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S. Watabiki - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Clock‐Drawing Test and unilateral spatial neglect
    Neurology, 1993
    Co-Authors: Sumio Ishiai, M. Sugishita, T. Ichikawa, S. Gono, S. Watabiki
    Abstract:

    We investigated the ability of 25 patients with left unilateral spatial neglect to make a Clock face by putting numbers inside a printed circle. Impairment seen in this Clock-Drawing Test did not parallel neglect severity as judged by results of the line-cancellation and line-bisection Tests, as well as the copying of a daisy. The score for Clock Drawing correlated highly with the verbal WAIS score. Most neglect patients with a verbal IQ of 87 or more could draw a Clock face fairly well and used planning in placing the numbers 12, 3, 6, and 9 before the others. In Clock Drawing, verbal intelligence may compensate for left unilateral spatial neglect. We therefore recommend use of the line-cancellation and line-bisection Tests, as well as the copying Test, but do not recommend use of the Clock-Drawing Test in the diagnosis of left unilateral spatial neglect.

  • Clock Drawing Test and unilateral spatial neglect
    Neurology, 1993
    Co-Authors: Sumio Ishiai, M. Sugishita, T. Ichikawa, S. Gono, S. Watabiki
    Abstract:

    We investigated the ability of 25 patients with left unilateral spatial neglect to make a Clock face by putting numbers inside a printed circle. Impairment seen in this Clock-Drawing Test did not parallel neglect severity as judged by results of the line-cancellation and line-bisection Tests, as well as the copying of a daisy. The score for Clock Drawing correlated highly with the verbal WAIS score. Most neglect patients with a verbal IQ of 87 or more could draw a Clock face fairly well and used planning in placing the numbers 12, 3, 6, and 9 before the others. In Clock Drawing, verbal intelligence may compensate for left unilateral spatial neglect. We therefore recommend use of the line-cancellation and line-bisection Tests, as well as the copying Test, but do not recommend use of the Clock-Drawing Test in the diagnosis of left unilateral spatial neglect.

Angela L. Jefferson - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Clock Drawing Test Ratings by Dementia Specialists: Interrater Reliability and Diagnostic Accuracy
    Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 2010
    Co-Authors: Anil K. Nair, Brandon E. Gavett, Moniek Damman, Welmoed Dekker, Robert C. Green, Alan Mandel, Sanford Auerbach, Eric G. Steinberg, Emily J. Hubbard, Angela L. Jefferson
    Abstract:

    Alzheimer disease is a growing public health problem1,2 and its prevalence is increasing rapidly with the aging of the baby boomer generation.3 Early diagnosis and treatment can reduce the burden this increase poses to the health care system and society.4 However, Alzheimer’s disease is often under recognized in community clinical practice settings5–7 because the diagnosis can be difficult8 and may require specialized training. Without fast and reliable screening instruments, it may be difficult for primary care physicians to identify patients who should be referred for a more comprehensive dementia workup. The Clock Drawing Test is widely used as a screening Test for dementia. Neurologists have used Clock-Drawing and time telling Tests extensively.9 Several factors contribute to the Test’s popularity, including administration and scoring ease and evaluation of multiple cognitive domains,10,11 such as executive functioning.11–13 Compared to the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), the Clock Drawing Test is thought to have less educational bias14 and is better able to detect cognitive decline due to Alzheimer’s disease and other dementias.15 The Clock Drawing Test has also been advocated over the MMSE as an office screening Test for dementia in community clinics4 and in acute hospital settings.16 Furthermore, the Clock Drawing Test is suitable for non-English speaking populations.14 There are two general Clock Drawing Test scoring approaches, including qualitative and quantitative, and varied scoring systems that emphasize different facets of the Clock Drawing process. Early quantitative scoring systems were validated to distinguish between subjects with moderate or severe Alzheimer’s disease and cognitive healthy comparison subjects and later adapted for use in mild cognitive impairment and mild Alzheimer’s disease.17–23 Previous studies of objective Clock Drawing Test rating systems identified Alzheimer’s disease with overall diagnostic accuracy ranging from 59% to 85%.24 However, such diagnostic accuracy has not been found in mild cognitive impairment cohorts with sensitivities ranging from 17% to 92%.24 In a retrospective study comparing several Clock Drawing Test scoring systems,24 the scoring system by Mendez19 has been found to be the most accurate in distinguishing demented from nondemented individuals, followed closely by the Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer’s Disease (CERAD) system.25 Though diagnostically useful, quantitative Clock Drawing Test rating schemes18,19,20,22,23 are rarely used in clinical settings, as they take more time and require trained clinical personnel to score. Moreover, when using the Clock Drawing Test to identify dementia, qualitative ratings of naive judges may be equal to or more accurate than many quantitative scoring systems.24 Though it is widely assumed that dementia specialists are more reliable and valid than naive raters, there are no known studies that have evaluated the psychometric properties of Clock Drawing Test ratings made by trained clinicians who use the Clock Drawing Test as part of their regular clinical practice. Our present study was performed to determine the interrater reliability, sensitivity, and specificity of qualitative Clock Drawing Test ratings made by clinicians specializing in the assessment of patients with dementia. Two qualitative rating approaches were utilized: a dichotomous rating of impaired versus nonimpaired and a 0–10 ordinal rating scale. A multidisciplinary consensus conference was the gold standard for dementia diagnosis in the current study.

