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Diana S Woodruffpak - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • age related impairment in the 250 millisecond delay eyeblink Classical Conditioning procedure in c57bl 6 mice
    Learning & Memory, 2002
    Co-Authors: Richard W Vogel, Michael Ewers, Charlene Ross, Thomas J Gould, Diana S Woodruffpak
    Abstract:

    In this study we tested 4-, 9-, 12-, and 18-month-old C57BL/6 mice in the 250-msec delay eyeblink Classical Conditioning procedure to study age-related changes in a form of associative learning. The short life expectancy of mice, complete knowledge about the mouse genome, and the availability of transgenic and knock-out mouse models of age-related impairments make the mouse an excellent species for expanding knowledge on the neurobiologically and behaviorally well-characterized eyeblink Classical Conditioning paradigm. Based on previous research with delay eyeblink Conditioning in rabbits and humans, we predicted that mice would be impaired on this cerebellar-dependent associative learning task in middle-age, at ~9 months. To fully examine age differences in behavior in mice, we used a battery of additional behavioral measures with which to compare young and older mice. These behaviors included the acoustic startle response, prepulse inhibition, rotorod, and the Morris water maze. Mice began to show impairment in cerebellar-dependent tasks such as rotorod and eyeblink Conditioning at 9 to 12 months of age. Performance in hippocampally dependent tasks was not impaired in any group, including 18-month-old mice. These results in mice support results in other species, indicating that cerebellar-dependent tasks show age-related deficits earlier in adulthood than do hippocampally dependent tasks.

  • eyeblink Classical Conditioning in h m delay and trace paradigms
    Behavioral Neuroscience, 1993
    Co-Authors: Diana S Woodruffpak
    Abstract:

    H.M., a well-known subject with bilateral removal of medial-temporal-lobe structures and profound amnesia, performed eyeblink Classical Conditioning (EBCC) for 21 90-trial sessions in the 400-ms delay and 900-ms trace paradigms. A 2nd amnesic subject with temporal lobe lesions and 2 normal control subjects (NCSs) were also conditioned. Acquisition occurred in both paradigms for all subjects. Acquisition in the delay paradigm was prolonged in H.M. (perhaps because of his cerebellar degeneration in the vermis and hemispheres), but not in the 2nd amnesic subject. Amnesic subjects and NCSs showed more rapid acquisition in the trace than in the delay paradigm. Two years after initial EBCC, H.M. attained learning criterion in the trace paradigm in 1/10th as many trials. No recollection of the experimenters, apparatus, instructions, or procedure was manifested by H.M. Results suggest that humans can condition in the 400-ms delay and 900-ms trace EBCC paradigms with the hippocampus radically excised.

Bernard G Schreurs - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Classical Conditioning of the rabbit s nictitating membrane response is a function of the duration of dietary cholesterol
    Nutritional Neuroscience, 2007
    Co-Authors: Bernard G Schreurs, Carrie A Smithbell, Deya S Darwish, Goran Stankovic, Larry D Sparks
    Abstract:

    AbstractModifying dietary cholesterol may improve learning and memory but very high cholesterol can cause pathophysiology and death. Rabbits fed 2% cholesterol for 8, 10 or 12 weeks with 0.12 ppm copper added to distilled water and rabbits fed a normal diet without copper added to distilled water (0 weeks) were given a difficult trace Classical Conditioning task and an easy delay Conditioning task pairing tone with corneal air puff. The majority of cholesterol-fed rabbits survived the deleterious effects of the diet but survival was an inverse function of the diet duration. Compared to controls, the level of Classical Conditioning and Conditioning-specific reflex modification were an inverted "U"-shaped function of diet duration. Highest levels of responding occurred in rabbits on cholesterol for 10 weeks and trace Conditioning was negatively correlated with the number of hippocampal β-amyloid-positive neurons. Rabbits on the diet for 12 weeks responded at levels comparable to controls. The data provide s...

