The Experts below are selected from a list of 28512 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
Peter J. Fryer - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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The Effect of Pulsing Cleaning Chemicals on the Cleaning of Whey Protein Deposits
Food and Bioproducts Processing, 2006Co-Authors: G.k. Christian, Peter J. FryerAbstract:Cleaning of whey protein fouled surfaces occurs by Cleaning Chemical diffusing into the deposit, causing swelling of the deposit into a form which is capable of being removed by fluid shear. The mechanisms ongoing during Cleaning have been studied in a series of experiments in which pilot scale plate heat exchangers (PHE) and small disks are cleaned by pulses of Chemical and water. Observation of the pressure drops during Cleaning of plate heat exchanger sections shows that diffusion and removal can be separated; the pressure drop increases when water replaces Chemical, suggesting that sodium hydroxide already in the deposit is still causing swelling. Rinsing can remove swollen deposit; that might reduce the impact of Cleaning on the environment. An estimate of the kinetics of the process can be made by studying the partial removal of deposit on small disks, using heat flux sensors to measure thermal recovery.
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The Effect of Adding Minerals on Fouling from Whey Protein Concentrate: Development of a Model Fouling Fluid for a Plate Heat Exchanger
Food and Bioproducts Processing, 2002Co-Authors: G.k. Christian, S.d. Changani, Peter J. FryerAbstract:Deposits formed on the surface of heat treatment equipment in the dairy industry compromise product quality and process efficiency. Whey protein concentrate (WPC) solutions have been used by a number of researchers to investigate the fouling mechanism and to understand Cleaning, in an attempt to optimize thermal treatment processes of milk. However, differences in the fouling from milk and WPC have been found at high temperatures, possibly as a result of the mineral content of the two solutions. The effect of adding minerals (calcium and phosphorus) on fouling and Cleaning behaviour of WPC has been investigated. Solutions of differing mineral content were tested; deposits formed in each temperature region of the PHE were analysed for Chemical compositions. Increasing the mineral content decreased the extent of fouling and altered the deposit composition closer to that of milk. Overall Cleaning times and Cleaning rates, under standard conditions, were found to be dependant on the deposit composition and Cleaning Chemical concentration. Alternation of the Cleaning Chemical with water at different time intervals throughout the Cleaning process elucidated the balance between hydraulic (physical) and Chemical effects during Cleaning.
G.k. Christian - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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The Effect of Pulsing Cleaning Chemicals on the Cleaning of Whey Protein Deposits
Food and Bioproducts Processing, 2006Co-Authors: G.k. Christian, Peter J. FryerAbstract:Cleaning of whey protein fouled surfaces occurs by Cleaning Chemical diffusing into the deposit, causing swelling of the deposit into a form which is capable of being removed by fluid shear. The mechanisms ongoing during Cleaning have been studied in a series of experiments in which pilot scale plate heat exchangers (PHE) and small disks are cleaned by pulses of Chemical and water. Observation of the pressure drops during Cleaning of plate heat exchanger sections shows that diffusion and removal can be separated; the pressure drop increases when water replaces Chemical, suggesting that sodium hydroxide already in the deposit is still causing swelling. Rinsing can remove swollen deposit; that might reduce the impact of Cleaning on the environment. An estimate of the kinetics of the process can be made by studying the partial removal of deposit on small disks, using heat flux sensors to measure thermal recovery.
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The Effect of Adding Minerals on Fouling from Whey Protein Concentrate: Development of a Model Fouling Fluid for a Plate Heat Exchanger
Food and Bioproducts Processing, 2002Co-Authors: G.k. Christian, S.d. Changani, Peter J. FryerAbstract:Deposits formed on the surface of heat treatment equipment in the dairy industry compromise product quality and process efficiency. Whey protein concentrate (WPC) solutions have been used by a number of researchers to investigate the fouling mechanism and to understand Cleaning, in an attempt to optimize thermal treatment processes of milk. However, differences in the fouling from milk and WPC have been found at high temperatures, possibly as a result of the mineral content of the two solutions. The effect of adding minerals (calcium and phosphorus) on fouling and Cleaning behaviour of WPC has been investigated. Solutions of differing mineral content were tested; deposits formed in each temperature region of the PHE were analysed for Chemical compositions. Increasing the mineral content decreased the extent of fouling and altered the deposit composition closer to that of milk. Overall Cleaning times and Cleaning rates, under standard conditions, were found to be dependant on the deposit composition and Cleaning Chemical concentration. Alternation of the Cleaning Chemical with water at different time intervals throughout the Cleaning process elucidated the balance between hydraulic (physical) and Chemical effects during Cleaning.
