The Experts below are selected from a list of 1893 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
Brian N. Mathur - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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psilocybin acutely alters the functional connectivity of the Claustrum with brain networks that support perception memory and attention
NeuroImage, 2020Co-Authors: Frederick S Barrett, Roland R Griffiths, Samuel R Krimmel, David A Seminowicz, Brian N. MathurAbstract:Abstract Psychedelic drugs, including the serotonin 2a (5-HT2A) receptor partial agonist psilocybin, are receiving renewed attention for their possible efficacy in treating a variety of neuropsychiatric disorders. Psilocybin induces widespread dysregulation of cortical activity, but circuit-level mechanisms underlying this effect are unclear. The Claustrum is a subcortical nucleus that highly expresses 5-HT2A receptors and provides glutamatergic inputs to arguably all areas of the cerebral cortex. We therefore tested the hypothesis that psilocybin modulates Claustrum function in humans. Fifteen healthy participants (10M, 5F) completed this within-subjects study in which whole-brain resting-state blood-oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) signal was measured 100 min after blinded oral administration of placebo and 10 mg/70 kg psilocybin. Left and right Claustrum signal was isolated using small region confound correction. Psilocybin significantly decreased both the amplitude of low frequency fluctuations as well as the variance of BOLD signal in the left and right Claustrum. Psilocybin also significantly decreased functional connectivity of the right Claustrum with auditory and default mode networks (DMN), increased right Claustrum connectivity with the fronto-parietal task control network (FPTC), and decreased left Claustrum connectivity with the FPTC. DMN integrity was associated with right-Claustrum connectivity with the DMN, while FPTC integrity and modularity were associated with right Claustrum and left Claustrum connectivity with the FPTC, respectively. Subjective effects of psilocybin predicted changes in the amplitude of low frequency fluctuations and the variance of BOLD signal in the left and right Claustrum. Observed effects were specific to Claustrum, compared to flanking regions of interest (the left and right insula and putamen). This study used a pharmacological intervention to provide the first empirical evidence in any species for a significant role of 5-HT2A receptor signaling in Claustrum functioning, and supports a possible role of the Claustrum in the subjective and therapeutic effects of psilocybin.
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resting state functional connectivity and cognitive task related activation of the human Claustrum
NeuroImage, 2019Co-Authors: Samuel R Krimmel, Frederick S Barrett, Brian N. Mathur, Michael G. White, Matthew H Panicker, David A SeminowiczAbstract:Abstract Structural and functional analyses of the human Claustrum, a poorly understood telencephalic gray matter structure, are hampered by its sheet-like anatomical arrangement. Here, we first describe a functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) method to reveal Claustrum signal with no linear relationship with adjacent regions in human subjects. We applied this approach to resting state functional connectivity (RSFC) analysis of the Claustrum at high resolution (1.5 mm isotropic voxels) using a 7T dataset (n = 20) and a separate 3T dataset for replication (n = 35). We then assessed Claustrum activation during performance of a cognitive task, the multi-source interference task, at 3T (n = 33). Extensive functional connectivity was observed between Claustrum and cortical regions associated with cognitive control, including anterior cingulate, prefrontal and parietal cortices. Cognitive task performance was associated with widespread activation and deactivation that overlapped with the cortical areas showing functional connectivity to the Claustrum. Furthermore, during high cognitive conflict conditions of the task, the Claustrum was significantly activated at the onset of the task, but not during the remainder of the difficult condition. Both of these findings suggest that the human Claustrum can be functionally isolated with fMRI, and that it may play a role in cognitive control, and specifically task switching, independent of sensorimotor processing.