  • high dietary cholesterol facilitates Classical Conditioning of the rabbit s nictitating membrane response
    Nutritional Neuroscience, 2007
    Co-Authors: Bernard G Schreurs, Carrie A Smithbell, Deya S Darwish, Goran Stankovic, Larry D Sparks
    Abstract:

    Studies have shown that modifying dietary cholesterol may improve learning and that serum cholesterol levels can be positively correlated with cognitive performance. Rabbits fed a 0, 0.5, 1 or 2% cholesterol diet for eight weeks and 0.12 ppm copper added to their drinking water received trace and then delay Classical Conditioning pairing tone with corneal air puff during which movement of the nictitating membrane (NM) across the eye was monitored. We found that the level of Classical Conditioning and Conditioning-specific reflex modification (CRM) as well as the number of beta amyloid-labeled neurons in the cortex and hippocampus were a function of the concentration of cholesterol in the diet. The data provide support for the idea that dietary cholesterol may facilitate learning and memory.

  • Classical Conditioning and modification of the rabbit s oryctolagus cuniculus unconditioned nictitating membrane response
    Behavioral and Cognitive Neuroscience Reviews, 2003
    Co-Authors: Bernard G Schreurs
    Abstract:

    A fundamental tenet of behavior is that a reflex is automatic, unconscious, involuntary, and relatively invariant. However, we have discovered that a reflex can change dramatically as a function of Classical Conditioning, and this change can be demonstrated independently of the conditioned stimulus. We have termed this phenomenon Conditioning-specific reflex modification (CRM). Although the behavioral laws and neural substrates of nonassociative reflex changes have been identified, the behavioral laws and neural substrates of CRM are only now being revealed. For example, CRM is similar to Classical Conditioning in that (a) it is a function of both the strength of Conditioning and (b) the strength of the unconditioned stimulus, (c) it can be extinguished, and (d) it can be generalized from one unconditioned stimulus to another. Preliminary analysis suggests that CRM may have some features in common with post-traumatic stress disorder and may provide insights into treatment of the disorder.

  • single cue delay and trace Classical Conditioning in schizophrenia
    Biological Psychiatry, 2003
    Co-Authors: Stefano Marenco, Daniel R Weinberger, Bernard G Schreurs
    Abstract:

    Abstract Background Classical Conditioning provides a means of addressing mechanisms of learning and can therefore help understand the pathophysiology of memory alteration in schizophrenia. Methods Single cue delay and trace eyeblink Conditioning were used in patients with schizophrenia and matched normal control subjects to explore, respectively, cerebellar and hippocampal integrity during learning. We measured percent of conditioned (CRs) and unconditioned responses (URs), their amplitude, and onset and peak latencies. We also accounted for spontaneous blink rates and stimulus-induced responses before learning. Results During delay Conditioning, patients showed CRs with longer onset and peak latencies and improved efficiency compared to normal volunteers without there being differences between patients and normal control subjects in the percentage of CRs. During trace Conditioning, neither group showed an increase in CRs as a function of conditioned stimulus–unconditioned stimulus pairings, in part because the level of spontaneous blink rates exceeded the level of CRs; however, patients with schizophrenia showed increased responding 150–400 msec after the conditioned stimulus and in the last 100–150 msec before the unconditioned stimulus, whereas normal control subjects showed only the latter type of responses. The former type of response was more frequent in patients with schizophrenia even before either trace or delay Conditioning. Conclusions These results suggest integrity of cerebellar mechanisms underlying Conditioning, although the altered timing of CRs in patients may indicate differences in the modulation of such responses. Both the greater CR onset latency during delay and the presence of early nonadaptive responses during trace are compatible with the pattern of responding seen in animals with hippocampal damage.

  • intracellular correlates of acquisition and long term memory of Classical Conditioning in purkinje cell dendrites in slices of rabbit cerebellar lobule hvi
    The Journal of Neuroscience, 1998
    Co-Authors: Bernard G Schreurs, Daniel L Alkon, Daniel Tomsic, Pavel A Gusev, Ting Shi
    Abstract:

