The Experts below are selected from a list of 16053 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform

Michael N Schmitt - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • wired warfare 3 0 protecting the Civilian Population during cyber operations
    2019
    Co-Authors: Michael N Schmitt
    Abstract:

    As a general matter, international humanitarian law is up to the task of providing the legal framework for cyber operations during an armed conflict. However, two debates persist in this regard, the resolution of which will determine the precise degree of protection the Civilian Population will enjoy during cyber operations. The first revolves around the meaning of the term “attack” in various conduct of hostilities rules, while the second addresses the issue of whether data may be considered an object such that operations destroying or altering it are subject to the prohibition on attacking Civilian objects and that their effects need be considered when considering proportionality and the taking of precautions in attack. Even if these debates were to be resolved, the Civilian Population would still face risks from the unique capabilities of cyber operations. This article proposes two policies that parties to a conflict should consider adopting in order to ameliorate such risks. They are both based on the premise that military operations must reflect a balance between military concerns and the interest of States in prevailing in the conflict.

  • military necessity and humanity in international humanitarian law preserving the delicate balance
    2010
    Co-Authors: Michael N Schmitt
    Abstract:

    This chapter examines the international humanitarian law (IHL) principles of military necessity and humanity. It argues that the two principles undergird the entire body of IHL. Therefore, each individual IHL rule represents a delicate balance fashioned by States to accommodate both their legitimate need to be able to fight effectively on the battlefield and their desire to avoid unnecessary harm to combatants and the Civilian Population. However, the principles do not constitute norms which apply in addition to the existing rules, whether customary or conventional in nature. To interpret them in this manner would skew the balance upon which States have agreed.

Kerry J Ressler - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • association of crp genetic variation and crp level with elevated ptsd symptoms and physiological responses in a Civilian Population with high levels of trauma
    2015
    Co-Authors: Vasiliki Michopoulos, Alex O Rothbaum, Tanja Jovanovic, Lynn M Almli, Bekh Bradley, Barbara O Rothbaum, Charles F Gillespie, Kerry J Ressler
    Abstract:

    Objective:Increased systemic inflammation is associated with stress-related psychopathology. Specifically, levels of the proinflammatory marker C-reactive protein (CRP) are elevated in individuals with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Furthermore, single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the CRP gene are associated with CRP level, risk for cardiovascular disease, and obesity. The authors examined whether polymorphisms within the CRP gene and increased CRP levels are associated with PTSD symptoms and fear physiology in a Civilian Population with high levels of trauma.Method:Cross-sectional data and DNA samples were collected from 2,698 individuals recruited from an inner-city public hospital that serves a primarily African American, low-socioeconomic-status Population. A subgroup of 187 participants participated in further interviews, testing, and physiological measures; of these, 135 were assessed using the fear-potentiated startle paradigm to assess fear-related phenotypes of PTSD.Results:One SNP w...

  • substance use childhood traumatic experience and posttraumatic stress disorder in an urban Civilian Population
    2010
    Co-Authors: B Lamya S Khoury, Bekh Bradley, Kerry J Ressler, Yilang Tang, Joseph F Cubells
    Abstract:

    Objective: Exposure to traumatic experiences, especially those occurring in childhood, has been linked to substance use disorders (SUDs), including abuse and dependence. SUDs are also highly comorbid with Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) and other mood-related psychopathology. Most studies examining the relationship between PTSD and SUDs have examined veteran Populations or patients in substance treatment programs. The present study further examines this relationship between childhood trauma, substance use, and PTSD in a sample of urban primary care patients. Method: There were 587 participants included in this study, all recruited from medical and OB/GYN clinic waiting rooms at Grady Memorial Hospital in Atlanta, GA. Data were collected through both screening interviews as well as follow-up interviews. Results: In this highly traumatized Population, high rates of lifetime dependence on various substances were found (39% alcohol, 34.1% cocaine, 6.2% heroin/opiates, and 44.8% marijuana). The level of substance use, particularly cocaine, strongly correlated with levels of childhood physical, sexual, and emotional abuse as well as current PTSD symptoms. In particular, there was a significant additive effect of number of types of childhood trauma experienced with history of cocaine dependence in predicting current PTSD symptoms, and this effect was independent of exposure to adult trauma. Conclusions: These data show strong links between childhood traumatization and SUDs, and their joint associations with PTSD outcome. They suggest that enhanced awareness of PTSD and substance abuse comorbidity in high-risk, impoverished Populations is critical to understanding the mechanisms of substance addiction as well as in improving prevention and treatment. Depression and Anxiety, 2010. © 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