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Resting State Functional Connectivity of the Rat Claustrum
Frontiers Media S.A., 2019Co-Authors: Samuel R Krimmel, Brian N. Mathur, Houman Qadir, Natalie Hesselgrave, Michael G. White, David H. Reser, David A SeminowiczAbstract:The Claustrum is structurally connected with many cortical areas.A major hurdle standing in the way of understanding Claustrum function is the difficulty in assessing the global functional connectivity (FC) of this structure. The primary issues lie in the inability to isolate Claustrum signal from the adjacent insular cortex (Ins), caudate/putamen (CPu), and endopiriform nucleus (Endo). To address this issue, we used (7T) fMRI in the rat and describe a novel analytic method to study Claustrum without signal contamination from the surrounding structures. Using this approach, we acquired Claustrum signal distinct from Ins, CPu, and Endo, and used this Claustrum signal to determine whole brain resting state functional connectivity (RSFC). Claustrum RSFC was distinct from the adjacent structures and displayed extensive connections with sensory cortices and the cingulate cortex, consistent with known structural connectivity of the Claustrum. These results suggest fMRI and improved analysis can be combined to accurately assay Claustrum function
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Image_1_Resting State Functional Connectivity of the Rat Claustrum.jpg
2019Co-Authors: Samuel R Krimmel, Brian N. Mathur, Houman Qadir, Natalie Hesselgrave, Michael G. White, David H. Reser, David A SeminowiczAbstract:The Claustrum is structurally connected with many cortical areas.A major hurdle standing in the way of understanding Claustrum function is the difficulty in assessing the global functional connectivity (FC) of this structure. The primary issues lie in the inability to isolate Claustrum signal from the adjacent insular cortex (Ins), caudate/putamen (CPu), and endopiriform nucleus (Endo). To address this issue, we used (7T) fMRI in the rat and describe a novel analytic method to study Claustrum without signal contamination from the surrounding structures. Using this approach, we acquired Claustrum signal distinct from Ins, CPu, and Endo, and used this Claustrum signal to determine whole brain resting state functional connectivity (RSFC). Claustrum RSFC was distinct from the adjacent structures and displayed extensive connections with sensory cortices and the cingulate cortex, consistent with known structural connectivity of the Claustrum. These results suggest fMRI and improved analysis can be combined to accurately assay Claustrum function.
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Image_1_Structural Connectivity of the Anterior Cingulate Cortex, Claustrum, and the Anterior Insula of the Mouse.TIF
2018Co-Authors: Houman Qadir, Samuel R Krimmel, David A Seminowicz, Alexandros Poulopoulos, Brian N. MathurAbstract:The Claustrum is a narrow subcortical brain structure that resides between the striatum and insular cortex. The function of the Claustrum is not fully described, and while our previous work supports a role for the Claustrum in top-down cognitive control of action, other evidence suggests the Claustrum may be involved in detecting salient changes in the external environment. The anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and the anterior insular (aINS) are the two major participants in the salience network of human brain regions that activate in response to salient stimuli. While bidirectional connections between the ACC and the Claustrum exist from mouse to non-human primate, the aINS connectivity with Claustrum remains unclear, particularly in mouse. Here, we explored structural connections of the aINS with the Claustrum and ACC through adeno-associated virus neuronal tract tracer injections into the ACC and aINS of the mouse. We detected sparse projections from the Claustrum to the aINS and diffuse projections from the aINS to the borders of the Claustrum were observed in some cases. In contrast, the insular cortex and endopiriform nucleus surrounding the Claustrum had rich interconnectivity with aINS. Additionally, we observed a modest interconnectivity between ACC and the aINS. These data support the idea that Claustrum neuron responses to salient stimuli may be driven by the ACC rather than the aINS.
Stefano Meletti - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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new onset refractory status epilepticus with Claustrum damage definition of the clinical and neuroimaging features
Frontiers in Neurology, 2017Co-Authors: Stefano Meletti, Giada Giovannini, Giuseppe Dorsi, Lisa Toran, Giulia Monti, Rahul Guha, Andreas KiryttopoulosAbstract:New-onset refractory status epilepticus (NORSE) is a rare but challenging condition occurring in a previously healthy patient, often with no identifiable cause. We describe the electro-clinical features and outcomes in a group of patients with NORSE who all demonstrated a typical MRI sign characterized by bilateral lesions of the Claustrum. The group includes 31 patients (12 personal and 19 previously published cases; 17 females; mean age of 25 years). Fever preceded SE in twenty-eight patients, by a mean of six days. SE was refractory/super-refractory in 74% of the patients, requiring third line agents and a median of 15 days staying in an intensive care unit. Focal motor and tonic-clonic seizures were observed in 90%, complex partial seizures in 14%, and myoclonic seizures in 14% of the cases. All patients showed T2/FLAIR hyper-intense foci in bilateral Claustrum, appearing on average 10 days after SE onset. Other limbic (hippocampus, insular) alterations were present in 53% of patients. Within the personal cases, extensive search for known auto-antibodies was inconclusive, though in 7 of 11 patients had CSF lymphocytic pleocytosis and three cases had oligoclonal bands. Two subjects died during the acute phase, one in the chronic phase (probable sudden unexplained death in epilepsy), and one developed a persistent vegetative state. Among survivors, 80% developed drug-resistant epilepsy. Febrile-illness related SE associated with bilateral Claustrum hyperintensity on MRI represents a homogeneous condition with defined clinical features and a presumed but unidentified autoimmune aetiology. A better characterization of de novo SE is mandatory for the search of specific etiologies.
