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Stephen J. Simpson - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Anoxia tolerance of the adult Australian Plague Locust (Chortoicetes terminifera).
    Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Molecular & Integrative Physiology, 2019
    Co-Authors: R. Meldrum Robertson, Arianne J. Cease, Stephen J. Simpson
    Abstract:

    Abstract Optimal breeding conditions for locust swarms often include heavy rainfall and flooding, exposing individuals to the risk of immersion and anoxia. We investigated anoxia tolerance in solitarious and gregarious adults of the Australian Plague Locust, Chortoicetes terminifera, by measuring the time to enter an anoxic coma after submersion in water, the time for recovery of ventilation and the ability to stand on return to air. We found a longer time to succumb in immature adults that we attribute to a larger tracheal volume. Time to succumb was also longer after autotomizing the hindlegs to reduce the energetic cost of muscular activity. Time to recover was longer in gregarious males and this developed during maturation, suggesting an increase in the cost of neural processing associated with social interactions under crowded conditions. Short-term changes in rearing conditions had effects that we interpret as stress responses, potentially mediated by octopamine.

  • Body condition constrains immune function in field populations of female Australian plague locust Chortoicetes terminifera
    Parasite Immunology, 2015
    Co-Authors: Robert I. Graham, Stephen J. Simpson, J. M. Deacutis, Kenneth Wilson
    Abstract:

    The insect innate immune system comprises both humoral and cellular defence responses. In the laboratory, the insect immune system is well characterized. In the field, however, little is known about the role of constitutive insect immune function and how it varies within and between populations. Laboratory studies suggest that host nutrition has significant impact upon insect immune function. Thus, the rationale for this study was to sample natural populations of the Australian Plague Locust Chortoicetes terminifera to establish whether locust body condition (as determined by protein and lipid content) impacted their constitutive immune system and, as a result, has the potential to impact on their capacity to respond to a pathogenic challenge. We found that body condition varied greatly between individual female locusts within sites and that haemolymph protein levels, but not body lipid content, varied between sites. Moreover, our measures of immune function were correlated with the haemolymph levels of protein (in the case of haemocyte density), lipid (prophenoloxidase activity) or both (lysozyme-like antimicrobial activity). We discuss the implications of these findings for the role of biological pesticides in the control of locust populations.

  • Regulation of water and macronutrients by the Australian plague locust, Chortoicetes terminifera
    Journal of Insect Physiology, 2014
    Co-Authors: Fiona J. Clissold, Helena Kertesz, Amelia M. Saul, Julia L. Sheehan, Stephen J. Simpson
    Abstract:

    Abstract Nutritional outcomes for animals are best understood when the intake of multiple nutrients are considered together. The requirements for protein and carbohydrate and the consequences for development, growth and fitness when confined to sub-optimal amounts and ratios of these nutrients are well known for many herbivorous insects. Water is also essential for life, and it is known that herbivorous insects will actively ingest free water, have physiological mechanisms controlling thirst, and suffer fitness consequences if water is excessive or deficient in the diet. As herbivorous insects are thought to obtain the majority of their water from foliage, which can vary in protein, carbohydrate and water content, we investigated if the Australian plague locust, Chortoicetes terminifera, can select among complementary foods to attain a target intake across these three nutrient dimensions. Locusts demonstrated selection behaviour for protein, carbohydrate and water by eating non-randomly from different combinations of complementary foods. A ratio of P:C:H2O of 1:1.13:13.2 or 1(P + C): 6.2 H2O was ingested. Given that locusts strongly regulate water intake, and its importance as an essential resource, we suggest future studies consider the single and interactive influences of water, protein and carbohydrate, when evaluating herbivorous insect host choice and foraging decisions.

  • Nutrient consumption by spiders in the differential extraction experiment.
    2014
    Co-Authors: Jesse Hawley, Stephen J. Simpson, Shawn M. Wilder
    Abstract:

    Comparisons of the consumption of lipid and protein by Argiope keyserlingi spiders when feeding on sequential locusts, Chortoicetes terminifera: A) the first locust injected with nutrient solutions, B) the second locust injected with nutrient solutions, C) the first unmanipulated locust, and D) the second unmanipulated locust. Values are the mean +1 SE. * denote significant multivariate and univariate differences in protein and lipid consumption between treatments.

