergic System in polypterid fishes is generally similar to that in other ray-finned fishes, but Cholinergic-positive neurons in the pallium and subpallium, and in the thalamus and cerebellum, of teleosts appear to have evolved following the separation of polypterids and other ray-finned fishes. J. Comp. Neurol. 521:24–49, 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Esteban J Morcillo - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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non neuronal Cholinergic System contributes to corticosteroid resistance in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients
Respiratory Research, 2016Co-Authors: Javier Milara, Angela Cervera, Alfredo De Diego, Celia Sanz, Gustavo Juan, Amadeu Gavalda, Montserrat Miralpeix, Esteban J MorcilloAbstract:Inhaled corticosteroid (ICS) with long-acting beta-2 agonists is a well-documented combination therapy for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) based on its additive anti-inflammatory properties. By contrast, the recommendation of ICS in combination with long-acting muscarinic antagonist (LAMA) is not evidence-based. In this study, neutrophils obtained from COPD patients were used to compare the anti-inflammatory effects of aclidinium bromide (a long-acting muscarinic antagonist) with corticosteroids and their potential additive effect. Human sputum and blood neutrophils were isolated from healthy individuals (n = 37), patients with stable COPD (n = 52) and those with exacerbated COPD (n = 16). The cells were incubated with corticosteroid fluticasone propionate (0.1 nM–1 μM), aclidinium bromide (0.1 nM–1 μM) or a combination thereof and stimulated with 1 μg of lipopolysaccharide/ml or 5 % cigarette smoke extract. Levels of the pro-inflammatory mediators interleukin-8, matrix metalloproteinase-9, CCL-5, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor and interleukin-1β were measured and the mechanisms of corticosteroid resistance evaluated at the end of the incubation. The non-neuronal Cholinergic System was over-expressed in neutrophils from COPD patients, as evidenced by increases in the expression of muscarinic receptors (M2, M4 and M5), choline acetyltransferase and vesicular acetylcholine transporter. Aclidinium bromide demonstrated anti-inflammatory effects on neutrophils from COPD patients, reversing their resistance to corticosteroids. Additive effects of combined aclidinium bromide and fluticasone propionate in blocking M2 receptor levels, inhibiting phosphoinositide 3-kinase-δ and enhancing the glucocorticoid response element transcription factor were demonstrated and were accompanied by an increase in the corticosteroid-induced expression of anti-inflammatory-related genes. LAMAs potentiate the anti-inflammatory effects of corticosteroids in neutrophils from COPD patients in vitro, thus providing a scientific rationale for their use in combination with corticosteroids in the treatment of COPD.
Ruth Morona - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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comparative analysis of the organization of the Cholinergic System in the brains of two holostean fishes the florida gar lepisosteus platyrhincus and the bowfin amia calva
Brain Behavior and Evolution, 2013Co-Authors: Ruth Morona, Glenn R Northcutt, Jesus M Lopez, Agustin GonzalezAbstract:The Cholinergic System in the brain has been widely studied in most vertebrate groups, but there is no information available about this neurotransmission System in the brains of holostean fishes, a primitive and poorly understood group of actinopterygian fishes. The present study provides the first detailed information on the distribution of Cholinergic cell bodies and fibers in the central nervous System in two holostean species, the Florida gar, Lepisosteus platyrhincus, and the bowfin, Amia calva. Immmunohistochemistry against the enzyme choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) revealed distinct groups of ChAT-immunoreactive (ChAT-ir) cells in the habenula, isthmic nucleus, laterodorsal tegmental nucleus, octavolateral area, reticular formation, cranial nerve motor nuclei and the motor column of the spinal cord, all of which seem to be highly conserved among vertebrates. Some ChAT-ir cells were detected in the basal telencephalon that appear in actinopterygians for the first time in the evolution of this neurotransmission System, whereas the remarkable Cholinergic population in the optic tectum is a peculiar characteristic, the presence of which varies throughout evolution, although it is present in all teleosts studied. Abundant Cholinergic fibers were found in the pretectal region and optic tectum, where they probably modulate vision, and in the hypothalamus and the interpeduncular neuropil. Some interspecific differences were also observed, such as the presence of ChAT-ir cells in the supraoptoparaventricular band only in Lepisosteus and in in the nucleus subglomerulosus only in Amia. In addition, ChAT-ir fibers in the olfactory bulb were detected only in Amia. Comparison of these results with those from other classes of vertebrates, and a segmental analysis to correlate cell populations, reveal that the pattern of the Cholinergic System in holosteans is very close to that in ancestral actinopterygian fishes, as recently described in the bichir (Cladistia), although an important evolutionary novelty in holosteans is the presence of Cholinergic cells in the basal telencephalon.