David A Seminowicz - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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psilocybin acutely alters the functional connectivity of the Claustrum with brain networks that support perception memory and attention
NeuroImage, 2020Co-Authors: Frederick S Barrett, Roland R Griffiths, Samuel R Krimmel, David A Seminowicz, Brian N. MathurAbstract:Abstract Psychedelic drugs, including the serotonin 2a (5-HT2A) receptor partial agonist psilocybin, are receiving renewed attention for their possible efficacy in treating a variety of neuropsychiatric disorders. Psilocybin induces widespread dysregulation of cortical activity, but circuit-level mechanisms underlying this effect are unclear. The Claustrum is a subcortical nucleus that highly expresses 5-HT2A receptors and provides glutamatergic inputs to arguably all areas of the cerebral cortex. We therefore tested the hypothesis that psilocybin modulates Claustrum function in humans. Fifteen healthy participants (10M, 5F) completed this within-subjects study in which whole-brain resting-state blood-oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) signal was measured 100 min after blinded oral administration of placebo and 10 mg/70 kg psilocybin. Left and right Claustrum signal was isolated using small region confound correction. Psilocybin significantly decreased both the amplitude of low frequency fluctuations as well as the variance of BOLD signal in the left and right Claustrum. Psilocybin also significantly decreased functional connectivity of the right Claustrum with auditory and default mode networks (DMN), increased right Claustrum connectivity with the fronto-parietal task control network (FPTC), and decreased left Claustrum connectivity with the FPTC. DMN integrity was associated with right-Claustrum connectivity with the DMN, while FPTC integrity and modularity were associated with right Claustrum and left Claustrum connectivity with the FPTC, respectively. Subjective effects of psilocybin predicted changes in the amplitude of low frequency fluctuations and the variance of BOLD signal in the left and right Claustrum. Observed effects were specific to Claustrum, compared to flanking regions of interest (the left and right insula and putamen). This study used a pharmacological intervention to provide the first empirical evidence in any species for a significant role of 5-HT2A receptor signaling in Claustrum functioning, and supports a possible role of the Claustrum in the subjective and therapeutic effects of psilocybin.
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resting state functional connectivity and cognitive task related activation of the human Claustrum
NeuroImage, 2019Co-Authors: Samuel R Krimmel, Frederick S Barrett, Brian N. Mathur, Michael G. White, Matthew H Panicker, David A SeminowiczAbstract:Abstract Structural and functional analyses of the human Claustrum, a poorly understood telencephalic gray matter structure, are hampered by its sheet-like anatomical arrangement. Here, we first describe a functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) method to reveal Claustrum signal with no linear relationship with adjacent regions in human subjects. We applied this approach to resting state functional connectivity (RSFC) analysis of the Claustrum at high resolution (1.5 mm isotropic voxels) using a 7T dataset (n = 20) and a separate 3T dataset for replication (n = 35). We then assessed Claustrum activation during performance of a cognitive task, the multi-source interference task, at 3T (n = 33). Extensive functional connectivity was observed between Claustrum and cortical regions associated with cognitive control, including anterior cingulate, prefrontal and parietal cortices. Cognitive task performance was associated with widespread activation and deactivation that overlapped with the cortical areas showing functional connectivity to the Claustrum. Furthermore, during high cognitive conflict conditions of the task, the Claustrum was significantly activated at the onset of the task, but not during the remainder of the difficult condition. Both of these findings suggest that the human Claustrum can be functionally isolated with fMRI, and that it may play a role in cognitive control, and specifically task switching, independent of sensorimotor processing.