  • Cannibalism in the lifeboat — collective movement in Australian plague locusts
    Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 2011
    Co-Authors: Matthew J Hansen, Stephen J. Simpson, Jerome Buhl, Sepideh Bazazi, Gregory A. Sword
    Abstract:

    Mass migration of locusts is an economically devastating and poorly understood phenomenon. Locust mass migration often follows rapid population growth because individuals must move to find new sources of locally depleted resources. In Mormon crickets and Desert locusts, cannibalistic interactions have been revealed as the driving force behind collective mass movement. Locusts are known to compensate for nutrient deficiencies and they themselves are a good source of nutrients such as protein. However, direct empirical evidence for an adaptive benefit of cannibalism in migratory bands has been lacking. Here, we first show that Australian plague locusts, Chortoicetes terminifera , will cannibalise vulnerable conspecifics to compensate for protein deprivation, supporting the notion that cannibalistic interactions among nutritionally deprived individuals drives collective mass movement. We then show that individuals in a group with the opportunity to cannibalise survive longer and move more than individuals without the opportunity to cannibalise. These results provide empirical support for the ‘lifeboat mechanism’, which proposes that cannibalism offers the dual benefits to individuals in a group of surviving longer and travelling farther than a solitary individual without the opportunity to cannibalise.

Wim C. Mullié - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • insecticide residues in australian plague locusts Chortoicetes terminifera walker after ultra low volume aerial application of the organophosphorus insecticide fenitrothion
    Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 2013
    Co-Authors: Paul Story, Pierre Mineau, Wim C. Mullié
    Abstract:

    The need for locust control throughout eastern Australia during spring 2010 provided an opportunity to quantify residues of the organophosphorus insecticide fenitrothion on nymphs of the Australian plague locust, Chortoicetes terminifera Walker. Residues were collected across the different physiological states—live, dead, and debilitated (characterized by ease of capture, erratic hopping, and the inability to remain upright)—of locust nymphs observed following exposure to fenitrothion. The time course of residue depletion for 72 h after spraying was quantified, and residue-per-unit dose values in the present study were compared with previous research. Fenitrothion residue-per-unit dose values ranged from 0.2 µg/g to 31.2 µg/g (mean ± standard error [SE] = 6.3 ± 1.3 µg/g) in live C. terminifera nymps, from 0.5 µg/g to 25.5 µg/g (7.8 ± 1.3 µg/g) in debilitated nymphs, and from 2.3 µg/g to 39.8 µg/g (16.5 ± 2.8 µg/g) in dead nymphs. Residues of the oxidative derivative of fenitrothion, fenitrooxon, were generally below the limit of quantitation for the analysis (0.02 µg/g), with 2 exceptions—1 live and 1 debilitated sample returned residues at the limit of quantitation. The results of the present study suggest that sampling of acridids for risk assessment should include mimicking predatory behavior and be over a longer time course (preferably 3–24 h postspray) than sampling of vegetation (typically 1–2 h postspray) and that current regulatory frameworks may underestimate the risk of pesticides applied for locust or grasshopper control. Environ Toxicol Chem 2013;32:2792–2799. © 2013 SETAC

  • Insecticide residues in Australian plague locusts (Chortoicetes terminifera walker) after ultra‐low volume aerial application of the organophosphorus insecticide fenitrothion
    Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 2013
    Co-Authors: Paul Story, Pierre Mineau, Wim C. Mullié
    Abstract:

    The need for locust control throughout eastern Australia during spring 2010 provided an opportunity to quantify residues of the organophosphorus insecticide fenitrothion on nymphs of the Australian plague locust, Chortoicetes terminifera Walker. Residues were collected across the different physiological states—live, dead, and debilitated (characterized by ease of capture, erratic hopping, and the inability to remain upright)—of locust nymphs observed following exposure to fenitrothion. The time course of residue depletion for 72 h after spraying was quantified, and residue-per-unit dose values in the present study were compared with previous research. Fenitrothion residue-per-unit dose values ranged from 0.2 µg/g to 31.2 µg/g (mean ± standard error [SE] = 6.3 ± 1.3 µg/g) in live C. terminifera nymps, from 0.5 µg/g to 25.5 µg/g (7.8 ± 1.3 µg/g) in debilitated nymphs, and from 2.3 µg/g to 39.8 µg/g (16.5 ± 2.8 µg/g) in dead nymphs. Residues of the oxidative derivative of fenitrothion, fenitrooxon, were generally below the limit of quantitation for the analysis (0.02 µg/g), with 2 exceptions—1 live and 1 debilitated sample returned residues at the limit of quantitation. The results of the present study suggest that sampling of acridids for risk assessment should include mimicking predatory behavior and be over a longer time course (preferably 3–24 h postspray) than sampling of vegetation (typically 1–2 h postspray) and that current regulatory frameworks may underestimate the risk of pesticides applied for locust or grasshopper control. Environ Toxicol Chem 2013;32:2792–2799. © 2013 SETAC