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comparative analysis of the organization of the Cholinergic System in the brains of two holostean fishes the florida gar lepisosteus platyrhincus and the bowfin amia calva
Brain Behavior and Evolution, 2013Co-Authors: Ruth Morona, Glenn R Northcutt, Jesus M Lopez, Agustin GonzalezAbstract:The Cholinergic System in the brain has been widely studied in most vertebrate groups, but there is no information available about this neurotransmission System in the brains of holostean fishes, a pr
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neuroanatomical organization of the Cholinergic System in the central nervous System of a basal actinopterygian fish the senegal bichir polypterus senegalus
The Journal of Comparative Neurology, 2013Co-Authors: Jesus M Lopez, Glenn R Northcutt, Ruth Morona, Jorge Perlado, Agustin GonzalezAbstract:Polypterid bony fishes are believed to be basal to other living ray-finned fishes, and their brain organization is therefore critical in providing information as to primitive neural characters that existed in the earliest ray-finned fishes. The Cholinergic System has been characterized in more advanced ray-finned fishes, but not in polypterids. In order to establish which Cholinergic neural centers characterized the earliest ray-finned fishes, the distribution of choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) is described in Polypterus and compared with the distribution of this molecule in other ray-finned fishes. Cell groups immunoreactive for ChAT were observed in the hypothalamus, the habenula, the optic tectum, the isthmus, the cranial motor nuclei, and the spinal motor column. Cholinergic fibers were observed in both the telencephalic pallium and the subpallium, in the thalamus and pretectum, in the optic tectum and torus semicircularis, in the mesencephalic tegmentum, in the cerebellar crest, in the solitary nucleus, and in the dorsal column nuclei. Comparison of the data within a segmental neuromeric context indicates that the Cholinergic System in polypterid fishes is generally similar to that in other ray-finned fishes, but Cholinergic-positive neurons in the pallium and subpallium, and in the thalamus and cerebellum, of teleosts appear to have evolved following the separation of polypterids and other ray-finned fishes. J. Comp. Neurol. 521:24–49, 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Koichiro Kawashima - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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expression and function of the Cholinergic System in immune cells
Frontiers in Immunology, 2017Co-Authors: Takeshi Fujii, Masato Mashimo, Yasuhiro Moriwaki, Hidemi Misawa, Kazuhide Horiguchi, Koichiro KawashimaAbstract:T and B cells express most Cholinergic System components – e.g. acetylcholine (ACh), choline acetyltransferase (ChAT), acetylcholinesterase and both muscarinic and nicotinic ACh receptors (mAChRs and nAChRs, respectively). Using ChATBAC-eGFP transgenic mice, ChAT expression has been confirmed in T and B cells, dendritic cells and macrophages. Moreover, T cell activation via TCR/CD3-mediated pathways up-regulates ChAT mRNA expression and ACh synthesis, suggesting this lymphocytic Cholinergic System contributes to the regulation of immune function. Immune cells express all five mAChRs (M1-M5). Combined M1/M5 mAChR-deficient (M1/M5-KO) mice produce less antigen-specific antibody than wild-type (WT) mice. Furthermore, spleen cells in M1/M5-KO mice produce less TNF-alpha and IL-6, suggesting M1/M5 mAChRs are involved in regulating pro-inflammatory cytokine and antibody production. Immune cells also frequently express the alpha2, alpha5, alpha6, alpha7, alpha9 and alpha10 nAChR subunits. Alpha7 nAChR-deficient (alpha7-KO) mice produce more antigen-specific antibody than WT mice, and spleen cells from alpha7-KO mice produce more TNF-alpha and IL-6 than WT cells. This suggests alpha7 nAChRs are involved in regulating cytokine production and thus modulate antibody production. Evidence also indicates that nicotine modulates immune responses by altering cytokine production, and that alpha7 nAChR signaling