-
Resting State Functional Connectivity of the Rat Claustrum
Frontiers Media S.A., 2019Co-Authors: Samuel R Krimmel, Brian N. Mathur, Houman Qadir, Natalie Hesselgrave, Michael G. White, David H. Reser, David A SeminowiczAbstract:The Claustrum is structurally connected with many cortical areas.A major hurdle standing in the way of understanding Claustrum function is the difficulty in assessing the global functional connectivity (FC) of this structure. The primary issues lie in the inability to isolate Claustrum signal from the adjacent insular cortex (Ins), caudate/putamen (CPu), and endopiriform nucleus (Endo). To address this issue, we used (7T) fMRI in the rat and describe a novel analytic method to study Claustrum without signal contamination from the surrounding structures. Using this approach, we acquired Claustrum signal distinct from Ins, CPu, and Endo, and used this Claustrum signal to determine whole brain resting state functional connectivity (RSFC). Claustrum RSFC was distinct from the adjacent structures and displayed extensive connections with sensory cortices and the cingulate cortex, consistent with known structural connectivity of the Claustrum. These results suggest fMRI and improved analysis can be combined to accurately assay Claustrum function
-
Image_1_Resting State Functional Connectivity of the Rat Claustrum.jpg
2019Co-Authors: Samuel R Krimmel, Brian N. Mathur, Houman Qadir, Natalie Hesselgrave, Michael G. White, David H. Reser, David A SeminowiczAbstract:The Claustrum is structurally connected with many cortical areas.A major hurdle standing in the way of understanding Claustrum function is the difficulty in assessing the global functional connectivity (FC) of this structure. The primary issues lie in the inability to isolate Claustrum signal from the adjacent insular cortex (Ins), caudate/putamen (CPu), and endopiriform nucleus (Endo). To address this issue, we used (7T) fMRI in the rat and describe a novel analytic method to study Claustrum without signal contamination from the surrounding structures. Using this approach, we acquired Claustrum signal distinct from Ins, CPu, and Endo, and used this Claustrum signal to determine whole brain resting state functional connectivity (RSFC). Claustrum RSFC was distinct from the adjacent structures and displayed extensive connections with sensory cortices and the cingulate cortex, consistent with known structural connectivity of the Claustrum. These results suggest fMRI and improved analysis can be combined to accurately assay Claustrum function.
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Image_1_Structural Connectivity of the Anterior Cingulate Cortex, Claustrum, and the Anterior Insula of the Mouse.TIF
2018Co-Authors: Houman Qadir, Samuel R Krimmel, David A Seminowicz, Alexandros Poulopoulos, Brian N. MathurAbstract:The Claustrum is a narrow subcortical brain structure that resides between the striatum and insular cortex. The function of the Claustrum is not fully described, and while our previous work supports a role for the Claustrum in top-down cognitive control of action, other evidence suggests the Claustrum may be involved in detecting salient changes in the external environment. The anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and the anterior insular (aINS) are the two major participants in the salience network of human brain regions that activate in response to salient stimuli. While bidirectional connections between the ACC and the Claustrum exist from mouse to non-human primate, the aINS connectivity with Claustrum remains unclear, particularly in mouse. Here, we explored structural connections of the aINS with the Claustrum and ACC through adeno-associated virus neuronal tract tracer injections into the ACC and aINS of the mouse. We detected sparse projections from the Claustrum to the aINS and diffuse projections from the aINS to the borders of the Claustrum were observed in some cases. In contrast, the insular cortex and endopiriform nucleus surrounding the Claustrum had rich interconnectivity with aINS. Additionally, we observed a modest interconnectivity between ACC and the aINS. These data support the idea that Claustrum neuron responses to salient stimuli may be driven by the ACC rather than the aINS.