    Intradendritic recordings in Purkinje cells from a defined area in parasaggital slices of cerebellar lobule HVI, obtained after rabbits were given either paired (Classical Conditioning) or explicitly unpaired (control) presentations of tone and periorbital electrical stimulation, were used to assess the nature and duration of Conditioning-specific changes in Purkinje cell dendritic membrane excitability. We found a strong relationship between the level of Conditioning and Purkinje cell dendritic membrane excitability after initial acquisition of the conditioned response. Moreover, Conditioning-specific increases in Purkinje cell excitability were still present 1 month after Classical Conditioning. Although dendritically recorded membrane potential, input resistance, and amplitude of somatic and dendritic spikes were not different in cells from paired or control animals, the size of a potassium channel-mediated transient hyperpolarization was significantly smaller in cells from animals that received Classical Conditioning. In slices of lobule HVI obtained from naive rabbits, the Conditioning-related increases in membrane excitability could be mimicked by application of potassium channel antagonist tetraethylammonium chloride, iberiotoxin, or 4-aminopyridine. However, only 4-aminopyridine was able to reduce the transient hyperpolarization. The pharmacological data suggest a role for potassium channels and, possibly, channels mediating an IA-like current, in learning-specific changes in membrane excitability. The Conditioning-specific increase in Purkinje cell dendritic excitability produces an afterhyperpolarization, which is hypothesized to release the cerebellar deep nuclei from inhibition, allowing conditioned responses to be elicited via the red nucleus and accessory abducens motorneurons.

Syahruni Syahruni - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

Arri Priimagi - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • viewpoint pavlovian materials functional biomimetics inspired by Classical Conditioning
    Advanced Materials, 2020
    Co-Authors: Hang Zhang, Hao Zeng, Arri Priimagi, Olli Ikkala
    Abstract:

    Herein, it is discussed whether the complex biological concepts of (associative) learning can inspire responsive artificial materials. It is argued that Classical Conditioning, being one of the most elementary forms of learning, inspires algorithmic realizations in synthetic materials, to allow stimuli-responsive materials that learn to respond to a new stimulus, to which they are originally insensitive. Two synthetic model systems coined as "Pavlovian materials" are described, whose stimuli-responsiveness algorithmically mimics programmable associative learning, inspired by Classical Conditioning. The concepts minimally need a stimulus-triggerable memory, in addition to two stimuli, i.e., the unconditioned and the originally neutral stimuli. Importantly, the concept differs conceptually from the classic stimuli-responsive and shape-memory materials, as, upon association, Pavlovian materials obtain a given response using a new stimulus (the originally neutral one); i.e., the system evolves to a new state. This also enables the functionality to be described by a logic diagram. Ample room for generalization to different stimuli and memory combinations is foreseen, and opportunities to develop future adaptive materials with ever-more intelligent functions are expected.

  • associative learning by Classical Conditioning in liquid crystal network actuators
    Matter, 2020
    Co-Authors: Hao Zeng, Hang Zhang, Olli Ikkala, Arri Priimagi
    Abstract:

    Summary Responsive and shape-memory materials allow stimuli-driven switching between fixed states. However, their behavior remains unchanged under repeated stimuli exposure, i.e., their properties do not evolve. By contrast, biological materials allow learning in response to past experiences. Classical Conditioning is an elementary form of associative learning, which inspires us to explore simplified routes even for inanimate materials to respond to new, initially neutral stimuli. Here, we demonstrate that soft actuators composed of thermoresponsive liquid crystal networks “learn” to respond to light upon a Conditioning process where light is associated with heating. We apply the concept to soft microrobotics, demonstrating a locomotive system that “learns to walk” under periodic light stimulus, and gripping devices able to “recognize” irradiation colors. We anticipate that actuators that algorithmically emulate elementary aspects of associative learning and whose sensitivity to new stimuli can be conditioned depending on past experiences may provide new routes toward adaptive, autonomous soft microrobotics.

  • associative learning by Classical Conditioning in liquid crystal network actuators
    Social Science Research Network, 2019
    Co-Authors: Hao Zeng, Hang Zhang, Olli Ikkala, Arri Priimagi
    Abstract:

    Responsive and shape-memory materials allow stimuli-driven switching between fixed states. However, their behavior remains unchanged under repeated stimuli exposure, i.e., their properties do not evolve. By contrast, biological materials allow learning in response to the past experiences. Classical Conditioning is an elementary form of associative learning, which inspires to explore simplified routes even for inanimate materials to respond to new, initially neutral stimuli. Herein, we demonstrate that soft actuators composed of thermoresponsive liquid crystal networks “learn” to respond to light upon a Conditioning process where light is associated with heating. We apply the concept to soft micro-robotics, demonstrating a locomotive system that “learns to walk” under periodic light stimulus, and gripping devices able to “recognize” irradiation colors. We anticipate that actuators that algorithmically emulate elementary aspects of associative learning and whose sensitivity to new stimuli can be conditioned depending on past experiences, may provide new routes towards adaptive, autonomous soft micro-robotics.