Gregory A. Sword - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Cannibalism in the lifeboat — collective movement in Australian plague locusts
    Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 2011
    Co-Authors: Matthew J Hansen, Stephen J. Simpson, Jerome Buhl, Sepideh Bazazi, Gregory A. Sword
    Abstract:

    Mass migration of locusts is an economically devastating and poorly understood phenomenon. Locust mass migration often follows rapid population growth because individuals must move to find new sources of locally depleted resources. In Mormon crickets and Desert locusts, cannibalistic interactions have been revealed as the driving force behind collective mass movement. Locusts are known to compensate for nutrient deficiencies and they themselves are a good source of nutrients such as protein. However, direct empirical evidence for an adaptive benefit of cannibalism in migratory bands has been lacking. Here, we first show that Australian plague locusts, Chortoicetes terminifera , will cannibalise vulnerable conspecifics to compensate for protein deprivation, supporting the notion that cannibalistic interactions among nutritionally deprived individuals drives collective mass movement. We then show that individuals in a group with the opportunity to cannibalise survive longer and move more than individuals without the opportunity to cannibalise. These results provide empirical support for the ‘lifeboat mechanism’, which proposes that cannibalism offers the dual benefits to individuals in a group of surviving longer and travelling farther than a solitary individual without the opportunity to cannibalise.

  • cannibalism in the lifeboat collective movement in australian plague locusts
    Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 2011
    Co-Authors: Matthew J Hansen, Stephen J. Simpson, Gregory A. Sword, Jerome Buhl, Sepideh Bazazi
    Abstract:

    Mass migration of locusts is an economically devastating and poorly understood phenomenon. Locust mass migration often follows rapid population growth because individuals must move to find new sources of locally depleted resources. In Mormon crickets and Desert locusts, cannibalistic interactions have been revealed as the driving force behind collective mass movement. Locusts are known to compensate for nutrient deficiencies and they themselves are a good source of nutrients such as protein. However, direct empirical evidence for an adaptive benefit of cannibalism in migratory bands has been lacking. Here, we first show that Australian plague locusts, Chortoicetes terminifera, will cannibalise vulnerable conspecifics to compensate for protein deprivation, supporting the notion that cannibalistic interactions among nutritionally deprived individuals drives collective mass movement. We then show that individuals in a group with the opportunity to cannibalise survive longer and move more than individuals without the opportunity to cannibalise. These results provide empirical support for the ‘lifeboat mechanism’, which proposes that cannibalism offers the dual benefits to individuals in a group of surviving longer and travelling farther than a solitary individual without the opportunity to cannibalise.

  • nuclear insertions and heteroplasmy of mitochondrial dna as two sources of intra individual genomic variation in grasshoppers
    Systematic Entomology, 2011
    Co-Authors: Karine Berthier, Marie Pierre Chapuis, Seyed Mojtaba Moosavi, Donya Tohidiesfahani, Gregory A. Sword
    Abstract:

    We examined the level of intra-individual variation in a region of the mitochondrial genome coding for cytochrome oxydase 1 (COI) in two grasshopper species using a clone-and-sequence analysis of hundreds of sequences. In both Locusta migratoria and Chortoicetes terminifera, we found that 60-65% of the clones were unique COI-like sequences. Among these COI-like sequences, 70-75% diverged by less than 1% from the real mitochondrial haplotypes, and were likely to represent microheteroplasmic molecules. About 20% of the COI-like sequences diverged by more than 9% from the mitochondrial haplotypes, and generally included stop codons, suggesting that these sequences were nuclear mitochondrial pseudogenes (NUMTs). Only six sequences, diverging by 2-6% from the mitochondrial haplotypes, were identified as potentially misleading in phylogenetic studies. In addition, we found that five sequences from C. terminifera were associated with mobile elements or repetitive DNA families. (Resume d'auteur)