Neolexvision Blogs - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • protection of rights of Civilian Population under armed conflict
    2021
    Co-Authors: Avidha Tiwari, Neolexvision Blogs
    Abstract:

    Cave arts from the new period, meaning 10000 ago, manifested a reality that also continues with us in conventional times, which reality is armed conflicts. Although the scale of the armed conflicts has changed significantly from that period, however, its effects are still beyond the folks that fight within those conflicts. The unimaginable brunt of those conflicts affects the past, present, and way forward for Civilians inevitably. For this reason, with the expansion of human society, we saw the event of International Humanitarian laws, however, it had been not the sole concern, the consequences of armed conflict transcend the loss of basic amenities, and it affects the dignity and integrity of the people stricken by it. These violations found their answers within the variety of human rights that represent the essential essence of our humanity. This shows that interaction between humanitarian laws and human rights was also inevitable. As we shall see further, this interaction has not been a smooth one, since it gives rise to multiple issues that are now the concerns of the latest law of nations theorists, scholars, and administrators. During this article, we are going to explore a number of these issues in-depth, but before, it's important to grasp the connection between international humanitarian laws and human rights themselves.

Anbesaw W Selassie - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • prevalence of long term disability from traumatic brain injury in the Civilian Population of the united states 2005
    2008
    Co-Authors: Eduard Zaloshnja, Ted R Miller, Jean A Langlois, Anbesaw W Selassie
    Abstract:

    OBJECTIVE: To estimate the prevalence of long-term disability associated with traumatic brain injury (TBI) in the Civilian Population of the United States. METHODS: We first estimated how many people experienced long-term disability from TBI each year in the past 70 years. Then, accounting for the increased mortality among TBI survivors, we estimated their life expectancy and calculated how many were expected to be alive in 2005. RESULTS: An estimated 1.1% of the US Civilian Population or 3.17 million people (95% CI: 3.02-3.32 million) were living with a long-term disability from TBI at the beginning of 2005. Under less conservative assumptions about TBI's impact on lifespan, this estimate is 3.32 million (95% CI: 3.16-3.48 million). CONCLUSION: Substantial long-term disability occurs among the US Civilians hospitalized with a TBI. Language: en

Marina Mancini - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • report of the conference new conflicts and the challenge of the protection of the Civilian Population
    2011
    Co-Authors: Marina Mancini
    Abstract:

    In contemporary armed conflicts the overwhelming majority of the dead and injured are Civilians and the bulk of the damages affect infrastructures vital to them. Actually, the very nature of armed conflicts has changed over the last two decades with dramatic consequences for the protection of the Civilian Population on the ground. An international conference on this issue was organized by the International Institute of Humanitarian Law (IIHL), in cooperation with the Institute for International Affairs (IAI), and held in Rome at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs on 14 December 2010. Eminent speakers delivered comprehensive and thought-provoking presentations on a number of outstanding questions, including the interrelationship between international humanitarian law and human rights law, the concept of responsibility to protect and the role of peacekeeping forces in protecting Civilians, the protection of the Civilian Population in asymmetric conflicts and in occupied territory, the protection of women and children, the criminal accountability for grave breaches of norms protecting Civilians, and the obligations and responsibilities of non-state actors in this field.