  • Clock Drawing Test ratings by dementia specialists interrater reliability and diagnostic accuracy
    Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 2010
    Co-Authors: Anil K. Nair, Brandon E. Gavett, Moniek Damman, Welmoed Dekker, Robert C. Green, Alan Mandel, Sanford Auerbach, Emily J. Hubbard, Eric Steinberg, Angela L. Jefferson
    Abstract:

    The authors conducted a study of Clock Drawing Test scoring by dementia specialists to determine interrater reliability and diagnostic accuracy. The authors randomly assigned 25 Clocks from each of six predetermined groups based on consensus diagnosis (cognitive comparison subjects, subjects with a memory complaint but with normal neuropsychological Testing, subjects with probable and possible mild cognitive impairment, and subjects with possible and probable Alzheimer's disease) to dementia specialists for blinded scoring using a binary yes/no impairment system and a 0-10 scale as subjectively determined by each individual clinician rater. The authors collapsed the six groups into three (comparison subjects, mild cognitive impairment patients, and Alzheimer's disease patients) and analyzed interrater reliability, sensitivity, and specificity for consensus diagnosis of mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease. The authors found excellent interrater reliability, sensitivity, and specificity for predicting consensus diagnosis. The 0-10 Clock Drawing Test rating scale was more predictive of consensus diagnosis than the binary impairment scale. Based on rating systems, Clock Drawing Test scoring by dementia clinicians had excellent interrater reliability and sensitivity for differentiating the mild Alzheimer's disease subjects from comparison subjects.

Sumio Ishiai - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Clock‐Drawing Test and unilateral spatial neglect
    Neurology, 1993
    Co-Authors: Sumio Ishiai, M. Sugishita, T. Ichikawa, S. Gono, S. Watabiki
    Abstract:

    We investigated the ability of 25 patients with left unilateral spatial neglect to make a Clock face by putting numbers inside a printed circle. Impairment seen in this Clock-Drawing Test did not parallel neglect severity as judged by results of the line-cancellation and line-bisection Tests, as well as the copying of a daisy. The score for Clock Drawing correlated highly with the verbal WAIS score. Most neglect patients with a verbal IQ of 87 or more could draw a Clock face fairly well and used planning in placing the numbers 12, 3, 6, and 9 before the others. In Clock Drawing, verbal intelligence may compensate for left unilateral spatial neglect. We therefore recommend use of the line-cancellation and line-bisection Tests, as well as the copying Test, but do not recommend use of the Clock-Drawing Test in the diagnosis of left unilateral spatial neglect.