  • Nuclear insertions and heteroplasmy of mitochondrial DNA as two sources of intra-individual genomic variation in grasshoppers
    Systematic Entomology, 2011
    Co-Authors: Karine Berthier, Marie Pierre Chapuis, Seyed Mojtaba Moosavi, Donya Tohidi-esfahani, Gregory A. Sword
    Abstract:

    We examined the level of intra-individual variation in a region of the mitochondrial genome coding for cytochrome oxydase 1 (COI) in two grasshopper species using a clone-and-sequence analysis of hundreds of sequences. In both Locusta migratoria and Chortoicetes terminifera, we found that 60–65% of the clones were unique COI-like sequences. Among these COI-like sequences, 70–75% diverged by less than 1% from the real mitochondrial haplotypes, and were likely to represent microheteroplasmic molecules. About 20% of the COI-like sequences diverged by more than 9% from the mitochondrial haplotypes, and generally included stop codons, suggesting that these sequences were nuclear mitochondrial pseudogenes (NUMTs). Only six sequences, diverging by 2–6% from the mitochondrial haplotypes, were identified as potentially misleading in phylogenetic studies. In addition, we found that five sequences from C. terminifera were associated with mobile elements or repetitive DNA families.

  • Behavioural phase change in the Australian plague locust, Chortoicetes terminifera, is triggered by tactile stimulation of the antennae.
    Journal of Insect Physiology, 2010
    Co-Authors: Darron A. Cullen, Gregory A. Sword, Tim Dodgson, Stephen J. Simpson
    Abstract:

    Density-dependent phase polyphenism is a defining characteristic of the paraphyletic group of acridid grasshoppers known as locusts. The cues and mechanisms associated with crowding that induce behavioural gregarization are best understood in the desert locust, Schistocerca gregaria, and involve a combination of sensory inputs from the head (visual and olfactory) and mechanostimulation of the hind legs, acting via a transient increase in serotonin in the thoracic ganglia. Since behavioural gregarization has apparently arisen independently multiple times within the Acrididae, the important question arises as to whether the same mechanisms have been recruited each time. Here we explored the roles of visual, olfactory and tactile stimulation in the induction of behavioural gregarization in the Australian plague locust, Chortoicetes terminifera. We show that the primary gregarizing input is tactile stimulation of the antennae, with no evidence for an effect of visual and olfactory stimulation or tactile stimulation of the hind legs. Our results show that convergent behavioural responses to crowding have evolved employing different sites of sensory input in the Australian plague locust and the desert locust.

James D. Woodman - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Effects of substrate salinity on oviposition, embryonic development and survival in the Australian plague locust, Chortoicetes terminifera (Walker).
    Journal of Insect Physiology, 2017
    Co-Authors: James D. Woodman
    Abstract:

    The Australian plague locust, Chortoicetes terminifera (Walker), is an important agricultural pest that oviposits into soil across vast semi-arid and arid regions. This study aimed to determine whether gravid female locusts can discriminate among substrates of increasing salinity (0, 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, 24, and 28ppt NaCl) when attempting oviposition, and quantify the effects of saline substrate on direct developing egg viability, and subsequent hatchling nymph body weight and survival. Gravid female locusts increasingly excavated and withdrew prior to completing oviposition in substrates of increasing salinity, but similar numbers of completed egg pods were observed across treatments. Egg weight at 50% total development time and successful egg development to nymph emergence decreased with increasing substrate salinity. Water balance equilibrium between the egg and the substrate occurred at approximately 12ppt NaCl corresponding to a water activity of ∼0.995. Eggs oviposited into sand containing ⩽12ppt NaCl weighed ⩾6.26±0.91mg and had ⩾76.8% successful development to nymph emergence. Eggs oviposited into sand containing >12ppt NaCl weighed ⩽5.16±1.27mg and had ⩽45.6% successful development to nymph emergence. Hatchling nymph body weight and survival to second instar also decreased with increasing substrate salinity. Nymphs that hatched and emerged from sand containing ⩽12ppt NaCl weighed ⩾5.55±0.43mg at emergence and had ⩾68.9% survival. Nymphs that hatched and emerged from sand containing >12ppt NaCl weighed ⩽5.28±0.67mg at emergence and had ⩽52.0% survival. These results indicate that C. terminifera is sufficiently resilient to develop and survive in saline substrates over most of their range.