contributes to immunomodulation through modification of T cell differentiation. Together, these findings suggest the involvement of both mAChRs and nAChRs in the regulation of immune function. The observation that vagus nerve stimulation protects mice from lethal endotoxin shock led to the notion of a Cholinergic anti-inflammatory reflex pathway, and the spleen is an essential component of this anti-inflammatory reflex. Because the spleen lacks direct vagus innervation, it has been postulated that ACh synthesized by a subset of CD4+ T cells relays vagal nerve signals to alpha7 nAChRs on splenic macrophages, which down-regulates TNF-alpha synthesis and release, thereby modulating inflammatory responses. However, because the spleen is innervated solely by the noradrenergic splenic nerve, confirmation of an anti-inflammatory reflex pathway involving the spleen requires several more hypotheses to be addressed. We will review and discuss these issues in the context of the Cholinergic System in immune cells.
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Physiological functions of the Cholinergic System in immune cells
Elsevier, 2017Co-Authors: Takeshi Fujii, Masato Mashimo, Yasuhiro Moriwaki, Hidemi Misawa, Kazuhide Horiguchi, Shiro Ono, Koichiro KawashimaAbstract:T and B cells, macrophages and dendritic cells (DCs) all express most of the components necessary for a functional Cholinergic System. This includes choline acetyltransferase (ChAT), muscarinic and nicotinic acetylcholine (ACh) receptors (mAChRs and nAChRs, respectively) and acetylcholinesterase (AChE). Immunological activation of T cells up-regulates Cholinergic activity, including ChAT and AChE expression. Moreover, toll-like receptor agonists induce ChAT expression in DCs and macrophages, suggesting Cholinergic involvement in the regulation of immune function. Immune cells express all five M1–M5 mAChR subtypes and several nAChR subtypes, including α7. Modulation of antigen-specific antibody and pro-inflammatory cytokine production in M1/M5 mAChR gene-knockout (KO) and α7 nAChR-KO mice further support the idea of a non-neuronal Cholinergic System contributing to the regulation of immune function. Evidence also suggests that α7 nAChRs are involved in suppressing DC and macrophage activity, leading to suppression of T cell differentiation into effector T cells. These findings suggest the possibility that immune function could be modulated by manipulating immune cell Cholinergic activity using specific agonists and antagonists. Therefore, a fuller understanding of the immune cell Cholinergic System should be useful for the development of drugs and therapeutic strategies for the treatment of inflammation-related diseases and cancers
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Expression and Function of the Cholinergic System in Immune Cells
Frontiers Media S.A., 2017Co-Authors: Takeshi Fujii, Masato Mashimo, Yasuhiro Moriwaki, Hidemi Misawa, Kazuhide Horiguchi, Shiro Ono, Koichiro KawashimaAbstract:T and B cells express most Cholinergic System components—e.g., acetylcholine (ACh), choline acetyltransferase (ChAT), acetylcholinesterase, and both muscarinic and nicotinic ACh receptors (mAChRs and nAChRs, respectively). Using ChATBAC-eGFP transgenic mice, ChAT expression has been confirmed in T and B cells, dendritic cells, and macrophages. Moreover, T cell activation via T-cell receptor/CD3-mediated pathways upregulates ChAT mRNA expression and ACh synthesis, suggesting that this lymphocytic Cholinergic System contributes to the regulation of immune function. Immune cells express all five mAChRs (M1–M5). Combined M1/M5 mAChR-deficient (M1/M5-KO) mice produce less antigen-specific antibody than wild-type (WT) mice. Furthermore, spleen cells in M1/M5-KO mice produce less tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interleukin (IL)-6, suggesting M1/M5 mAChRs are involved in regulating pro-inflammatory cytokine and antibody production. Immune cells also frequently express the α2, α5, α6, α7, α9, and α10 nAChR subunits. α7 nAChR-deficient (α7-KO) mice produce more antigen-specific antibody than WT mice, and spleen cells from α7-KO mice produce more TNF-α and IL-6 than