Andreas Kiryttopoulos - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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new onset refractory status epilepticus with Claustrum damage definition of the clinical and neuroimaging features
Frontiers in Neurology, 2017Co-Authors: Stefano Meletti, Giada Giovannini, Giuseppe Dorsi, Lisa Toran, Giulia Monti, Rahul Guha, Andreas KiryttopoulosAbstract:New-onset refractory status epilepticus (NORSE) is a rare but challenging condition occurring in a previously healthy patient, often with no identifiable cause. We describe the electro-clinical features and outcomes in a group of patients with NORSE who all demonstrated a typical MRI sign characterized by bilateral lesions of the Claustrum. The group includes 31 patients (12 personal and 19 previously published cases; 17 females; mean age of 25 years). Fever preceded SE in twenty-eight patients, by a mean of six days. SE was refractory/super-refractory in 74% of the patients, requiring third line agents and a median of 15 days staying in an intensive care unit. Focal motor and tonic-clonic seizures were observed in 90%, complex partial seizures in 14%, and myoclonic seizures in 14% of the cases. All patients showed T2/FLAIR hyper-intense foci in bilateral Claustrum, appearing on average 10 days after SE onset. Other limbic (hippocampus, insular) alterations were present in 53% of patients. Within the personal cases, extensive search for known auto-antibodies was inconclusive, though in 7 of 11 patients had CSF lymphocytic pleocytosis and three cases had oligoclonal bands. Two subjects died during the acute phase, one in the chronic phase (probable sudden unexplained death in epilepsy), and one developed a persistent vegetative state. Among survivors, 80% developed drug-resistant epilepsy. Febrile-illness related SE associated with bilateral Claustrum hyperintensity on MRI represents a homogeneous condition with defined clinical features and a presumed but unidentified autoimmune aetiology. A better characterization of de novo SE is mandatory for the search of specific etiologies.
Samuel R Krimmel - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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psilocybin acutely alters the functional connectivity of the Claustrum with brain networks that support perception memory and attention
NeuroImage, 2020Co-Authors: Frederick S Barrett, Roland R Griffiths, Samuel R Krimmel, David A Seminowicz, Brian N. MathurAbstract:Abstract Psychedelic drugs, including the serotonin 2a (5-HT2A) receptor partial agonist psilocybin, are receiving renewed attention for their possible efficacy in treating a variety of neuropsychiatric disorders. Psilocybin induces widespread dysregulation of cortical activity, but circuit-level mechanisms underlying this effect are unclear. The Claustrum is a subcortical nucleus that highly expresses 5-HT2A receptors and provides glutamatergic inputs to arguably all areas of the cerebral cortex. We therefore tested the hypothesis that psilocybin modulates Claustrum function in humans. Fifteen healthy participants (10M, 5F) completed this within-subjects study in which whole-brain resting-state blood-oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) signal was measured 100 min after blinded oral administration of placebo and 10 mg/70 kg psilocybin. Left and right Claustrum signal was isolated using small region confound correction. Psilocybin significantly decreased both the amplitude of low frequency fluctuations as well as the variance of BOLD signal in the left and right Claustrum. Psilocybin also significantly decreased functional connectivity of the right Claustrum with auditory and default mode networks (DMN), increased right Claustrum connectivity with the fronto-parietal task control network (FPTC), and decreased left Claustrum connectivity with the FPTC. DMN integrity was associated with right-Claustrum connectivity with the DMN, while FPTC integrity and modularity were associated with right Claustrum and left Claustrum connectivity with the FPTC, respectively. Subjective effects of psilocybin predicted changes in the amplitude of low frequency fluctuations and the variance of BOLD signal in the left and right Claustrum. Observed effects were specific to Claustrum, compared to flanking regions of interest (the left and right insula and putamen). This study used a pharmacological intervention to provide the first empirical evidence in any species for a significant role of 5-HT2A receptor signaling in Claustrum functioning, and supports a possible role of the Claustrum in the subjective and therapeutic effects of psilocybin.
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resting state functional connectivity and cognitive task related activation of the human Claustrum
NeuroImage, 2019Co-Authors: Samuel R Krimmel, Frederick S Barrett, Brian N. Mathur, Michael G. White, Matthew H Panicker, David A SeminowiczAbstract:Abstract Structural and functional analyses of the human Claustrum, a poorly understood telencephalic gray matter structure, are hampered by its sheet-like anatomical arrangement. Here, we first describe a functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) method to reveal Claustrum signal with no linear relationship with adjacent regions in human subjects. We applied this approach to resting state functional connectivity (RSFC) analysis of the Claustrum at high resolution (1.5 mm isotropic voxels) using a 7T dataset (n = 20) and a separate 3T dataset for replication (n = 35). We then assessed Claustrum activation during performance of a cognitive task, the multi-source interference task, at 3T (n = 33). Extensive functional connectivity was observed between Claustrum and cortical regions associated with cognitive control, including anterior cingulate, prefrontal and parietal cortices. Cognitive task performance was associated with widespread activation and deactivation that overlapped with the cortical areas showing functional connectivity to the Claustrum. Furthermore, during high cognitive conflict conditions of the task, the Claustrum was significantly activated at the onset of the task, but not during the remainder of the difficult condition. Both of these findings suggest that the human Claustrum can be functionally isolated with fMRI, and that it may play a role in cognitive control, and specifically task switching, independent of sensorimotor processing.