  • Observations of Scelio fulgidus (Hymenoptera: Platygastridae) parasitism and development in southern NSW during the 2010 Chortoicetes terminifera (Orthoptera: Acrididae) locust plague
    Austral Entomology, 2013
    Co-Authors: Ted Deveson, James D. Woodman
    Abstract:

    Scelio fulgidus (Crawford) is a widely distributed egg endoparasitoid of the Australian plague locust, Chortoicetes terminifera (Walker) that can cause high levels of host mortality in some locust outbreak situations. We assessed S. fulgidus parasitism from 23 locust egg bed sites in the New South Wales Riverina over a sequence of three host generations during the 2010–2011 C. terminifera plague cycle. Parasitism was locally variable but relatively high in each generation, with >90% egg parasitism during the summer 2010 host generation, exceeding previously reported data. There was evidence to support facultative diapause of up to one-third of S. fulgidus larvae in host eggs laid during March–May, with temporal change in proportions similar to diapause incidence in host eggs.

  • Longevity relative to temperature of Scelio fulgidus (Hymenoptera: Platygastridae) emerging from Australian plague locust (Chortoicetes terminifera) eggs
    Australian Journal of Entomology, 2013
    Co-Authors: Ted Deveson, James D. Woodman
    Abstract:

    Scelio fulgidus (Crawford) is a widely distributed endoparasitoid in the eggs of the Australian plague locust, Chortoicetes terminifera (Walker), that can exert considerable influence on locust population dynamics. The present study quantifies S. fulgidus longevity from different seasonal histories at five day/night temperature regimes in the laboratory. Longevity was sensitive to temperature, and means ranged from 5 days to 28 days in males and from 10 days to 33 days in females at 35/20°C and at 15/0°C (day/night), respectively. There was no significant difference in the longevity of S. fulgidus sampled from different seasonal populations, or those from host diapause eggs exposed to 15°C in soil for 100 days before hatching. These data report the average longevity of S. fulgidus at different day/night temperature regimes and considerably increase the previously reported individual maximum longevity for the species. The effects of temperature on wasp longevity may have important host–parasitoid implications at different times of the year.

  • Temperature affects immersion tolerance of first-instar nymphs of the Australian plague locust, Chortoicetes terminifera
    Australian Journal of Zoology, 2013
    Co-Authors: James D. Woodman
    Abstract:

    The population dynamics of the Australian plague locust, Chortoicetes terminifera, are strongly linked to the timing and distribution of heavy rainfall events in semiarid and arid environments. While the effects of insufficient rainfall on survival are relatively well understood, little information exists on the effects of excessively wet conditions. This study aimed to quantify the survival of first-instar C. terminifera nymphs to a range of water-immersion periods and temperatures. Results show that survival is strongly dependent on immersion temperature whereby survival times ranged from time to 50% mortality (LT50) = 8.12 ± 0.26 h at 15°C to 4.93 ± 0.30 h at 25°C. Nymphs entered a coma-like state within 2 min of immersion. Post-immersion recovery times were greater for longer immersion periods and longer at higher temperatures for immersion periods of >3 h. These findings suggest that first-instar nymphs would be able to survive most instances of transient, localised pooling of water associated with heavy rainfall in the field. However, flooding that could trap individuals for >5 h (including nymphs still underground within the egg pod before emergence to the soil surface) has the potential to cause high mortality, particularly during summer and early autumn when water temperatures may be high.