Niels Birbaumer - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • brain computer interface and semantic Classical Conditioning of communication in paralysis
    Biological Psychology, 2013
    Co-Authors: Daniele De Massari, Tamara Matuz, Adrian Furdea, Carolin A Ruf, Sebastian Halder, Niels Birbaumer
    Abstract:

    Abstract We propose a Classical semantic Conditioning procedure to allow basic yes–no communication in the completely locked-in state as an alternative to instrumental-operant learning of brain responses, which is the common approach in brain–computer interface research. More precisely, it was intended to establish cortical responses to the trueness of a statement irrespective of the particular constituent words and letters or sounds of the words. As unconditioned stimulus short aversive stimuli consisting of 1-ms electrical pulses were used. True and false statements were presented acoustically and only the true statements were immediately followed by electrical stimuli. 15 healthy participants and one locked-in ALS patient underwent the experiment. Three different classifiers were employed in order to differentiate between the two cortical responses by means of electroencephalographic recordings. The offline analysis revealed that semantic Classical Conditioning can be applied successfully to enable basic communication using a non-muscular channel.

  • combining Classical Conditioning and brain state classification for the development of a brain computer interface bci for alzheimer s patients
    Alzheimers & Dementia, 2012
    Co-Authors: Giulia Liberati, Niels Birbaumer, Ralf Veit, Josue Dalboni Da Rocha, Sunjung Kim, Dorothee Lule, Christine A F Von Arnim, Antonino Raffone, Marta Olivetti Belardinelli, Ranganatha Sitaram
    Abstract:

    Background Alzheimer's Disease (AD) patients who have lost the ability to communicate verbally may benefit from a Brain-Computer Interface (BCI), which could allow them to convey basic thoughts and emotions, e.g. by associating affirmative and non-affirmative thinking to a positive and a negative emotion, respectively. One possibility to develop a BCI that can be used with AD patients is to modulate brain responses with a semantic Classical Conditioning paradigm, in order to associate congruent and incongruent word pairs with emotionally positive and negative stimuli, facilitating the discrimination between “affirmative” and “non-affirmative” thinking. Using a Classical Conditioning paradigm is convenient, since it does not require AD patients to put active effort in learning how the BCI works. Methods In our Classical Conditioning paradigm, already tested on 11 healthy subjects, the unconditioned stimuli consist of a positive and negative emotional sound (a baby laugh and a scream, respectively). The conditioned stimuli, presented aurally, are congruent (e.g. 'fruit-apple') and incongruent (e.g. 'fruit-dog') word pairs. During the Conditioning acquisition, congruent and incongruent word pairs are associated to the baby laugh and the scream respectively. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) will be performed on AD patients (Mini Mental State Examination score: 18-24; intact auditory system) on a 3T scanner. To classify the signals corresponding to congruent and incongruent word pairs, both univariate (General Linear Model) and multivariate (Support Vector Machine, SVM) analyses will be performed. Results Both univariate and multivatiate analyses on healthy subjects confirmed the possibility to discriminate between affirmative and non-affirmative responses. We hypothesize that a similar differentiation may be found in AD patients, since Classical Conditioning was demonstrated to be possible, at least to some extent, in these patients.The study with AD patients is ongoing, and preliminary results will be presented during the conference. Conclusions The encouraging results obtained with healthy subjects show that basic affirmative/non affirmative thinking discrimination is possible within an fMRI-BCI setting. The development of a BCI for AD patients could be an important step for allowing not only basic communication, but possibly lending a path for rehabilitation and diagnosis.

  • Classical Conditioning after cerebellar lesions in humans
    Behavioral Neuroscience, 1993
    Co-Authors: Irene Daum, Markus M Schugens, Hermann Ackermann, Werner Lutzenberger, J Dichgans, Niels Birbaumer
    Abstract:

    We explored Classical Conditioning in human subjects who had lesions in their cerebellar circuitry. Seven patients with damage to cerebellar structures and matched control subjects underwent simple delay tone-airpuff Conditioning. Eyelid conditioned response (CR) acquisition was severely disrupted in the patient group, whereas autonomic CRs and slow cortical potentials developing between conditioned stimulus (CS) and the unconditioned stimulus (UCS) were unaffected. Results are consistent with animal studies and earlier case reports indicating that intact cerebellar structures are necessary for the acquisition of Classically conditioned motor responses.