  • Clock Drawing Test and unilateral spatial neglect
    Neurology, 1993
    Co-Authors: Sumio Ishiai, M. Sugishita, T. Ichikawa, S. Gono, S. Watabiki
    Abstract:

    We investigated the ability of 25 patients with left unilateral spatial neglect to make a Clock face by putting numbers inside a printed circle. Impairment seen in this Clock-Drawing Test did not parallel neglect severity as judged by results of the line-cancellation and line-bisection Tests, as well as the copying of a daisy. The score for Clock Drawing correlated highly with the verbal WAIS score. Most neglect patients with a verbal IQ of 87 or more could draw a Clock face fairly well and used planning in placing the numbers 12, 3, 6, and 9 before the others. In Clock Drawing, verbal intelligence may compensate for left unilateral spatial neglect. We therefore recommend use of the line-cancellation and line-bisection Tests, as well as the copying Test, but do not recommend use of the Clock-Drawing Test in the diagnosis of left unilateral spatial neglect.

Anil K. Nair - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Clock Drawing Test Ratings by Dementia Specialists: Interrater Reliability and Diagnostic Accuracy
    Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 2010
    Co-Authors: Anil K. Nair, Brandon E. Gavett, Moniek Damman, Welmoed Dekker, Robert C. Green, Alan Mandel, Sanford Auerbach, Eric G. Steinberg, Emily J. Hubbard, Angela L. Jefferson
    Abstract:

    Alzheimer disease is a growing public health problem1,2 and its prevalence is increasing rapidly with the aging of the baby boomer generation.3 Early diagnosis and treatment can reduce the burden this increase poses to the health care system and society.4 However, Alzheimer’s disease is often under recognized in community clinical practice settings5–7 because the diagnosis can be difficult8 and may require specialized training. Without fast and reliable screening instruments, it may be difficult for primary care physicians to identify patients who should be referred for a more comprehensive dementia workup. The Clock Drawing Test is widely used as a screening Test for dementia. Neurologists have used Clock-Drawing and time telling Tests extensively.9 Several factors contribute to the Test’s popularity, including administration and scoring ease and evaluation of multiple cognitive domains,10,11 such as executive functioning.11–13 Compared to the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), the Clock Drawing Test is thought to have less educational bias14 and is better able to detect cognitive decline due to Alzheimer’s disease and other dementias.15 The Clock Drawing Test has also been advocated over the MMSE as an office screening Test for dementia in community clinics4 and in acute hospital settings.16 Furthermore, the Clock Drawing Test is suitable for non-English speaking populations.14 There are two general Clock Drawing Test scoring approaches, including qualitative and quantitative, and varied scoring systems that emphasize different facets of the Clock Drawing process. Early quantitative scoring systems were validated to distinguish between subjects with moderate or severe Alzheimer’s disease and cognitive healthy comparison subjects and later adapted for use in mild cognitive impairment and mild Alzheimer’s disease.17–23 Previous studies of objective Clock Drawing Test rating systems identified Alzheimer’s disease with overall diagnostic accuracy ranging from 59% to 85%.24 However, such diagnostic accuracy has not been found in mild cognitive impairment cohorts with sensitivities ranging from 17% to 92%.24 In a retrospective study comparing several Clock Drawing Test scoring systems,24 the scoring system by Mendez19 has been found to be the most accurate in distinguishing demented from nondemented individuals, followed closely by the Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer’s Disease (CERAD) system.25 Though diagnostically useful, quantitative Clock Drawing Test rating schemes18,19,20,22,23 are rarely used in clinical settings, as they take more time and require trained clinical personnel to score. Moreover, when using the Clock Drawing Test to identify dementia, qualitative ratings of naive judges may be equal to or more accurate than many quantitative scoring systems.24 Though it is widely assumed that dementia specialists are more reliable and valid than naive raters, there are no known studies that have evaluated the psychometric properties of Clock Drawing Test ratings made by trained clinicians who use the Clock Drawing Test as part of their regular clinical practice. Our present study was performed to determine the interrater reliability, sensitivity, and specificity of qualitative Clock Drawing Test ratings made by clinicians specializing in the assessment of patients with dementia. Two qualitative rating approaches were utilized: a dichotomous rating of impaired versus nonimpaired and a 0–10 ordinal rating scale. A multidisciplinary consensus conference was the gold standard for dementia diagnosis in the current study.