  • Cold tolerance of first-instar nymphs of the Australian plague locust, Chortoicetes terminifera
    Journal of Insect Physiology, 2010
    Co-Authors: James D. Woodman
    Abstract:

    Abstract The cold tolerance of first-instar nymphs of the Australian plague locust, Chortoicetes terminifera , was examined using measures of total body water content, supercooling point and mortality for a range of sub-zero temperature exposure regimes. The supercooling points for starved and fed nymphs were −13.1 ± 0.9 and −12.6 ± 1.6 °C, and freezing caused complete mortality. Above these temperatures, nymphs were cold tolerant to different degrees based on whether they were starved or given access to food and water for 24 h prior to exposure. The rate of cooling also had a significant effect on mortality. Very rapid cooling to −7 °C caused 84 and 87% mortality for starved and fed nymphs respectively, but this significantly decreased for starved nymphs if temperature declined by more ecologically realistic rates of 0.5 and 0.1 °C min −1 . These results are indicative of a rapid cold hardening response and are discussed in terms of the likely effects of cold nights and frost on first-instar nymphal survival in the field.

Paul Story - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • insecticide residues in australian plague locusts Chortoicetes terminifera walker after ultra low volume aerial application of the organophosphorus insecticide fenitrothion
    Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 2013
    Co-Authors: Paul Story, Pierre Mineau, Wim C. Mullié
    Abstract:

    The need for locust control throughout eastern Australia during spring 2010 provided an opportunity to quantify residues of the organophosphorus insecticide fenitrothion on nymphs of the Australian plague locust, Chortoicetes terminifera Walker. Residues were collected across the different physiological states—live, dead, and debilitated (characterized by ease of capture, erratic hopping, and the inability to remain upright)—of locust nymphs observed following exposure to fenitrothion. The time course of residue depletion for 72 h after spraying was quantified, and residue-per-unit dose values in the present study were compared with previous research. Fenitrothion residue-per-unit dose values ranged from 0.2 µg/g to 31.2 µg/g (mean ± standard error [SE] = 6.3 ± 1.3 µg/g) in live C. terminifera nymps, from 0.5 µg/g to 25.5 µg/g (7.8 ± 1.3 µg/g) in debilitated nymphs, and from 2.3 µg/g to 39.8 µg/g (16.5 ± 2.8 µg/g) in dead nymphs. Residues of the oxidative derivative of fenitrothion, fenitrooxon, were generally below the limit of quantitation for the analysis (0.02 µg/g), with 2 exceptions—1 live and 1 debilitated sample returned residues at the limit of quantitation. The results of the present study suggest that sampling of acridids for risk assessment should include mimicking predatory behavior and be over a longer time course (preferably 3–24 h postspray) than sampling of vegetation (typically 1–2 h postspray) and that current regulatory frameworks may underestimate the risk of pesticides applied for locust or grasshopper control. Environ Toxicol Chem 2013;32:2792–2799. © 2013 SETAC

  • Insecticide residues in Australian plague locusts (Chortoicetes terminifera walker) after ultra‐low volume aerial application of the organophosphorus insecticide fenitrothion
    Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 2013
    Co-Authors: Paul Story, Pierre Mineau, Wim C. Mullié
    Abstract:

    The need for locust control throughout eastern Australia during spring 2010 provided an opportunity to quantify residues of the organophosphorus insecticide fenitrothion on nymphs of the Australian plague locust, Chortoicetes terminifera Walker. Residues were collected across the different physiological states—live, dead, and debilitated (characterized by ease of capture, erratic hopping, and the inability to remain upright)—of locust nymphs observed following exposure to fenitrothion. The time course of residue depletion for 72 h after spraying was quantified, and residue-per-unit dose values in the present study were compared with previous research. Fenitrothion residue-per-unit dose values ranged from 0.2 µg/g to 31.2 µg/g (mean ± standard error [SE] = 6.3 ± 1.3 µg/g) in live C. terminifera nymps, from 0.5 µg/g to 25.5 µg/g (7.8 ± 1.3 µg/g) in debilitated nymphs, and from 2.3 µg/g to 39.8 µg/g (16.5 ± 2.8 µg/g) in dead nymphs. Residues of the oxidative derivative of fenitrothion, fenitrooxon, were generally below the limit of quantitation for the analysis (0.02 µg/g), with 2 exceptions—1 live and 1 debilitated sample returned residues at the limit of quantitation. The results of the present study suggest that sampling of acridids for risk assessment should include mimicking predatory behavior and be over a longer time course (preferably 3–24 h postspray) than sampling of vegetation (typically 1–2 h postspray) and that current regulatory frameworks may underestimate the risk of pesticides applied for locust or grasshopper control. Environ Toxicol Chem 2013;32:2792–2799. © 2013 SETAC