WT cells. This suggests that α7 nAChRs are involved in regulating cytokine production and thus modulate antibody production. Evidence also indicates that nicotine modulates immune responses by altering cytokine production and that α7 nAChR signaling contributes to immunomodulation through modification of T cell differentiation. Together, these findings suggest the involvement of both mAChRs and nAChRs in the regulation of immune function. The observation that vagus nerve stimulation protects mice from lethal endotoxin shock led to the notion of a Cholinergic anti-inflammatory reflex pathway, and the spleen is an essential component of this anti-inflammatory reflex. Because the spleen lacks direct vagus innervation, it has been postulated that ACh synthesized by a subset of CD4+ T cells relays vagal nerve signals to α7 nAChRs on splenic macrophages, which downregulates TNF-α synthesis and release, thereby modulating inflammatory responses. However, because the spleen is innervated solely by the noradrenergic splenic nerve, confirmation of an anti-inflammatory reflex pathway involving the spleen requires several more hypotheses to be addressed. We will review and discuss these issues in the context of the Cholinergic System in immune cells
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the non neuronal Cholinergic System of human skin
Hormone and Metabolic Research, 2007Co-Authors: H Kurzen, Koichiro Kawashima, C J Kirkpatrick, Ignaz Wessler, Sergei A GrandoAbstract:In human skin both resident and transiently residing cells are part of the extra- or non-neuronal Cholinergic System, creating a highly complex and interconnected cosmos in which acetylcholine (ACh) and choline are the natural ligands of nicotinic and muscarinic receptors with regulatory function in both physiology and pathophysiology. ACh is produced in keratinocytes, endothelial cells and most notably in immune competent cells invading the skin at sites of inflammation. The Cholinergic System is involved in basic functions of the skin through autocrine, paracrine, and endocrine mechanisms, like keratinocyte proliferation, differentiation, adhesion and migration, epidermal barrier formation, pigment-, sweat- and sebum production, blood circulation, angiogenesis, and a variety of immune reactions. The pathophysiological consequences of this complex Cholinergic "concert" are only beginning to be understood. The present review aims at providing insight into basic mechanisms of this highly complex System.
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the lymphocytic Cholinergic System and its contribution to the regulation of immune activity
Life Sciences, 2003Co-Authors: Koichiro Kawashima, Takeshi FujiiAbstract:Lymphocytes express most of the Cholinergic components found in the nervous System, including acetylcholine (ACh), choline acetyltransferase (ChAT), high affinity choline transporter, muscarinic and nicotinic ACh receptors (mAChRs and nAChRs, respectively), and acetylcholinesterase. Stimulation of T and B cells with ACh or another mAChR agonist elicits intracellular Ca2+ signaling, up-regulation of c-fos expression, increased nitric oxide synthesis and IL-2-induced signal transduction, probably via M3 and M5 mAChR-mediated pathways. Acute stimulation of nAChRs with ACh or nicotine causes rapid and transient Ca2+ signaling in T and B cells, probably via alpha7 nAChR subunit-mediated pathways. Chronic nicotine stimulation, by contrast, down-regulates nAChR expression and suppresses T cell activity. Activation of T cells with phytohemagglutinin or antibodies against cell surface molecules enhances lymphocytic Cholinergic transmission by activating expression of ChAT and M5 mAChR, which is suggestive of local Cholinergic regulation of immune System activity. This idea is supported by the facts that lymphocytic Cholinergic activity reflects well the changes in immune System function seen in animal models of immune deficiency and immune acceleration. Collectively, these data provide a compelling picture in which lymphocytes constitute a Cholinergic System that is independent of Cholinergic nerves, and which is involved in the regulation of immune function.