-
Resting State Functional Connectivity of the Rat Claustrum
Frontiers Media S.A., 2019Co-Authors: Samuel R Krimmel, Brian N. Mathur, Houman Qadir, Natalie Hesselgrave, Michael G. White, David H. Reser, David A SeminowiczAbstract:The Claustrum is structurally connected with many cortical areas.A major hurdle standing in the way of understanding Claustrum function is the difficulty in assessing the global functional connectivity (FC) of this structure. The primary issues lie in the inability to isolate Claustrum signal from the adjacent insular cortex (Ins), caudate/putamen (CPu), and endopiriform nucleus (Endo). To address this issue, we used (7T) fMRI in the rat and describe a novel analytic method to study Claustrum without signal contamination from the surrounding structures. Using this approach, we acquired Claustrum signal distinct from Ins, CPu, and Endo, and used this Claustrum signal to determine whole brain resting state functional connectivity (RSFC). Claustrum RSFC was distinct from the adjacent structures and displayed extensive connections with sensory cortices and the cingulate cortex, consistent with known structural connectivity of the Claustrum. These results suggest fMRI and improved analysis can be combined to accurately assay Claustrum function
-
Image_1_Resting State Functional Connectivity of the Rat Claustrum.jpg
2019Co-Authors: Samuel R Krimmel, Brian N. Mathur, Houman Qadir, Natalie Hesselgrave, Michael G. White, David H. Reser, David A SeminowiczAbstract:The Claustrum is structurally connected with many cortical areas.A major hurdle standing in the way of understanding Claustrum function is the difficulty in assessing the global functional connectivity (FC) of this structure. The primary issues lie in the inability to isolate Claustrum signal from the adjacent insular cortex (Ins), caudate/putamen (CPu), and endopiriform nucleus (Endo). To address this issue, we used (7T) fMRI in the rat and describe a novel analytic method to study Claustrum without signal contamination from the surrounding structures. Using this approach, we acquired Claustrum signal distinct from Ins, CPu, and Endo, and used this Claustrum signal to determine whole brain resting state functional connectivity (RSFC). Claustrum RSFC was distinct from the adjacent structures and displayed extensive connections with sensory cortices and the cingulate cortex, consistent with known structural connectivity of the Claustrum. These results suggest fMRI and improved analysis can be combined to accurately assay Claustrum function.
-
Image_1_Structural Connectivity of the Anterior Cingulate Cortex, Claustrum, and the Anterior Insula of the Mouse.TIF
2018Co-Authors: Houman Qadir, Samuel R Krimmel, David A Seminowicz, Alexandros Poulopoulos, Brian N. MathurAbstract:The Claustrum is a narrow subcortical brain structure that resides between the striatum and insular cortex. The function of the Claustrum is not fully described, and while our previous work supports a role for the Claustrum in top-down cognitive control of action, other evidence suggests the Claustrum may be involved in detecting salient changes in the external environment. The anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and the anterior insular (aINS) are the two major participants in the salience network of human brain regions that activate in response to salient stimuli. While bidirectional connections between the ACC and the Claustrum exist from mouse to non-human primate, the aINS connectivity with Claustrum remains unclear, particularly in mouse. Here, we explored structural connections of the aINS with the Claustrum and ACC through adeno-associated virus neuronal tract tracer injections into the ACC and aINS of the mouse. We detected sparse projections from the Claustrum to the aINS and diffuse projections from the aINS to the borders of the Claustrum were observed in some cases. In contrast, the insular cortex and endopiriform nucleus surrounding the Claustrum had rich interconnectivity with aINS. Additionally, we observed a modest interconnectivity between ACC and the aINS. These data support the idea that Claustrum neuron responses to salient stimuli may be driven by the ACC rather than the aINS.