  • Clock Drawing Test ratings by dementia specialists interrater reliability and diagnostic accuracy
    Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 2010
    Co-Authors: Anil K. Nair, Brandon E. Gavett, Moniek Damman, Welmoed Dekker, Robert C. Green, Alan Mandel, Sanford Auerbach, Emily J. Hubbard, Eric Steinberg, Angela L. Jefferson
    Abstract:

    The authors conducted a study of Clock Drawing Test scoring by dementia specialists to determine interrater reliability and diagnostic accuracy. The authors randomly assigned 25 Clocks from each of six predetermined groups based on consensus diagnosis (cognitive comparison subjects, subjects with a memory complaint but with normal neuropsychological Testing, subjects with probable and possible mild cognitive impairment, and subjects with possible and probable Alzheimer's disease) to dementia specialists for blinded scoring using a binary yes/no impairment system and a 0-10 scale as subjectively determined by each individual clinician rater. The authors collapsed the six groups into three (comparison subjects, mild cognitive impairment patients, and Alzheimer's disease patients) and analyzed interrater reliability, sensitivity, and specificity for consensus diagnosis of mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease. The authors found excellent interrater reliability, sensitivity, and specificity for predicting consensus diagnosis. The 0-10 Clock Drawing Test rating scale was more predictive of consensus diagnosis than the binary impairment scale. Based on rating systems, Clock Drawing Test scoring by dementia clinicians had excellent interrater reliability and sensitivity for differentiating the mild Alzheimer's disease subjects from comparison subjects.

S. Gono - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Clock‐Drawing Test and unilateral spatial neglect
    Neurology, 1993
    Co-Authors: Sumio Ishiai, M. Sugishita, T. Ichikawa, S. Gono, S. Watabiki
    Abstract:

    We investigated the ability of 25 patients with left unilateral spatial neglect to make a Clock face by putting numbers inside a printed circle. Impairment seen in this Clock-Drawing Test did not parallel neglect severity as judged by results of the line-cancellation and line-bisection Tests, as well as the copying of a daisy. The score for Clock Drawing correlated highly with the verbal WAIS score. Most neglect patients with a verbal IQ of 87 or more could draw a Clock face fairly well and used planning in placing the numbers 12, 3, 6, and 9 before the others. In Clock Drawing, verbal intelligence may compensate for left unilateral spatial neglect. We therefore recommend use of the line-cancellation and line-bisection Tests, as well as the copying Test, but do not recommend use of the Clock-Drawing Test in the diagnosis of left unilateral spatial neglect.

  • Clock Drawing Test and unilateral spatial neglect
    Neurology, 1993
    Co-Authors: Sumio Ishiai, M. Sugishita, T. Ichikawa, S. Gono, S. Watabiki
    Abstract:

    We investigated the ability of 25 patients with left unilateral spatial neglect to make a Clock face by putting numbers inside a printed circle. Impairment seen in this Clock-Drawing Test did not parallel neglect severity as judged by results of the line-cancellation and line-bisection Tests, as well as the copying of a daisy. The score for Clock Drawing correlated highly with the verbal WAIS score. Most neglect patients with a verbal IQ of 87 or more could draw a Clock face fairly well and used planning in placing the numbers 12, 3, 6, and 9 before the others. In Clock Drawing, verbal intelligence may compensate for left unilateral spatial neglect. We therefore recommend use of the line-cancellation and line-bisection Tests, as well as the copying Test, but do not recommend use of the Clock-Drawing Test in the diagnosis of left unilateral spatial neglect.