Jesus M Lopez - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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comparative analysis of the organization of the Cholinergic System in the brains of two holostean fishes the florida gar lepisosteus platyrhincus and the bowfin amia calva
Brain Behavior and Evolution, 2013Co-Authors: Ruth Morona, Glenn R Northcutt, Jesus M Lopez, Agustin GonzalezAbstract:The Cholinergic System in the brain has been widely studied in most vertebrate groups, but there is no information available about this neurotransmission System in the brains of holostean fishes, a primitive and poorly understood group of actinopterygian fishes. The present study provides the first detailed information on the distribution of Cholinergic cell bodies and fibers in the central nervous System in two holostean species, the Florida gar, Lepisosteus platyrhincus, and the bowfin, Amia calva. Immmunohistochemistry against the enzyme choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) revealed distinct groups of ChAT-immunoreactive (ChAT-ir) cells in the habenula, isthmic nucleus, laterodorsal tegmental nucleus, octavolateral area, reticular formation, cranial nerve motor nuclei and the motor column of the spinal cord, all of which seem to be highly conserved among vertebrates. Some ChAT-ir cells were detected in the basal telencephalon that appear in actinopterygians for the first time in the evolution of this neurotransmission System, whereas the remarkable Cholinergic population in the optic tectum is a peculiar characteristic, the presence of which varies throughout evolution, although it is present in all teleosts studied. Abundant Cholinergic fibers were found in the pretectal region and optic tectum, where they probably modulate vision, and in the hypothalamus and the interpeduncular neuropil. Some interspecific differences were also observed, such as the presence of ChAT-ir cells in the supraoptoparaventricular band only in Lepisosteus and in in the nucleus subglomerulosus only in Amia. In addition, ChAT-ir fibers in the olfactory bulb were detected only in Amia. Comparison of these results with those from other classes of vertebrates, and a segmental analysis to correlate cell populations, reveal that the pattern of the Cholinergic System in holosteans is very close to that in ancestral actinopterygian fishes, as recently described in the bichir (Cladistia), although an important evolutionary novelty in holosteans is the presence of Cholinergic cells in the basal telencephalon.
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comparative analysis of the organization of the Cholinergic System in the brains of two holostean fishes the florida gar lepisosteus platyrhincus and the bowfin amia calva
Brain Behavior and Evolution, 2013Co-Authors: Ruth Morona, Glenn R Northcutt, Jesus M Lopez, Agustin GonzalezAbstract:The Cholinergic System in the brain has been widely studied in most vertebrate groups, but there is no information available about this neurotransmission System in the brains of holostean fishes, a pr
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neuroanatomical organization of the Cholinergic System in the central nervous System of a basal actinopterygian fish the senegal bichir polypterus senegalus
The Journal of Comparative Neurology, 2013Co-Authors: Jesus M Lopez, Glenn R Northcutt, Ruth Morona, Jorge Perlado, Agustin GonzalezAbstract:Polypterid bony fishes are believed to be basal to other living ray-finned fishes, and their brain organization is therefore critical in providing information as to primitive neural characters that existed in the earliest ray-finned fishes. The Cholinergic System has been characterized in more advanced ray-finned fishes, but not in polypterids. In order to establish which Cholinergic neural centers characterized the earliest ray-finned fishes, the distribution of choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) is described in Polypterus and compared with the distribution of this molecule in other ray-finned fishes. Cell groups immunoreactive for ChAT were observed in the hypothalamus, the habenula, the optic tectum, the isthmus, the cranial motor nuclei, and the spinal motor column. Cholinergic fibers were observed in both the telencephalic pallium and the subpallium, in the thalamus and pretectum, in the optic tectum and torus semicircularis, in the mesencephalic tegmentum, in the cerebellar crest, in the solitary nucleus, and in the dorsal column nuclei. Comparison of the data within a segmental neuromeric context indicates that the Cholinergic System in polypterid fishes is generally similar to that in other ray-finned fishes, but Cholinergic-positive neurons in the pallium and subpallium, and in the thalamus and cerebellum, of teleosts appear to have evolved following the separation of polypterids and other ray-finned fishes. J. Comp. Neurol. 521:24–49, 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.