P J Frye - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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fouling and Cleaning studies in the food and beverage industry classified by Cleaning type
Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety, 2013Co-Authors: Kylee R Goode, K Asteriadou, Phillip T Robbins, P J FryeAbstract:Fouling of food process plant surfaces and the subsequent Cleaning needed is a significant industrial problem, and as the cost of water and Chemical disposal increases, the problem is becoming more significant. Current literature on water-based Cleaning is reviewed here according to the classification of 3 types of Cleaning problems. By doing this, it is hoped that new knowledge can be highlighted applicable to improving industrial Cleaning. (i) For type 1 deposits (that can be cleaned with water alone)—Cleaning time appears related to Reynolds number and surface shear stress. An increase in Reynolds number seems to decrease Cleaning time. Cleaning temperatures greater than 50 °C do not appear beneficial. (ii) For type 2 deposits (biofilms)—Removal behavior of biofilms seems to be dependent on the microbial aging time on the surface. Keeping a material hydrated on a surface enables easier removal of it with water. a. Water rinsing: Temperature and wall shear stress have varied effects on removal. b. Chemical rinsing: Flow and temperature were seen to have the biggest effect at the start of Cleaning, but contact time was more important as Cleaning progressed at a given sodium hydroxide solution flow and temperature. (iii) For type 3 deposits (that require a Cleaning Chemical)—For specifically, protein-based systems excessive Chemical forms a deposit difficult to remove. Increasing wall shear stress and temperature was most beneficial to Cleaning rather than concentration. The action of temperature can reduce the use of a Chemical for type 2 and type 3 soils. The findings suggest that the right combination of flow characteristics at a given temperature and concentration is crucial to achieving fast Cleaning in all cases. There are a number of Cleaning monitoring methods at various stages of commercialization that may be capable of monitoring bulk Cleaning and Cleaning at the surface. To optimize Cleaning will require integration of measurement methods into the Cleaning process.
Irene Alexopoulou - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Paper conservation methods: a literature review
Cellulose, 2015Co-Authors: Spiros Zervos, Irene AlexopoulouAbstract:The main paper conservation methods are presented, classified in the following categories: preparation of the intervention, disinfestation and disinfection/sterilization, surface/dry Cleaning, wet Cleaning, Chemical stabilization, paper repairs, consolidation and strengthening. Treatment documentation is also discussed. The targets, the historical aspects, the general principles, the materials and equipment, the acceptance and criticism pertaining to each method are briefly reviewed, and the most important research for their evaluation is presented. Several paper stabilization strategies, such as deacidification and iron gall ink stabilization, applicable to paper are elucidated. Specific consolidation and strengthening methods for paper, such as lamination and paper splitting are also discussed. The review mainly focuses on the established methods, but experimental, abandoned or insufficiently documented methods are also included. Shortcomings and limitations of several methods were found in the literature, concerning health issues, limited effectiveness, adverse side-effects on the treated artefacts and restricted applicability.
Raija Laukkanen - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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efficiency of various Chemical Cleanings for nanofiltration membrane fouled by conventionally treated surface water
Journal of Membrane Science, 2002Co-Authors: Riina Liikanen, Jukka Ylikuivila, Raija LaukkanenAbstract:Abstract Nanofiltration systems are generally cleaned Chemically. The optimal choice of the Cleaning agent is a function of membrane material and foulant in a complex manner. This study evaluated the Cleaning efficiency and effects of several Cleaning agents on NF255 nanofiltration membrane. The nanofiltration pilot plant was fed with conventionally-treated surface water from a water treatment plant in southern Finland. Fouled membranes were cleaned weekly with different Chemicals and procedures, and the Cleaning efficiencies were compared in terms of flux recoveries and foulant removals. On the basis of the Cleaning Chemical analysis, the fouling material consisted of biofouling, organic deposits and metal complexes. In these circumstances, alkaline cleaners with chelatants resulted in the most efficient Cleaning both in terms of flux recovery and foulant removal. Alkaline Cleaning modified the membrane and improved the flux substantially in comparison to the virgin state. The results demonstrate that the choice of Chemical Cleaning agent is critical to Cleaning efficiency, both technically and economically. The same flux recovery could be reached either by a single Cleaning phase or by three sequential Cleaning phases.